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Introduction: The prevalence of depression increases in times of economic crises. Less is known about whether people living in advantaged or disadvantaged areas suffer equally from negative effects of crisis., Objective: To explore the role of area deprivation on the short- and long-term effects of the Great Recession in Europe on late-life depression., Methods: Individual panel data from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland of the SHARE (age 50+, n = 6866) between 2004 and 2017 were used. Late-life depression (LLD) was measured by the EURO-D scale (4+ symptoms). Area deprivation was assessed by a country-specific z-standardized scale measuring perceived access to various services and quality of the social and built environment. Quarterly country-level GDP and yearly unemployment data were explored to define country-specific durations of the Great Recession. Individual fixed effects panel regressions were estimated controlling for time-varying socioeconomic and health-related confounders., Results: Prevalence and incidence of late-life depression was generally higher in deprived than in non-deprived areas, and these differences in prevalence and incidence increased during the Great Recession. Regressions showed that the Great Recession was related to a 23% higher long-term risk of late-life depression (OR: 1.23, CI: 1.05-1.44) for all study participants. In the short-term of the Great Recession, people from deprived areas had a 22% higher risk of late-life depression (OR: 1.22, CI: 1.02-1.46) than people from non-deprived areas., Conclusion: The findings suggest that older adults exposed to adverse area determinants suffer more from the negative short-term effects of a severe economic crisis on depression and mental health inequalities may have increased between people living in deprived versus non-deprived areas. This potential increase in mental health inequalities warrants particular attention for those people living in deprived areas., (Copyright © 2022 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: to analyse the association between smoking behaviour and economic crises in Italy between 1993 and 2015., Design: ecological study, carried out on data of the Italian National Institute of Statistics, by means of fixed-effect panel regressions., Setting and Participants: the rate of smoking prevalence (disaggregated by gender and age) and the unemployment rate (disaggregated by gender and referring to individuals aged 15 or more) were collected for each of the twenty Italian regions. Also, percentage fluctuations of the national real gross domestic product (GDP) were collected to identify the years of severe economic crisis., Main Outcome Measures: number of people who smoke per 100 people with the same features., Results: among men, increased regional unemployment rate was associated with increased smoking behaviour only in the group aged 25-34 years. Differently, severe economic crises were associated with increased smoking in almost all age groups, except for men aged 15-24 years. A 1-point decrease in GDP was associated with 0.75 more smokers aged 15 years or more. The highest coefficient was reported among men aged 35-44 years, where a 1-point decrease in GDP was associated with 1.16 more smokers (every 100 men). This age group is also featured by the second highest prevalence of tobacco smoking (36.8%). Among women, a 1-point increase in the regional unemployment rate was associated with 0.08 less smokers every 100 women. Similarly, periods of severe economic crisis at national level were associated with reduced smoking behaviour among women aged 15 years or more, specifically those aged 15-24 years. Differently, women aged 25-34 and 65 years or more showed an association similar to that reported among men. In these groups, a 1-point decrease in GDP was associated with 0.67 and 1.08 more smokers every 100 women. While among the latter the prevalence of tobacco smoking is the lowest, among the former it is the third highest prevalence (21.69%). Therefore, increased smoking behaviour due to economic crises seems to occur especially among women aged 25-35 years old, as happens among men., Conclusions: men in almost all age groups and women aged 25-34 and 65 years or more represent vulnerable groups in which smoking behaviour may increase in times of economic hardship. Therefore, specific policies should be implemented to prevent this occurrence, as well as the negative health outcomes of tobacco smoking.

The worldwide economic crisis of the last decade, and still unresolved, led to a great recession involving all major economies. Since economic factors may influence mental wellbeing, not surprisingly a rise in poor mental health was observed in different countries, while representing a great challenge to psychiatric interventions. This paper aims at reviewing the available English literature focusing on the impact of the current economic crisis on mental health, with a special focus on depression and suicide. Available studies indicate that consequences of economic crisis, such as unemployment, increased workload or work reorganization, and reduced staff and wages, may constitute important stressing factors with a negative impact on mental health. Although data are not easily comparable in different countries, depression seems to be the most common psychiatric disorders especially in middle-aged men. Even suicide rates seem to be increased in men, mainly in countries with no public welfare or poor family relationships. All these findings require a careful attention from both governments that cut resources on public health instead of investing in it, and psychiatric associations that should implement appropriate strategies to face and to manage this sort of depression epidemic driven by economic crisis. Again, as available data suggest that the impact of the crisis might have been attenuated in countries with higher spending in social protection, they clearly urge policy makers to take into account possible health externalities associated to inadequate social protection systems.

Background: Suicide events observed in various groups, community or countries, especially in the periods of economic recession. It is thought that suicide cases increase when people's income decreases dramatically and they lose their jobs., Aim/objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether the 2008 economic crisis had any effect on suicides in the United States., Methods: Autoregressive distributed lag method was used. For the purpose of the study, the number of suicide-related deaths was taken as the dependent variable, while unemployment rates and 2008 economic crisis were taken as independent variables., Findings: The short-term and long-term relationships obtained within the scope of the study indicated that the 2008 economic crisis had a statistically significant effect on suicide cases in the United States., Results and Conclusion: It can be said that the results of this study are consistent with the information which emphasizes that economic crises increase suicide cases in the literature.

