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Developing a sound urban green infrastructure system is critical for addressing climate change. Green infrastructure (GI) also plays an essential role in the urban system by providing ecosystem services for urban residents. Although some research on GI has been published in Taiwan, there is a lack of understanding of how changes in land use and GI affect the landscape patterns in urban fringe areas. This study explores the impact of changes in GI on the landscape pattern of the urban fringe and urban core areas in the Taipei metropolitan area (TMA). We used intensity analysis to investigate changes in land area and land use intensity between 1981 and 2015 at three levels: interval, category, and transition. Landscape metrics were employed to analyze changes in GI patterns. We found, firstly, that although the rate of change in the urban core area of the TMA was faster than the rate of change in the urban fringe area during 1981-1995 and 1995-2006, changes in the urban fringe area nevertheless maintained a state of rapid change in 1995-2006 and 2006-2015. Secondly, forest and agricultural lands in urban fringe areas were the GI categories with the greatest changes in area from 1981 to 2015. Thirdly, transition areas among forest, agricultural, and built-up areas in urban fringe areas were larger during 1995-2015 than 1981-1995. Finally, the results of landscape pattern analysis indicate that the urban fringe area of the TMA is experiencing landscape fragmentation. Although forest land remained the main category in the urban fringe from 1981 to 2015, the integrity of its patch area decreased over time, and the prevalence of small and complex patches of built-up and agricultural land increased. Spatial planning should therefore consider how to build a GI system to promote ecosystem services in urban fringe areas so as to enhance the ability to respond to climate change., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

• The distal relationship between Taipei's resource inflows and nonrenewable resource production in Taiwan was investigated. • Cross-scale emergy synthesis revealed the reliance of Taipei's resource inflows on Taiwan. • The demand of construction materials in Taipei's peri-urbanization is the underlying driving force of the development in Taipei's remote areas. Urbanization not only causes environmental changes in metropolitan regions but also influences the ecological and socioeconomic changes of distant land areas due to increasing demands on resource use and waste emissions. Previous studies on the assessment of urban systems have focused on the city or metropolitan areas under study. There is a need to incorporate urban land teleconnections to investigate the relationship between a city and distant land areas during the process of urbanization. This paper analyzes the teleconnection of the energy and material flows associated with Taipei's peri-urbanization and remote areas in Taiwan. The cross-scale emergy synthesis of Taipei and Taiwan was examined first to investigate the relationships of the material and energy flows between Taipei and Taiwan. The exploitation of non-renewable resources in Taiwan during the 1990s was driven mainly by the construction and development taking place in Taipei. Furthermore, compared with Taiwan, the Taipei area relies heavily on external resources. The results of the emergy evaluation of materials flows in Taipei indicated that 85% of the construction materials used were imported from other remote areas during the past 30 years. The use of construction materials in Taipei had a higher intensity in the city center during 1982–1992 and in the peri-urban area during 2002−2014. The results of the emergy synthesis indicated that urban land teleconnections exist between peri-urban areas of Taipei and other distant areas in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diurnal land surface temperature (LST) variation is a primary characteristic of the effects of urbanization. However, no study to date has focused on changes in diurnal LST variation in urban environments. This paper investigates the effects of urbanization on landscape pattern and diurnal LST variation of Taipei City, using MODIS thermal images and SPOT multispectral remote sensing images over the 1994–2010 period. Supervised land-cover classifications were conducted to investigate decadal land-cover changes within the study area. A remote-sensing-based urbanization index was adopted as a quantitative measure of urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns. Diurnal LST variations were assessed using MODIS Aqua satellite images. We found that the diurnal LST variation increases with the urbanization index, with the adverse effects of urbanization on the diurnal LST variation being more substantial in the earlier stages of urbanization. Increasing diurnal LST variation due to urbanization implies that urbanization is likely to result in a greater increase in urban heat absorption than in thermal inertia. This research provides insightful supporting evidence that, in mitigating UHI effects, measures that can reduce urban heat absorption such as urban parks, community green spaces, green roofs and cool (or permeable) pavements should be given higher priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Equality of ecological exchange is associated with urban land teleconnections (ULT). • Two case studies demonstrated the application of the ULT theory to a regional/local level. • Emergy exchange ratios reveal strong inequalities between Taipei and the two case areas due to ULT. • Assessment of urban sustainability should not neglect thinking of ULT. Urbanization is not only accompanied by local land use change, but also causes land use changes in distant places and affects the socio-ecological systems there. Urban land teleconnections (ULT) was introduced as a conceptual framework to link urbanization and land use changes of distant areas in the past, which have been generally ignored. ULT has also been proposed for use in investigating the equity principle of urban sustainability. The unequal exchange between an urban system and distant areas could become underlying causes that result in land use change in distant areas in the future. This study provides two case studies to demonstrate how land use processes are connected through peri-urbanization of Taipei and its resource inflow areas and the implications of the equality of ecological exchanges are discussed. The first case considers vegetable and fruit products from Changhua, Yunlin, and Chiayi Counties (the Chang-Yun-Chia area) of central and southern Taiwan, and the second case considers cement from Hualien in eastern Taiwan. To implement analysis of ULT, emergy synthesis was used to quantify the flow of materials between Taipei and the distant areas providing raw materials for food and construction and to assess the fairness and equality of the exchange. The results indicate that agricultural products or cement from distant areas tend to have low emergy exchange ratios when sold to Taipei markets. This phenomenon results from the fact that money is paid for human services and not for the work of nature that made the products. The low emergy exchange ratio of agricultural products caused land conversion in the Chang-Yun-Chia area. The low emergy exchange ratio of cement not only hurt the local economy of Hualien, because when it is exchanged more emergy of cement leaves the region than is returned in the buying power of the money received for it. Further inequality results, because the high environmental loading of cement extraction impacts the local Hualien system. Using empirical research on the application of the ULT theory to regional/local levels, the impact of the Taipei Metropolitan Area on the Chang-Yun-Chia and Hualien areas not only verifies the Taipei's ULT phenomenon, but also clarifies the research gaps in the application of ULT theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]