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Redevelopment of industrial land is an essential component of urban regeneration in China, which has profound implications for promoting urban sustainable development. Therefore, quantitative evaluations of the spatial variation of industrial land transformation and its influencing factors are required. This study explores the spatial patterns of industrial land transformation using overlay analysis. Then, it establishes a multinomial logistic regression model to explore their influential factors by collecting empirical data, including of the industrial renewal projects from 2010 to 2018 in Shenzhen, China. The findings show that urban redevelopment practices have profoundly transformed industrial land use in the recent urban renewal process. Market actors implement industrial land redevelopment projects with policy guidance. These actors with diversified redevelopment goals have directly shaped the spatial outcomes of industrial land transformation. A small portion of industrial sites has been transformed into public facilities and open space as required by redevelopment policies. At the same time, the majority have been converted into residential and commercial spaces, as well as new industrial spaces for innovative industries under market orientation. Significant spatial differences in regeneration outcomes exist at the urban level. The regression results indicate that policy and planning regulations, and land ownership, are the critical factors affecting the transformation of urban industrial land into different types of land uses. A favorable plot location tends to promote the transition of industrial parcels for commercial functions, with less impact on other options. The impact of public demand is almost negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on urban spatial structure and its evolution is significant for optimizing the urban spatial structure and formulating urban spatial planning. Taking Shenzhen city as a case, we investigate the spatial characteristics and the change of the Shenzhen city urban center system from the dimensions of spatial pattern, center level and function uses. Urban centers are identified based on spatial clustering method with the point of interest (POI) spatial data of the city's maps in 2010, 2015 and 2019. The results show that Shenzhen's urban centers have experienced a rapid growth from 2010 to 2019 and urban center system has been expanded from the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) to non-SEZ areas. A polycentric urban spatial structure had been formed in Shenzhen by the end of 2019, and the spatial distribution of identified urban centers within different levels is consistent with the central place theory. The old urban centers are generally superior than the emerging centers in terms of area scale, centrality level and the proportion of public services. But the degree of difference is decreasing over time. In general, the guidance of urban master plans, the implementation of urban renewal projects and the improvement of traffic conditions have played important roles in the formation and evolution of the urban center system in Shenzhen. The research can not only provide a reference on urban center identification, but also evaluate the implementation effect of urban planning in real time, providing basis for urban planning revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debate on the shift from a monocentric to polycentric urban structure has been extensive. Polycentricity generally refers to the co-existence of several centers in a city. Existing studies regarding China have mainly focused on the morphological characteristics of urban centers, but few recent studies have focused on functional dimensions of urban centers. Emerging big data sources provide new opportunities to explore the morphological and functional perspectives of urban spatial structure. This study uses mobile phone signaling data and develops a new methodology to measure urban centers' functional centrality. The study area focuses on Shenzhen City, which has rapidly transformed from a village into a metropolitan city in the past few decades. As the first economic special zone in China, Shenzhen has adopted a polycentric urban plan since the beginning of the urbanization process. This study explores the spatial employment structure of the city from the morphological and function dimensions. Based on the findings, this study discusses the role of urban planning in forming an urban spatial structure and provides implications for future planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As urban redevelopment becomes an essential instrument for further urban development, the spatial outcomes of these redevelopment activities exert an increasingly profound impact on urban development. Unlike past state-dominated urban redevelopment, current market-oriented redevelopment activities are becoming more active, while the government continues to play an important role through various forms of intervention. To optimise the development of urban space, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of government interventions on the spatial variations of market-oriented redevelopment activities is required. Against the background of Shenzhen's market-oriented urban village redevelopment, this study formulated a theoretical framework to identify the core government interventions in terms of urban planning, development intensity control, and decentralisation, and then analysed how they affect the market-oriented redevelopment activities from a spatial perspective. Ordinary least squares regression and geographically weighted regression models were employed to conduct an empirical analysis to measure the specific impact of diverse government interventions. The results show that the planned transport routes, public facilities, and density zones can effectively guide the urban village redevelopment projects towards the future core development areas of a city. The introduction and implementation of Shenzhen's decentralisation of urban redevelopment have promoted urban village redevelopment and have resulted in significant differences in redevelopment activities dominated by market forces across administrative districts. It provides practical implications for implementing proper government interventions for the sustainable spatial development of redevelopment activities. • A theoretical framework