Background: There is disagreement on the specific mechanism through which the economic recession increased suicides in Greece. Unemployment is considered by many authors to be the determining factor but the data are inconclusive and often negative, especially concerning the temporal relationship between onset of increase in unemployment and increase in suicides AIMS: The aim of this paper was to clarify the specific role of unemployment as well as of other socioeconomic variables on specific age-by-gender groups concerning the increase in suicides., Methods: Data of the Hellenic Statistical Authority ELSTAT (www., Statistics: gr) were analyzed with Linear Regression Analysis and Bonferroni correction for multiple testing RESULTS: Unemployment correlates with suicide rates only in males aged 20-24, 50-54 and 60-64 years (p < 0.001). Unemployment could held responsible for an additional 148 male deaths during the period 2009-2015, which accounts for 5.3% of the total (29 additional deaths per year). The changes in all the socioeconomic conditions could held responsible for 317 cases of suicide or 9.4% of total CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that there was a 33% increase in deaths by suicide in Greece during the early years of recession (2009-2015); one third could be directly attributed to unemployment, one third to other consequences of recession while another third is of unknown origin. The effect of unemployment is specifically restricted to males at the beginning of their working career (20-24 years old) and to middle aged (45-49 and 55-59 years old)., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To analyze the association between unemployment and suicide in Italy during the years 1990-2014, with a peculiar focus on the great recession (GR) and the role played by social protection as buffering mechanism against the negative effect on health outcomes., Methods: Fixed effects panel regressions were used to assess the association between changes in unemployment rate and suicide rates. Additional models investigated the role of active labor market programs (ALMPs) as possible moderators of the association. Analyses were carried out for both males and females, stratified by age and region., Results: The negative time-trend displayed by suicide rate in Italy until 2007 was slowed down by changes in unemployment at the beginning of the GR, when this trend reversed and the rate of suicide started increasing. Male workers aged 25-64 and women aged 55-64 years were affected by both "normal" unemployment rate fluctuations as well as severe economic crises. Women aged 35-44 were only influenced by the latter. Men benefit from ALMPs mainly in Central Italy, while women did not benefit significantly from ALMPs., Conclusions: In Italy, economic downturns were associated with increased suicides mainly among men, while severe economic crises were associated with increased suicides among both men and women. ALMPs showed to be effective in moderating the association between unemployment and suicide among men aged 45-54 only in Central Italy. The overall small effectiveness of such programs may be due to lack of sufficient funding.

Background: Recently, suicides in Greece have drawn national and international interest due to the current economic crisis. According to published reports, suicides in Greece have increased up to 40% and Crete has been highlighted as an area with the sharpest increase., Aim: To investigate the suicide mortality rates in Crete between 1999 and 2013 and their association with the economic crisis., Methods: Data on suicides were selected from the Department of Forensic Medicine files of the University of Crete., Results: Our analysis showed that (1) Crete, has the highest suicide mortality rate in Greece, however no significant increase was observed between 1999 and 2013, (2) there were opposing trends between men and women, with women showing a decrease whereas men showed an increase in that period, (3) there was a significant increase of suicides in middle-aged men (40-64 yrs) and elderly, although the highest unemployment rates were observed in young men and women, and (4) finally, there was a regional shift of suicides with a significant decrease in Western Crete and a significant increase in Eastern Crete., Conclusions: Although, Crete has the highest suicide mortality rates in Greece, we did not observe an overall increase during the last 15 years, including the period of economic crisis. Furthermore, there was an increase in middle-aged and elderly men, whereas young men and women showed oppositional trends during the years of austerity. This may be related to the culturally different expectations for the two genders, as well as that younger individuals may find refuge to either strong family ties or by immigrating abroad. Finally, the relative increase of suicides in Eastern Crete may be explained by factors, such as the lack of community mental health services in that area.

Background: This study draws on old and well-established evidence that economic change, and especially recession, affects people's lives, behavior and mental health. Even though the literature is rich on the relationship between unemployment and mental distress, there is a renewed research interest on the link between socio-economic inequalities and psychological health., Aims: The study investigates the relationship of social class with mental distress during the hard times of persistent and severe economic crisis in Greece by conducting a comparative, community study in the country's second largest city, Thessaloniki., Method: A face-to-face structured interview covering living conditions, life events, chronic stressors and coping strategies was employed to 300 residents of socio-economically contrasting neighborhood areas. Social class was operationalized by Erik Olin Wright's social class position typology, based on ownership and control over productive assets. The method of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was also applied to analyze the collected data., Results: The results indicated that mental distress was significantly differentiated across social classes and in each residential area. Unemployed and unskilled workers were the most vulnerable groups in terms of psychological health. Chronic stress arose in this study as a risk factor for poor mental health outcomes and it was associated to low marital quality, intense economic burden and impoverished housing conditions., Conclusion: Those who face income loss, job loss and disability are at high risk for poverty and marginalization, suffering from greater psychological distress.

