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Context: We present an overview of the updated 2023 European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer (MMIBC)., Objective: To provide practical evidence-based recommendations and consensus statements on the clinical management of MMIBC with a focus on diagnosis and treatment., Evidence Acquisition: A broad and comprehensive scoping exercise covering all areas of the MMIBC guidelines has been performed annually since 2017. Searches cover the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Libraries databases for yearly guideline updates. A level of evidence and strength of recommendation are assigned. The evidence cutoff date for the 2023 MIBC guidelines was May 4, 2022., Evidence Synthesis: Patients should be counselled regarding risk factors for bladder cancer. Pathologists should describe tumour and lymph nodes in detail, including the presence of histological subtypes. The importance of the presence or absence of urothelial carcinoma (UC) in the prostatic urethra is emphasised. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the bladder is superior to computed tomography (CT) for disease staging, specifically in differentiating T1 from T2 disease, and may lead to a change in treatment approach in patients at high risk of an invasive tumour. Imaging of the upper urinary tract, lymph nodes, and distant metastasis is performed with CT or MRI; the additional value of flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT still needs to be determined. Frail and comorbid patients should be evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. Postoperative histology remains the most important prognostic variable, while circulating tumour DNA appears to be an interesting predictive marker. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy remains cisplatin-based. In motivated and selected women and men, sexual organ-preserving cystectomy results in better functional outcomes without compromising oncological outcomes. Robotic and open cystectomy have comparable outcomes and should be combined with (extended) lymph node dissection. The diversion type is an individual choice after taking patient and tumour characteristics into account. Radical cystectomy remains a highly complex procedure with considerable morbidity and risk of mortality, although lower rates are observed for higher hospital volumes (>20 cases/yr). With proper patient selection, trimodal therapy (chemoradiation) has comparable outcomes to radical cystectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery improves disease-specific survival and overall survival (OS) in patients with high-risk disease who did not receive neoadjuvant treatment, and is strongly recommended. There is a weak recommendation for adjuvant nivolumab, as OS data are not yet available. Health-related quality of life should be assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline and after treatment. Surveillance is needed to monitor for recurrent cancer and functional outcomes. Recurrences detected on follow-up seem to have better prognosis than symptomatic recurrences., Conclusions: This summary of the 2023 EAU guidelines provides updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of MMIBC for incorporation into clinical practice., Patient Summary: The European Association of Urology guidelines panel on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer has released an updated version of the guideline containing information on diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Recommendations are based on studies published up to May 4, 2022. Surgical removal of the bladder and bladder preservation are discussed, as well as updates on the use of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in localised and metastatic disease., (Copyright © 2023 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Intravesical instillations of mitomycin C, epirubicin and BCG are considered as the standard treatment for most patients diagnosed with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. These guidelines aim to optimize the adjuvant intravesical treatment in order to increase the efficacy and lower the morbidity associated with its administration., Methods: We conducted a daily practice survey, an online search of available national regulation recommendations and of published guidelines. A bibliography search in French and English using Medline® and Embase® with the keywords "BCG"; "mitomycin C"; "epirubicin"; "bladder"; "complication"; "toxicity"; "adverse reaction"; "prevention" and "treatment" was performed November 2021., Results: Patient information should be given by the attending physician before the first intravesical instillation. A medical exam to look for specific contraindications is also mandatory to select adequate candidates. Intravesical instillations should be delivered in health-care centers where urologic endoscopic procedures are routinely performed. Attending urologist or specialized nurse should check for negative pretreatment urine test. Intravesical instillation can only be delivered after bladder catheter has been inserted in the bladder without any injury of the lower urinary tract. The pharmaceutical agent should be kept in the bladder for two hours. Finally, voiding within the 6hours following intravesical instillations should be done in the sitting position and the patient should drink at least 2 liters of water per day for 2 days., Conclusion: The delivery of intravesical instillations of mitomycin C, epirubicin and BCG should follow a standardized procedure for better efficacy and lower morbidity., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Intravesical instillations of BCG are recommended for the treatment