was formulated to identify the core government interventions affecting market-oriented urban redevelopment. • The impact of government interventions on market-oriented urban redevelopment activities was measured quantitatively. • Planned public facilities, transport routes, and density zones exerted significant influence. • Shenzhen's decentralisation policy has resulted in significant spatial differences in redevelopment activities. • The evaluation and recommendation on government intervention in the market-oriented redevelopment were put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with other newly developed urban areas, urban villages in China are in greater need for redevelopment. Governed by institutions inherited from the local-state-dominated dual land ownership system, the redevelopment of these villages follows a state-led land requisition system, which confers development rights to local governments while limiting the rights of village collectives. Two other complementary arrangements include the top-down land use planning system and the state-monopolized land transfer system. Although these institutional arrangements favor land conversion in greenfield development, they cannot be easily implemented in the village redevelopment process. By reviewing the redevelopment policies and practices, this study empirically examines the redevelopment of urban villages in Shenzhen during the policy period from 2004 to 2009 and adopts the transaction cost perspective in analyzing how state-led institutional arrangements have resulted in many time-consuming transactions and hindered the redevelopment of urban villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is facing the challenge of sustainable urban redevelopment due to its massive economic transformation process. As a unique product of the rapid urbanization of past decades, urban village has become a major obstacle for sustainable redevelopment because of its sub-standard infrastructure and disordered built environment. Redevelopment of ‘villages in the city’ (ViCs) is distinct from normal urban redevelopment because it involves the change of collective land ownership without de jure property rights to state land ownership with de jure property rights. What site characteristics, what ownership type, what geographical characteristics, make village sites more likely to be redeveloped? This study addresses this question with particular reference to industrial sites in Shenzhen. An analytical framework is developed based on the concept of rent gap to analyze the possible effects of these factors. An empirical investigation is conducted based on a set of data that covers all 44 village-owned industrial sites in the Nanshan District in Shenzhen. The findings suggest that village sites with better accessibility to good transportation facilities and the city centre are significantly more likely to be redeveloped and thus will be integrated into formal urban areas earlier than those located in less accessible areas. It is also demonstrated that fragmented land ownership and lack of legal land rights are not significant barriers for the sustainable redevelopment of such sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990 s, the restructuring of the global economic system has ushered in worldwide 'post-productivist transitions' (PPTs) and triggered development in rural areas and agricultural adjustments for meeting the requirements of urban populations to consume 'rurality'. While adaptive development of rural areas has occurred in Western countries, it is hardly possible in China, where strict land conversion controls over rural land exist. In China, an increasing need for construction in rural areas results in the overexploitation of existing built-up land. Taking the fragmented rights of homestead land and collectively operated built-up land into consideration, the deterioration of natural and built environments becomes inevitable and damages the sustainability of PPTs. By investigating two PPT cases in China, this study argues that land conversion controls over collective-owned rural land have stimulated denser, at times illegal, development in villages. The study also contends that fragmented use rights hamper environment-friendly development, possibly ending PPTs, as happened in Xiaozhou Village in Guangzhou. Given the practices in Wanfu Village in Chengdu, policies that end land conversion controls and encourage assembly could partially solve the problem by allowing sustainable rural land development. Preparing space for urban populations in a sustainable way helps avoid the illegal redevelopment of villages and protects the area's rurality, allowing PPTs to evolve. This study advocates for institutional adjustment when designing a path for developing PPTs. • Land conversion controls in rural China hamper Western-style new development for PPTs. • Fragmented land rights make the assembly of land parcels hard to implement. • Space requirement was met with unsustainable redevelopment on small rural construction land parcels. • Issuing more 'land conversion quotas' and strengthening the planning control help to develop sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing awareness of the need to improve built environments in declined urban areas worldwide has raised the popularity of urban regeneration as a research topic. Various tools, such as questionnaire surveys, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy set theory, have been developed to measure the sustainability of urban regeneration and ensure that it follows the principles of sustainable development. However, these studies, which rely on the indicator system, assume that urban regeneration is a static and isolated state during the assessment process. Hence, this study aims to provide an alternative model for measuring sustainability of urban regeneration. Fuzzy set theory and Monte Carlo simulation were introduced to solicit critical measurement indicators that would lay a unified basis for comparison. Entropy method was also used to determine the weights of relevant critical measurement indicators to avoid subjective judgment. A general decision-making framework for dynamic monitoring of urban regeneration was developed based on the dynamic change of sustainability of urban regeneration ( V k ) and urgency of urban regeneration ( U k ). Four scenarios were discussed based on the four quadrants generated by V k and U k . Therefore, sustainable