Objectives: This study investigated, among the Dutch working population, whether job loss during the post-2008 economic crisis is associated with harmful drinking and whether this association is stronger than before the crisis., Methods: Repeated cross-sectional data from the Dutch Health Interview Survey 2004-2013 were used to define episodic drinking (≥6 glasses on 1 day ≥1/week) and chronic drinking (≥14 glasses/week for women and ≥21 for men). These data were linked to longitudinal data from tax registries, to measure the experience and duration of job loss during a 5-year working history., Results: Before the crisis, job loss experience and duration were not associated with harmful drinking. During the crisis, job loss for more than 6 months was associated with episodic drinking [OR 1.40 (95% CI 1.01; 1.94)], while current job loss was associated with chronic drinking [OR 1.43 (95% CI 1.03; 1.98)]. These associations were most clear in men and different between the pre-crisis and crisis period (p interaction = 0.023 and 0.035, respectively)., Conclusions: The results suggest that economic crises strengthen the potential impact of job loss on harmful drinking, predominately among men.

Objectives: Suicide became the first cause of death between the ages of 15 and 44 in Spain in the year 2013. Moreover, the suicide rate in Spain went up by more than 9 % with respect to the previous year. This increase could be related to the serious economic recession that Spain has been experiencing in recent years. In this sense, there is a lack of evidence to help assess to what extent these suicides have a social cost in terms of losses in human capital. Firstly, this article examines the relationship between the variables related to the economic cycle and the suicide rates in the 17 Spanish regions. Secondly, an estimate is made of the losses in labour productivity owing to these suicides., Methodology: In this article, panel data models are used to consider different variables related to the economic cycle. Demographic variables and the suicide rates for regions across Spain from 2002 to 2013 also come into play. The present and future production costs owing to premature death from suicide are calculated using a human capital model. These costs are valued from the gross salary that an individual no longer receives in the future at the very moment he or she leaves the labour market., Results: The results provide a strong indication that a decrease in economic growth and an increase in unemployment negatively affect suicide rates. Due to suicide, 38,038 potential years of working life were lost in 2013. This has an estimated cost of over 565 million euros., Conclusions: The economic crisis endured by Spain in recent years has played a role in the higher suicide rates one can observe from the data in official statistics. From a social perspective, suicide is a public health problem with far-reaching consequences.

Background and Aims: Since 2008, Greece has entered a long period of economic crisis with adverse effects on various aspects of daily life. In this frame, it is quite important to examine the suicide trends in Greece., Method: Our analysis covered the period 1992-2012. 2012 was the last year for which official suicide data were available. The inclusion of data for pre-crisis period enabled us to assess trends in suicide preceding the economic crisis, starting in 2008. Trends in sex- and age-adjusted standardized suicide rates (SSR) were analyzed using joinpoint regression., Results: Total SSR presented statistically significant annual decrease of 0.89% (95% confidence interval (CI): -1.7, -0.1) during the period 1992-2008. After 2009, the trend in total SSR increased statistically significant annual increase (12.48%; 95% CI: 0.3%, 26.1%). SSR in males presented an initial period of modest annual decrease (-0.84%; 95% CI: -1.6%, -0.1%), during the period 1992-2008. After 2009, an annual increase by 9.25% (95% CI: 2.7%, 16.3%) was revealed. No change in female SSR trend was observed during the studied period., Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there is clear evidence of an increase in the overall SSR and male SSR in Greece during the period of the current financial crisis., (© The Author(s) 2016.)

Background: The Great Recession has caused worldwide tangible costs in terms of cuts in employment and income, which have been widely recognised also as major social determinants of mental health. Italy has not been spared from the financial crisis with severe societal and mental health consequences. In addition, a strong earthquake hit the province of Modena, Italy, in 2012, that is, amid the crisis., Aims: In this study, we explored and investigated the possible additional impact of concurrent events such as economic crisis and a natural disaster., Methods: Our analysis elaborated data from two local surveys, ICESmo2 (2006) and ICESmo3 (2012), and a national survey carried out in 2013 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT)). A regression model was adopted to distinguish the effect of the crisis and the earthquake., Results: Our analysis confirmed the negative effect of the economic crisis on psychological wellbeing, but within the province of Modena such an effect resulted as even stronger compared with the rest of Italy, particularly within those areas struck by the earthquake., Conclusion: Being hit by a combination of two major negative events might have a significantly increased negative effect on psychological health. The higher repercussion observed is not only attributable to the occurrence of a natural disaster but can be reasonably related to the additional effect of unemployment on psychological dimensions., (© The Author(s) 2016.)