of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, their prolonged use remains limited by the associated potentially serious adverse effects or complications. The purpose of this article was to provide updated recommendations for the diagnosis and management of adverse events (AEs) or complications of intravesical BCG instillations., Materials and Methods: Review of the literature in Medline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and Embase (http://www.embase.com) using the following MeSH keywords or a combination of these keywords: "bladder," "BCG," "complication," "toxicity," "adverse events," "prevention," and "treatment"., Results: AEs or complications of BCG included genitourinary and systemic symptoms. The most common complications (cystitis, moderate fever) should be treated symptomatically and may require adjustment to allow patients to have the most complete BCG treatment possible. Serious complications are rare but must be identified promptly because of the life-threatening nature of the disease. Their management is based on the combination of anti-tuberculosis treatments, anti-inflammatory drugs and the definitive discontinuation of BCG., Conclusion: The management of BCG AEs requires early identification, rational and effective treatment if necessary, and discussion of the continuation of treatment for each situation., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Context: Treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma is currently undergoing a rapid evolution., Objective: This overview presents the updated European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for metastatic urothelial carcinoma., Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive scoping exercise covering the topic of metastatic urothelial carcinoma is performed annually by the Guidelines Panel. Databases covered by the search included Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Libraries, resulting in yearly guideline updates., Evidence Synthesis: Platinum-based chemotherapy is the recommended first-line standard therapy for all patients fit to receive either cisplatin or carboplatin. Patients positive for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and ineligible for cisplatin may receive immunotherapy (atezolizumab or pembrolizumab). In case of nonprogressive disease on platinum-based chemotherapy, subsequent maintenance immunotherapy (avelumab) is recommended. For patients without maintenance therapy, the recommended second-line regimen is immunotherapy (pembrolizumab). Later-line treatment has undergone recent advances: the antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin demonstrated improved overall survival and the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor erdafitinib appears active in case of FGFR3 alterations., Conclusions: This 2021 update of the EAU guideline provides detailed and contemporary information on the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma for incorporation into clinical practice., Patient Summary: In recent years, several new treatment options have been introduced for patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (including bladder cancer and cancer of the upper urinary tract and urethra). These include immunotherapy and targeted treatments. This updated guideline informs clinicians and patients about optimal tailoring of treatment of affected patients., (Copyright © 2021 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although guidelines exist for advanced and variant bladder cancer management, evidence is limited/conflicting in some areas and the optimal approach remains controversial., Objective: To bring together a large multidisciplinary group of experts to develop consensus statements on controversial topics in bladder cancer management., Design: A steering committee compiled proposed statements regarding advanced and variant bladder cancer management which were assessed by 113 experts in a Delphi survey. Statements not reaching consensus were reviewed; those prioritised were revised by a panel of 45 experts before voting during a consensus conference., Setting: Online Delphi survey and consensus conference., Participants: The European Association of Urology (EAU), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), experts in bladder cancer management., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Statements were ranked by experts according to their level of agreement: 1-3 (disagree), 4-6 (equivocal), 7-9 (agree). A priori (level 1) consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement and ≤15% disagreement, or vice versa. In the Delphi survey, a second analysis was restricted to stakeholder group(s) considered to have adequate expertise relating to each statement (to achieve level 2 consensus)., Results and Limitations: Overall, 116 statements were included in the Delphi survey. Of these, 33 (28%) statements achieved level 1 consensus and 49 (42%) statements achieved level 1 or 2 consensus. At the consensus conference, 22 of 27 (81%) statements achieved consensus. These consensus statements provide further guidance across a broad range of topics, including the management of variant histologies, the role/limitations of prognostic biomarkers in clinical decision making, bladder preservation strategies, modern radiotherapy techniques, the management of oligometastatic disease and the evolving role of checkpoint inhibitor therapy in metastatic disease., Conclusions: These consensus statements provide further guidance on controversial topics in advanced and variant bladder cancer management until a time where further evidence is available to guide our approach., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To evaluate the practice of immediate postoperative instillation (IPOP) using mitomycin C