urban regeneration can be identified and compared through the V k – U k coordinate system, and the best practices of urban regeneration can be determined for global promotion. This model has the advantages to process the fuzzy and subjective nature in indicator assessment of sustainability of urban regeneration, which is an improvement compared with existing studies. As well, the decision-making framework could assist policy-makers in determining the sustainability of an ongoing urban regeneration as well in performing a dynamic and long-term monitoring of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2008, the urban redevelopment in China has entered a new era mainly characterised by the new redevelopment model proposed and practised in Guangdong province. In the new wave of urban redevelopment towards a more inclusive type of governance, the roles of various agents or stakeholders in the decision-making processes have changed correspondingly. Building upon Healey and Barrett's structure and agency approach in the land and property development process, this paper develops an analytical framework specifically to explore the decision-making processes and mechanisms in this urban redevelopment experiment conducted in China. The empirical basis of this paper is a pioneer city in urban redevelopment within Guangdong province, Shenzhen. Through exploring the redevelopment trajectory of a local collective-owned factory, the roles played by different stakeholders at each stage of the redevelopment process are clarified. The conflicts and compromises between land owners and the developer on the distribution proportion of potential profits, and between the district government and the developer on the inclusion and provision of public facilities, have revealed the key decision-making mechanisms of collective-owned industrial land redevelopment in China, which offer valuable insights and experiences for industrial land redevelopment in other cities. • An analytical framework is developed to explore the decision-making processes. • The case study reveals the roles of actors and their interaction patterns. • Various stakeholders have their own rights to participate in the negotiation arena. • The developer has become a key coordinator to ensure the decision-making process. • The roles of the municipal and district governments have changed fundamentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban renewal has become an essential part of the ongoing urban development in China. This study provides a citywide analysis on the spatial determinants of land redevelopment activities in the urban renewal processes in Shenzhen, China. Based on the concept of rent gap and a perspective of transaction costs, a conceptual framework is developed to understand land redevelopment behaviors and analyze how location factors, land property rights, land use status and urban planning collectively affect land redevelopment outcomes. Empirical analysis is conducted based on logistic regression models with unique parcel-level data of all urban renewal projects in the entire city of Shenzhen and in special economic zone (SEZ) and non-SEZ areas. This study shows that urban sites with high land rent gap levels and low transaction costs are more likely to be redeveloped earlier. Aside from location factors, land property rights, land use status and urban planning all have a significant influence on the spatial variation of land redevelopment activities. These factors have varied effects on land redevelopment in the SEZ and non-SEZ areas due to the institutional differences and development conditions in these two areas. The research findings suggest the need for further policy considerations to better guide land redevelopment toward sustainable development. Redevelopment policies and regulations should also consider the dissimilar redevelopment conditions of different regions. • A citywide analysis on spatial determinants of land redevelopment is conducted based on parcel-level data. • Urban sites with a higher level of land rent gap and a lower level of transaction costs are more likely to be redeveloped. • Location factors, land property rights, land use status and urban planning collectively affect redevelopment outcomes. • The effects are different in SEZ and non-SEZ areas due to the institutional differences and development conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three alternative urban datasets are presented to portray urban vibrancy. • A comparative empirical study is conducted to examine multisource urban big data. • The results demonstrate the commonalities and differences in urban vibrancy proxies. Understanding urban vibrancy aids policy-making to foster urban space and therefore has long been a goal of urban studies. Recently, the emerging urban big data and urban analytic methods have enabled us to portray citywide vibrancy. From the social sensing perspective, this study presents a comprehensive and comparative framework to cross-validate urban vibrancy and uncover associated spatial effects. Spatial patterns of urban vibrancy indicated by multisource urban sensing data (points-of-interest, social media check-ins, and mobile phone records) were investigated. A comprehensive urban vibrancy metric was formed by adaptively weighting these metrics. The association between urban vibrancy and demographic, economic, and built environmental factors was revealed with global regression models and local regression models. An empirical experiment was conducted in Shenzhen. The results demonstrate that four urban vibrancy metrics are all higher in the special economic zone (SEZ) and lower in non-SEZs but with different degrees of spatial aggregation. The influences of employment and road density on all vibrancy metrics are significant and positive. However, the effects of metro stations, land use mix, building footprints, and distance to district center depend on the vibrancy indicator and location. These findings unravel the commonalities and differences in urban vibrancy metrics derived from multisource urban big data and the hidden spatial dynamics of the influences of associated factors. They further suggest that urban policies should be proposed to foster vibrancy in Shenzhen therefore benefit social wellbeing and urban development in the long term. They also provide valuable insights into the reliability of urban big data-driven urban studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]