There is widespread concern that episodes of unemployment and unstable working conditions adversely affect health. We add to the debate by focusing on the relationship between work trajectory and the self-reported health of Italian men and women during the present economic downturn. Relying on Italian data in the EU-SILC project (from 2007 to 2010), our sample includes all individuals aged 30 to 60 in 2010, and uses multivariate binomial regression models for preliminary analyses and the Structural Equations modelling (SEM) to observe the cumulative effects of health status according to different job trajectories. Our main findings show similar pictures for men and women. Individuals who are unemployed, ejected or in precarious occupational positions have a higher risk of worsening their health status during these years., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Despite an increasing number of studies on the factors mediating the impact of the economic recession on mental health, research beyond the individual employment status is scarce. Our objectives were to investigate in which ways the mental health of employed and unemployed populations is differently affected by the current economic recession along the educational scale and to examine whether financial strain and social support explain these effects of the crisis., Methods: A repeated cross-sectional study, using two waves of the Andalusian Health Survey in 2007 (pre-crisis) and 2011-2012 (crisis). A population aged between 19 and 64 years was selected. The dependent variable was the Mental Component Summary of the SF-12 questionnaire. We performed Poisson regression models stratified by working status, with period, educational level, financial strain and social support as independent variables. We examined interactions between period and educational level. Age, sex, main earner, cohabitation and partner's working status were considered as covariates., Results: The study included 3210 individuals (1185 women) in 2007 and 3633 individuals (1486 women) in 2011-2012. In working individuals the prevalence of poor mental health increased for secondary and complete primary studies groups during crisis compared to the pre-crisis period, while it decreased significantly in the university study group (PR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58-0.99). However, in unemployed individuals prevalence ratios for poor mental health increased significantly only in the secondary studies group (PR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.06-2.83). Financial strain and social support yielded consistent associations with mental health in all subgroups. Only financial strain could partly explain the crisis effect on mental health among the unemployed., Conclusions: Our study supports the finding that current economic recession is associated with poorer mental health differentially according to labour market status and educational level. Those with secondary studies may be at risk in times of economic recession. In connection with this, emerging educational inequalities in mental health among the employed population were observed. Our research also suggests a partial mediating role of financial strain for the effects of crisis on poor mental health among the unemployed. Good social support appears to buffer poor mental health in all subgroups but not specifically during crisis period.

Applying a multi-level framework to the data from the European Social Survey's Round 3 (2006) and Round 6 (2012), we assessed the crisis by increases in rates of unemployment, while also controlling for countries' pre-crisis economic conditions. We found a positive relationship between depression and an increase in national unemployment rates. This relationship can be only partly ascribed to an increase in the number of unemployed and those employed in nonstandard job conditions-with the exception of the self-employed and women working part-time. The crisis effect is more pronounced among men and those between 35 and 49years of age. Moreover, in strongly effected countries, the crisis has changed the relationship between part-time work and depression, between depression and certain subcategories of the unemployed (looking for a job or not looking), and between depression and the non-employed., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The effect of unemployment on mortality is the object of a lively literature. However, this literature is characterized by sharply conflicting results. We revisit this issue and suggest that the relationship might be non-linear. We use data for 265 territorial units (regions) within 23 European countries over the period 2000-2012 to estimate a multivariate regression of mortality. The estimating equation allows for a quadratic relationship between unemployment and mortality. We control for various other determinants of mortality at regional and national level and we include region-specific and time-specific fixed effects. The model is also extended to account for the dynamic adjustment of mortality and possible lagged effects of unemployment. We find that the relationship between mortality and unemployment is U shaped. In the benchmark regression, when the unemployment rate is low, at 3%, an increase by one percentage point decreases average mortality by 0.7%. As unemployment increases, the effect decays: when the unemployment rate is 8% (sample average) a further increase by one percentage point decreases average mortality by 0.4%. The effect changes sign, turning from negative to positive, when unemployment is around 17%. When the unemployment rate is 25%, a further increase by one percentage point raises average mortality by 0.4%. Results hold for different causes of death and across different specifications of the estimating equation. We argue that the non-linearity arises because the level of unemployment affects the psychological and behavioural response of individuals to worsening economic conditions., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: A growing body of research evidence from countries around the world indicates that economic recession is associated with increases in suicide, particularly in males of working age., Aims: To explore contributory and ameliorating factors associated with economic recession and suicide and thereby stimulate further research in this area and encourage policy makers to consider how best to reduce the impact of recession on mental health and suicidal behaviour., Method: We conducted a selective review of the worldwide literature focusing on possible risk factors, mechanisms and preventative strategies for suicidal behaviour linked to economic recession., Results: A model of how recession might affect suicide rates is presented. A major and often prolonged effect of recession is on unemployment and job insecurity. Other important effects include those exerted by financial loss, bankruptcy and home repossession. It is proposed these factors may lead directly or indirectly to mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and binge drinking and then to suicidal behaviour. Countries with active labour market programmes and sustained welfare spending during recessions have less marked increases in suicide rates than those that cut spending on welfare and job-search initiatives for the unemployed. Other measures likely to help include targeted interventions for unemployed people, membership of social organisations and responsible media reporting. Good primary care and mental health services are needed to cope with increased demand in times of economic recession but some governments have in fact reduced healthcare spending as an austerity measure., Conclusion: The research evidence linking recession, unemployment and suicide is substantial, but the evidence for the other mechanisms we have investigated is much more tentative. We describe the limitations of the existing body of research as well as make suggestions for future research into the effects of economic recession on suicidal behaviour., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