for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treatment by urologists members of the French Association of Urology (AFU)., Material and Method: Internet-based observational survey evaluating indications and practical modalities of IPOP in NMIBC treatment using questionnaire sent in May 2014 to 915 urologists., Results: Two hundred ninety-eight urologists participated in the survey (response rate: 32.6%) and 57% prescribed the IPOP. The median frequency of IPOP prescription was 3.3%, and was higher in the academic public sector. The CASE recommendations were self-assessed as known or well-known in 67% of cases. The selections criteria for IPOP were adequately identified by 62% of urologists, without differences according to sectors of activity. The IPOP prescription modalities were declared as an obstacle to the completion for 41.9% of urologists, and especially in the private sector. Completion times of IPOP were declared <24h in 91% of cases. We see that 28.5% of urologists prescribed an urinary alkalization. The average frequency of complications of IPOP was 0.91 per urologist., Conclusions: The IPOP prescription frequency was higher among urologists practicing in the academic sector. Neither the level of knowledge of the recommendations nor the frequency of complications of IPOP had explained this difference. However, the prescription modalities were more frequently reported as an obstacle to their completion in the private sector., Level of Evidence: 3., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma in young patients (<40 years) is rare. The only known risk factor is exposure to tobacco smoking and/or early active tobacco intoxication. No genetic predisposing factor seems to exist., Material and Methods: A review of the literature was performed using PubMed database with a combination of the following keywords: urothelial carcinoma, young patients/adults, children, pediatrics, urothelium and neoplasm prognosis., Discussion: Urothelial carcinomas before the age of 20 years are non-invasive papillary lesions (papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential and non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma low grade or high grade) of excellent prognosis. Rare cases of infiltrating carcinomas have been described between 20 to 40 years; their histological and clinical aspects are close to those observed in usual urothelial carcinomas., Conclusion: The management of urothelial carcinomas of patients under 40 years relies on the tumor grade and stage. Treatment of aggressive cases has to be curative from a clinical point of view, nevertheless conserving vital and reproducing functions., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The objective was to identify the number of residents registered in the course of urology in France in 2008, and to make a forecast in the number of posts of fellow and specialist assistant available at the end of their course., Material: From January to February 2008, a questionnaire identified in all French University Hospital the number of residents enrolled in the urology course, and the number of posts of fellow and specialist assistant in urology in the region. The year of the end of the course has been determined for each resident in compliance with seniority, and taking into account the availability. The number of fellow and specialist assistant posts available in the same period was estimated by considering the duration of each postinternship, and any change in the number of posts., Results: Our census counted 207 residents, 76 fellow posts, 10 specialist assistant posts. Of the 207 residents, 29 completed their studies in 2008, 57 in 2009, 60 in 2010, 61 in 2011. Following our methodology, there was a lack of fellow and specialist assistant posts available from November 2010 (-15 posts in 2010, -7 posts in 2011)., Conclusion: Our study showed an increase in the number of residents enrolled in urology course by years of promotion, causing a lack of fellow and specialist assistant posts from 2010. Apart from an opening of additional fellows and specialist assistants at that time, our study highlights the long-term regulation of entries in the urology course ensuring a postinternship quality.

Objectives: To evaluate the morbidity and surgical complications of retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and compare these results with the observed morbidity in a control group of nontransplanted patients., Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study and reviewed the charts and records of 20 RTRs who had undergone RRP for localized prostate cancer at four French renal transplant centers belonging to the Renal Transplantation Committee of the French Urological Association from April 1996 to April 2007. A total of 40 patients who had undergone RRP at the same centers, by the same surgeons, were analyzed as the case-control population., Results: The mean operating time (163 +/- 41 vs 160 +/- 66 minutes), blood loss (516 +/- 279 vs 566 +/- 449 mL), transfusion rate (20% vs 22.5%), and hospital stay (11.9 +/- 5.44 vs 9.45 +/- 2.8 days) were similar in the RTR and case-control populations. No graft loss or graft injury was reported in the RTRs, except for two ureteral injuries that were immediately repaired during RRP. No decrease in the kidney graft function was observed after RRP. The rate of medical complication (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection) was similar in both groups, except for the rate of bacterial systemic infection, which was significantly greater in the RTRs than in the controls (15% vs 2.5%, P = .01)., Conclusions: In our study, RRP was a safe procedure to treat localized prostate cancer in RTRs. RRP resulted in the same morbidity in RTRs as in the case-control population.