The aim of the article is to clarify the controversies surrounding the relationship between inflation and unemployment in the three most economically significant countries in the world (apart from China), namely the United States, Japan, and Germany, during the coronavirus pandemic (from January 2020 to February 2022). The pandemic has had various adverse effects worldwide, including a severe economic crisis lasting from the first quarter of 2020 to the end of the first quarter of 2021. The primary causes of this crisis include declines in aggregate supply due to lockdowns in many sectors of the economy, particularly the service sector. A decrease in aggregate supply should cause not only an increase in unemployment but also an increase in inflation. The article, therefore, hypothesises that the relationships between unemployment and inflation in the countries studied during the above period were unidirectional. To verify this hypothesis, two basic research methods were used: analysis of correlation coefficients between the variables mentioned above and the shape of Phillips curves. Ultimately, the hypothesis was rejected because inflation during this period showed a decreasing tendency (mainly due to a significant drop in commodity prices). The article extends research presented in the literature before 2020, offering additional value by examining the period of the pandemic which precipitated an economic crisis. Future analysis should be expanded to include more variables (including the output gap) in line with the New Keynesian Phillips Curve.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between household employment insecurity and the risk of children's exposure to household material deprivation in Spain and Portugal. Specifically, using EU-SILC microdata for 2012, 2016 and 2020, it examines how this relationship evolved during the Post-Great Recession period. Although in both countries there was an improvement in the employment situation of individuals and families after the Great Recession, the main findings reflect an increase in the risk of children's exposure to material deprivation in households where no adults have a secure job. However, there are some differences between the two countries. In the case of Spain, the results seem to indicate that the incidence of household employment insecurity on material deprivation was higher in 2016 and 2020 than in 2012. In Portugal, the increase in the effect of employment insecurity on deprivation seems to have occurred only in 2020, the year the Covid-19 pandemic began. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between individuals' satisfaction with their social life and global life satisfaction during periods of economic prosperity and crisis, using data from the Panel of Social Inequalities in Catalonia, Spain (PaD 2001–2012). The study also investigates how this relationship varies across different social origins. Catalonia is a pertinent context due to its significant increase in inequality and unemployment during the 2008 Economic Crisis, positioning it among the most affected regions in Europe. The findings reveal that satisfaction with one's social life matters for global life satisfaction, even after accounting for individual and macro characteristics. However, contrary to the initial expectations, the study demonstrates that satisfaction with one's social life becomes less influential for global life satisfaction during the macroeconomic crisis, particularly among individuals from middle and low social origins. Furthermore, while a strong positive relationship exists between satisfaction with one's social life and global life satisfaction during times of economic prosperity for all social groups, a robust negative relationship emerges in periods of macroeconomic crisis for individuals from high social origins. The article offers several potential explanations for these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Economic Research is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En retraçant les principaux bouleversements de l’histoire économique de la ville sainte chiite de Najaf, en Irak, entre 1923 et 1958, cet article analyse leurs effets immédiats sur les développements sociaux et urbains de la ville et sur le déplacement de ses frontières visibles et invisibles. Parmi les principales crises économiques qui affectent Najaf figurent l’interruption du pèlerinage, la grande dépression de 1929, l’occupation britannique de l’Irak en 1941 ou encore des aléas climatiques. L’article se concentre notamment sur le développement de la surpopulation, du chômage, de la faim et de la criminalité à Najaf ainsi que les moyens employés par les autorités pour répondre à ces enjeux sociaux. Il s’agit notamment de montrer que l’expansion urbaine et la modernisation des infrastructures contribuent à transformer les pratiques sociales traditionnelles de cette cité sainte et modifient profondément ses frontières internes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the factors affecting the fear of job loss, which is characteristic of various phases of an economic crisis. We used a representative sample of data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey-Higher School of Economics for 2007, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2019, and 2021. It was assumed that the factors that determine the level of layoff anxiety are dynamic. The current economic conditions caused by both the COVID-19 pandemic and the growing prerequisites of a new economic crisis in Russia have promoted increased interest in this area. Method: Binary choice models were estimated using the maximum likelihood method with the calculation of average marginal effects. State ownership in the capital of an organization, a high income, job satisfaction, good qualifications, and a positive assessment of one's health reduce layoff anxiety. The fear of job loss was found to peak at 45 years of age. The factors associated with job insecurity can be permanent or temporary, depending on the phase of the economic cycle. The conclusions of this study may be of interest to the management of organizations interested in increasing the efficiency of labor and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an unbalanced data set covering the years from 1990 to 2017, this study examines the long-run relationship between three selected macroeconomic variables (unemployment, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation) and suicide rates for Turkic-speaking countries in Central Asia and the South Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). The mean group estimation results suggest that among the three macroeconomic variables under study, only the unemployment rate has a statistically significant relationship with the suicide rate for the Central Asian Turkic-speaking countries. Regarding country-specific estimations, results suggest that all macroeconomic variables under study correlate with the suicide rate for some countries in the sample. Overall, the empirical findings of the study suggest that unemployment and per capita GDP are important contributors of suicide and intentional self-harm in Central Asia. Estimation results also call attention to the inflation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the financial and economic recession of 2008, 130 Spanish students of five age groups (8 to 17 years) and two socioeconomic backgrounds were individually interviewed about unemployment and lower wages. The participants were presented with two hypothetical situations, and their responses were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that children bring their conceptions of work when attempting to explain those phenomena. Specifically, it was found that the explanations were closely associated with the comprehension of the notion of surplus value (i.e., the idea that workers create more value than the cost of their salaries), and that the development of this notion proceeds in three levels. Younger children were simply unaware of the capacity of workers to create value (Level 1), which gave rise to some alternative conceptions (e.g., the idea that money for salaries comes from external sources). The children within the age range of 12–13 began to understand that workers create some value (Level 2). At this level, however, the notion of surplus value was not fully understood, and the idea that money for salaries comes from external sources persisted in a variety of ways. From the ages of 13–14, the children begin to understand that a wage is the price of labor and that the employer earns a profit because workers create more value than the cost of their wages (Level 3). The article presents a discussion of the possible reasons behind the slow progress observed and highlights some suggestions for educational practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the changes of the economy of Pécs, the largest city in Southern Transdanubia. Pécs was a heavily industrialised city with a population of sixty thousand in 1930. There was a quick economic development in the second half of the 1920s. During this time manufacturing industry and small businesses grew, coal mining increased, trade grew and the number of intellectuals multiplied due to the relocation of the Pozsony University to Pécs. However, the depression broke these trends. The manufacturing industry focusing on mass production faced with narrowing markets, leading to layoffs. The decrease in real wages led to a drop in small scale production and retail sales. Merchandising firms once having high turnovers conducting business regionally went into administration. The famous wine trading opportunities of Pécs decreased because of overproduction. In this study we point out, that even in these difficult years there were encouraging signs. The leather factory acquired many other firms. There was a concentration among financial institutions; the Pécsi Takarékpénztár (Pécs Savings Bank) gained strong positions. The city also engaged in different activities: public employment was initiated, new investments were started and soup kitchens were opened. The charity work of wealthy citizens and some companies were significant too. Tourism strengthened too through cheap train tickets, promotion of cultural programmes and construction of tourist hotels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether an association exists between parental unemployment and health-related quality of life and mental health for adolescents aged 15–18 in Athens, Greece. The gathered dataset covers the same upper high schools in two periods, 2011–2013 and 2017–2019. The study finds that parental unemployment bears an association with decreased health-related quality of life and increased adverse mental health symptoms for adolescents. Moreover, the 2011–2013 period, a period of increased parental unemployment, saw a decrease in health-related quality of life and increased adverse mental health symptoms for adolescents. In addition, parental unemployment proved more detrimental to adolescents' health-related quality of life and mental health in 2011–2013 than in 2017–2019. The present research ranks among the first studies to examine whether parental unemployment could be associated with worse health-related quality of life and mental health for adolescents during periods of increased parental unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic crisis years are characterized by deteriorating macroeconomic indicators, economic and social problems, financial peril, and social disruption. During this time, governments largely but not always ignored the social problems caused by the economic crisis and instead focused solely on macroeconomic indicators. In times of crisis, however, the most vulnerable members of society bear the heaviest burden. This group faces a deteriorating environment because, throughout the crisis period, they cannot find work, must keep up with inflation, and live in a society where the income distribution worsens. Social expenditures are the financial instrument that governments can use to eliminate all of these deterioration and social negatives. For disadvantaged people who lose their income or become dependent on social assistance to live humanely, it is necessary to make social expenditures. Social expenditures, on the other hand, have an impact on the economy by influencing macroeconomic indicators. Therefore, this study examined the effects of social spending on Gross Domestic Product, inflation, and unemployment during periods of economic crisis. The study applied the "Fractional Frequency Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag Cointegration Test" to social expenditure, economic growth, unemployment, and inflation data from 1983 to 2021. According to the study's findings, social expenditures positively impacts economic growth and unemployment during times of crisis while negatively impacting inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyzes the impact of the economic crisis on the labor market for youngprofessionals, which have just graduated from universities. The article asserts the need for state support of this category in job placing. The problem of unemployment among young professionals and the imbalance between the economy needs and the current education system is discussed.

In this research, I will try to develop a study of the contemporary Philippines through a brief review of the bibliography and statistical data analysis. I aim to gather empirical evidence of the causes of extended poverty and unemployment in the country and the high levels of overseas Filipino workers. These social problems and the surge of authoritarianism in the figure of Rodrigo Duterte cannot be adequately explained without referring to the historical legacy of colonialism in the Philippines, the subordinated position of this country in the global division of labour and the structural changes fuelled by hegemonic globalization since the last decades of 20th century. Based on scientific research and official data, this article will critically analyse the historical, social, and economic causes of poverty and hardships affecting many Filipino citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite long-standing evidence linking higher unemployment rates to increased suicide rates, a puzzling trend emerged in the United States after the Great Recession: suicide rates continued to rise even as unemployment rates declined. Drawing on theories of social networks and reference groups, we advance the concept of “sameness”—in this case, the extent to which an individual’s employment status aligns with the fate of others in one’s community—to clarify how unemployment rates influence suicide. Constructing a multilevel dataset of U.S. suicide deaths from 2005 to 2017, we find that while unemployed individuals face a higher risk of suicide compared to the employed, this gap diminishes in communities with high local unemployment rates. Moreover, the “sameness” effect extends beyond geographic contexts to temporal ones, as national unemployment spikes reduce suicide risk among the unemployed and diminish the importance of local sameness. Together, these findings suggest a mechanism of “situational awareness,” whereby local and national economic contexts shape the meaning of unemployment, shifting its interpretation from personal failure to system failure and reducing its stigma. Our article offers a novel framework for examining the effects of cross-level interactions in suicide research, highlighting the crucial role of culture as deeply intertwined with social network mechanisms in shaping contextual influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the factors affecting the fear of job loss, which is characteristic of various phases of an economic crisis. We used a representative sample of data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey-Higher School of Economics for 2007, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2019, and 2021. It was assumed that the factors that determine the level of layoff anxiety are dynamic. The current economic conditions caused by both the COVID-19 pandemic and the growing prerequisites of a new economic crisis in Russia have promoted increased interest in this area. Method: Binary choice models were estimated using the maximum likelihood method with the calculation of average marginal effects. State ownership in the capital of an organization, a high income, job satisfaction, good qualifications, and a positive assessment of one’s health reduce layoff anxiety. The fear of job loss was found to peak at 45 years of age. The factors associated with job insecurity can be permanent or temporary, depending on the phase of the economic cycle. The conclusions of this study may be of interest to the management of organizations interested in increasing the efficiency of labor and production.