Objective: To compare the level of surgical training of French interns with that of interns in other European countries., Material and Methods: Between 2005 and 2006, an exhaustive questionnaire (www.esnz.net) was sent to 288 young urologists in 30 different European countries. Interns were classified into 3 groups: France (group 1, n = 28), Western Europe (group 2, n = 75) and Eastern Europe (group 3, n = 85). Items concerning surgical practice were analysed., Results: The mean age of the interns was 30.8 years (25.7-35.8), 34.6 years (27.4-48.0) and 31.3 years (25.3-51.3) in groups 1 to 3, respectively. The mean number of months of urology training was 28 months (6-60), 44 months (6-72) and 37 months (2-120), respectively. The mean of weekly working time was 70 hours (40-90), 60 hours (35-90) and 65 hours (40-100). French interns were technically more at ease than interns in groups 2 or 3 for all surgical procedures (open, laparoscopic, endourological). Certain criteria were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with a better level of technical skills: the number of weekly working hours, the small number of interns per department, the diversity of internships, the use of the intern record and the presence of an active tutor, Conclusion: French interns appear to learn urological surgical procedures more easily than other European interns. However the scientific training of interns must also be evaluated in order to propose a global assessment system of urology training in Europe.

Objectives: To analyse the value of an introduction to urology session to recruit interns following the Examen National Classant (ENC) (National Entrance Examination)., Materials and Methods: Over a 2-year period, interns appointed to surgery in Paris participated in a one-day introduction to urology session before starting work as surgical interns. A questionnaire at the beginning of internship recorded: age, gender, teaching hospital, student attachment in urology and desired specialization as a function of the surgical training programmes proposed by the ENC. Items concerning the desired specialization were resubmitted to the interns at the end of the session., Results: Population. 166 interns, 98 females (59%) and 68 males (41%) with a mean age of 24.8 +/- 5 years (range: 22-31) participated in this study. 110 interns had trained at a Parisian teaching hospital (66.2%) and 56 (33.8%) had trained at a provincial teaching hospital. 31 interns (18.7%) had completed at least one urology attachment during their medical training. Desired specialization: Orthopaedics was the discipline most frequently cited (n=48; 28.9%). Urology was selected by 19 interns (11.4%), 17 of whom had completed an urology attachment during their medical training. At the end of the introduction to urology session, another 15 interns initially oriented towards other specializations were interested in urology training., Conclusion: Specialization of certain surgical disciplines during internship could become inevitable in the medium term. In this case, the organization of national introduction to urology sessions in each ENC allocation region would be a solution to encourage motivated interns to immediately choose urology as their surgical speciality by preference rather than by default.

Purpose: Urolithiasis is rare among renal transplant recipients and its management has not been clearly defined. Methods: This multicentre retrospective study was organised by the Comité de Transplantation de l'Association Française d'Urologie (French Urology Association transplantation committee). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19 software. Results: Ninety-five patients were included in this study. Renal transplant urolithiasis was an incidental finding in 55% of cases, mostly on a routine follow-up ultrasound examination. One half of symptomatic stones were due to urinary tract infection and the other half were due to an episode of acute renal failure. The initial management following diagnosis of urolithiasis was double J stenting (27%), nephrostomy tube placement (21%), or watchful waiting (52%). Definitive management consisted of: watchful waiting (48%), extracorporeal lithotripsy (13%), rigid or flexible ureteroscopy (26%), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (11%) and surgical pyelotomy (2%). All transplants remained functional following treatment of the stone. The main limitation is the retrospective design. Conclusions: The incidence of lithiasis could be higher in kidney transplanted patients due to a possible anatomical or metabolical abnormalities. The therapeutic management of renal transplant urolithiasis appears to be comparable to that of native kidney urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]