The article examines the causes and consequences of such an economic phenomenon as an economic crisis. The problem of economic crises is determined by the fact that, despite the tools created by the world community to prevent them, it is impossible to accurately predict, much less avoid, economic disasters. The article characterises the crises in Russia from 1998 to 2021. Since 1998, there have been four different causes of crisis in the new economic history. It has shown that world economic crises directly or indirectly affect the macroeconomic indicators of the Russia, cause their decrease. It has concluded that the Russian economy is more responsive to the economic macro-conjuncture due to the dependence of the ruble on the dollar, and the impact of the level of commodity prices on the income part of the consolidated budget.

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the radical changes in economics, labour market and business models globally. The job market is no exception. This study aims to find out what factors affect job opportunities for recent graduates during a pandemic. It is a quantitative study in which 200 recent graduates were randomly chosen. Factor analysis, both exploratory and confirmatory, was used. The study tests the hypothesis and confirms the contributing factors to the unemployment problem by conducting a path analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM). It is hard for recent graduates to get jobs because of economic and personal reasons during this pandemic. On the other hand, the study does not think that social issues play a significant role. The study will aid similar groups in comprehending the phenomena and devising strategies to overcome their causes. A future study could compare the underlying issues in various countries. This paper, among the very few studies, will assist the stakeholders in comprehending the job market in a developing country during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, particularly from the perspective of a recent graduate.

In this paper I analyse the processes of vulnerabilisation related to unemployment, based on the case of Spain in the period 2010–2020. I conceptualise unemployment time as empty time that unemployed people attempt to fill using temporal tactics. To explain the degree of temporal agency of the unemployed, I shall analyse their tactics according to four social conditions: previous work socialisation, duration of unemployment, domestic relationship and social class. In terms of method, this study was based on quantitative time data obtained from the most recent Time Use Survey for Spain (from 2009 to 2010), and on qualitative time use data obtained from eight discussion groups and 49 interviews with unemployed people. Drawing on these data, I analyse relationships between temporal tactics in unemployment, the social conditions of the subjects and their processes of vulnerability, and define five temporal tactics, which I term: the investing time tactic, the domestic hyperactivity tactic, the domestic work rejection tactic, the constant effort tactic and the non-tactic. I conclude by demonstrating that these tactics can be sequenced as stages in a process of vulnerability associated with gradual desynchronisation from pre-unemployment times, underlining the importance of socio-temporal categories and conditions in understanding vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the impact of the Great Recession in Italy on the incidence of chronic diseases using new individual longitudinal data from Electronic Health Records. We exploit the exogenous shock in the economic conditions occurred in 2008 to estimate heterogeneous effects of an unprecedented rise in local unemployment rates in an individual fixed‐effects model. Our results document that harsh economic downturns have a negative long‐lasting effect on cardiovascular disease and a temporary effect on depression. This effect is heterogeneous across gender, increases with age and is stronger right before the retirement age. An important policy recommendation emerging from this study is that prolonged economic downturns constitute an additional external risk for individual health and not a temporary benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia is one of the most diverse regions on earth. Some countries are characterized by poverty and the daily struggle for livelihood, while others are among the strongest and most dynamically growing parts of world economy. COVID-19 caused a real global economic downturn, which led to a sudden rise in unemployment and income-induced insecurity. We have focused our research on three countries. One of them is Japan: it is one of the most stable economies in the region and has long been one of the model states for the modern economy. The other is South Korea: one of the fastest growing economies in Asia, with extensive international connections. The third country is Australia, which belongs to the Anglo-Saxon culture. Our research goal was to examine the evolution of unemployment in the decade before the pandemic, and the impact of short-term measures introduced because of the epidemic. For our study, we chose the ARIMA method, which is suitable for the analysis of long time series based on the OECD database and for estimating the future development of the data. Our results show that because of the epidemic, unemployment increased in all the three countries studied, but due to the typical response strategy of each country, the subsequent development of the data was no longer the same. In our study, we examine the labour market impact of each protection strategy and draw attention to the most effective ways of protection against a subsequent pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a real data set of 7,894,947 patients who received service from the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2008 using regression analysis to understand the dynamics of patient volume. Our objective is to find out patterns from time series of patient volume during economic crisis. We propose a contribution adjusted formula to understand the dynamics of a heterogeneous customer population. We find that the trend of patient volume for a health system is positively correlated to the trend of the underlying adjusted resident population and to the GDP rates and negatively correlated to annual unemployment rate. We also find that the percent change of patient volume in a health system depends on the threshold level curves of resident population and unemployment rate with nonlinear behavior. Our multiple regression model with quadratic response surface explains 98.9% of the variation. Moreover, the multiple regression model having lag 1 with interaction term explains 96.5% of the variation. Furthermore, we propose several models having dummy variables using localities for patient groups. Overall, our results suggest that people use more health services when they have enough income, job and health insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate whether corruption amplifies the political effects of economic crises. Using Spanish municipal-level data and a difference-in-difference strategy, we find that local unemployment shocks experienced during the Great Recession (2008–2015) increased political fragmentation. This effect was four times larger in municipalities exposed to malfeasance than in municipalities without a history of political corruption. We bolster this evidence by showing that, conditional on province and population strata fixed effects, there is no evidence of differential pre-trends. We also find that the interaction of unemployment and corruption harms the two traditional main parties and benefits especially the new party on the left (Podemos). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The COVID-19 virus disrupted the international system and trade patterns, resulting in panic and public health crises throughout the globe. The COVID-19 epidemic sparked a financial catastrophe with far-reaching consequences that outstripped the global financial crisis. The goal of this research is to see how the changes brought on by the COVID-19 epidemic affect global inflation and the jobs of individuals causing unemployment. This article is divided into two sections, considering inflation and unemployment the COVID-19 globally. Methodology: The methodology adopted for this study is empirical documentary research selecting first-hand research produced by international governmental and non-governmental organizations, newspapers, research articles of all categories as well as research published in scholarly journals available at online databases such as Taylor and Francis and JSTOR. The analysis has been done by applying the technique of content analysis. Findings: According to estimates, the virus slowed global economic growth in 2020 to roughly -3.2 percent on an annualised basis, with a recovery of 5.9 percent expected in 2021. Implications: According to consensus projections, the economic slump in 2020 will be less severe than previously anticipated, thanks in part to the fiscal and monetary policies implemented by governments in 2020.

This article elaborates on the concept of employment flexibility and its types, making a thorough reference to the stormy 'reforms' - the deregulations of the labour market and industrial relations - during the period of the economic crisis and Memoranda from 2010 to 2018 (end of memoranda), both in the public and private sectors in Greece. The most important effects of the economic crisis and of the austerity policies, as well as of the reforms in the labour market and the industrial relations in Greece include wage reductions, the drop of full-time employment and the take-over by part-time employment and the rapid expansion of flexible employment forms and contracts. Furthermore, overall employment has dropped, unemployment has increased, and social benefits as well as individual and collective rights have marked significant shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the SME sector in Romania was on an upward trend. In this article we set out to analyse the evolution of SMEs in Romania in the period 2017-2020, in the context of the pandemic. In order to do this, we tried to analyse in parallel the economic situation of European SMEs compared to the Romanian ones. The research begins with an analysis of the economic situation created by the health crisis due to the SarsCov-19 virus. It analyses the evolution of macroeconomic indicators in Romania during the pandemic, a pandemic that caused the global economic crisis. We will show how the most affected sectors of the national economy were: transport, hospitality, agriculture, the medical system, the education system, light industry and non-food domestic trade. The research will show that in all the analysed economic sectors, difficulties related to access to capital for entrepreneurs, supply or sales chains were the most affected by the crisis. Because of the new level of uncertainty arisen new burocratic barriers and a limited capacity for adapting appeared in the new financial-economic context. The research will highlight that in the case of SMEs in Romania, the impact of the pandemic was felt in a significant way, the economic blockade and the social distancing of the population led to major decreases in income and turnover for entrepreneurs / managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at studying how the pandemic crisis affects women and men, i.e.: the issues of employment and wages, as well as the related consequences. The article focuses on the issue of gender unemployment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is researched that, according to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the majority of women are employed in institutions whose functioning falls on temporary quarantine restrictions of the government, namely: food, postal and courier activities, financial and insurance activities, education, healthcare, art, sports and entertainment, activities in the field of creativity and functioning of libraries and archives. Several consequences of the coronavirus crisis are distinguished – quarantine and self-isolation significantly influenced the statistics of appeals for cases of domestic violence and the occurrence of stressful and depressive disorders in the population. There are facts speaking in favor of that the number of people identifying manifestations of depressive disorders and increased levels of stress in themselves has increased significantly. In combination with unemployment and depression, this is a potentially dangerous social manifestation, i.e.: in conditions of economic and social crisis, a significant part of working-age people can abuse alcohol or drugs, fall into depression, think about suicide and even develop aggression. It is concluded that the quarantine situation also exacerbates the problem of distribution of gender roles in the family, since the main burden of performing unpaid care work during quarantine rests upon women.

The paper analyzes the situation in the economy of Mongolia due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Particular attention is paid to the negative dynamics of living standards. The authors present two sociological surveys’ results of Darkhan-Uul aimak residents in Mongolia in May and August 2020. They have found that the economic downturn in this industrialized region has significantly affected the incomes of workers in various fields of activity and their families. The fall in the income level of the population affected more than two thirds of the population, about 10% of workers lost their jobs.