12 results on '"Clift, Roland"'
Search Results
2. A life cycle assessment of distributed energy production from organic waste: Two case studies in Europe.
- Author
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Evangelisti, Sara, Clift, Roland, Tagliaferri, Carla, and Lettieri, Paola
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WASTE management , *ORGANIC wastes , *DISTRIBUTED power generation , *METHANE , *GAS turbines , *FUEL cells - Abstract
By means of the life cycle assessment methodology, the purpose of this study is to assess the environmental impact when biomethane from organic waste produced at residential level is used to supply energy to a group of dwellings in the distributed generation paradigm. Three different Combined Heat and Power systems, such as fuel cells, Stirling engine and micro gas turbine, installed at household level are assessed in two different settings: one in Northern Europe (UK) and one in Southern Europe (Italy). Different operating strategies are investigated for each technology. Moreover, marginal electricity production technologies are analysed to assess their influence on the results. This study has demonstrated that the type of bio-methane fed micro-CHP technology employed has a significantly different environmental impact: fuel cells are the most environmentally friendly solution in every category analysed; Stirling engines, although can supply heat to the largest number of dwellings are the least environmentally friendly technology. However, key factors investigated in the model presented in this paper influence the decision making on the type of technology adopted and the operating strategy to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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3. Redesigning the Camel.
- Author
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Mayers, Kieren, Peagam, Richard, France, Chris, Basson, Lauren, and Clift, Roland
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ELECTRONIC waste ,WASTE recycling ,WASTE management - Abstract
The article deals with the revision of the Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). The directive was implemented by the European Union (EU) in January 2003 in order to establish extended producer responsibility (EPR). According to some manufacturers and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the EPR should be established by making every producer responsible for funding the management of their own waste products. In 2008, the European Council (EC) submitted proposals for changes in the directive.
- Published
- 2011
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4. Improving recyclability by design: a case study of fibre optic cable.
- Author
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Wright, Elizabeth, Azapagic, Adisa, Stevens, Gary, Mellor, Warren, and Clift, Roland
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PRODUCT life cycle ,WASTE recycling ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis ,WASTE management - Abstract
Abstract: Producer responsibility and take-back legislation in Europe place responsibility on the manufactures for the recovery and recycling of end-of-life products. This will inevitably require the manufacturers to rethink the way products are designed and manufactured in order to improve their recyclability. This paper illustrates on the case of a fibre optic cable how this can be achieved in a practical and relatively easy way, leading to both environmental and economic benefits. The case study compares the current design the 96 fibre optic cable with several proposed design modifications with the aim of identifying the design option that would enable an easy end-of-life disassembly and recycling of component materials. The designs are evaluated on a life cycle basis for both economic and environmental impacts using the CHAin management of Materials and Products (CHAMP) methodology. CHAMP combines elements of process and design engineering with life cycle approaches to enable the user to explore technical, economic and environmental consequences of different material, process and technological options, including material recovery and recycling. CHAMP is therefore particularly well suited for addressing the requirements of the take-back and producer responsibility legislation. The results of LCA and life cycle costing obtained by using CHAMP show that cable re-design can reduce the environmental impacts by between 30 and 60% and can lead to a 40% reduction in economic costs. This is achieved by changing the internal structure of the cable, by removing some of the cable components (e.g. aluminium and organic gels) and by recycling some of the materials. Transport (including reverse logistics), processing and landfill also contribute to the overall impacts, but their contribution is less significant than that from the materials used to manufacture the cable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2005
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5. Industrial Ecology in Poland.
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Kronenberg, Jakub and Clift, Roland
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INDUSTRIAL ecology , *ECOLOGY education , *ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *WASTE management , *POLLUTION prevention , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection - Abstract
Discusses the concept of industrial ecology in Poland. Foreign institutions that introduced industrial ecology in courses in the country; Details of the National Ecological Policy for 2003-2006 action plan; Waste management plan being prepared by regional and local authorities; Emphasis given to pollution prevention rather than pollution management under the Polish environmental protection system.
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- 2004
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6. Barriers to Industrial Ecology: The Strange Case of "The Tombesi Bypass"
- Author
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Malcolm, Rosalind and Clift, Roland
- Subjects
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INDUSTRIAL ecology , *WASTE management , *ENVIRONMENTAL engineering - Abstract
Discusses the problems associated with industrial ecology. Objectives of waste management legislation; Views on the legal definition of waste; Ruling on the use of Cemfuel.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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7. Shale gas: a life-cycle perspective for UK production
- Author
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Tagliaferri, Carla, Clift, Roland, Lettieri, Paola, and Chapman, Chris
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Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Environmental engineering ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,6. Clean water ,12. Responsible consumption ,Hydraulic fracturing ,Lead (geology) ,13. Climate action ,Natural gas ,Environmental Science(all) ,Environmental impact assessment ,business ,Productivity ,Oil shale reserves ,Life-cycle assessment ,Water use ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Purpose Following the boom of shale gas production in the USA and the decrease in the US gas prices, increasing interest in shale gas is developing in many countries holding shale reserves and exploration is already taking place in some EU countries, including the UK. Any commercial development of shale gas in Europe requires a broad environmental assessment, recognizing the different European conditions and legislations. Methods This study focuses on the UK situation and estimates the environmental impacts of shale gas using lifecycle assessment (LCA); the burdens of shale gas production in the UK are compared with the burdens of the current UK natural gas mix. The main focus is on the analysis of water impacts, but a broad range of other impact categories are also considered. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the most environmentally criticized operations in shale gas production, including flowback disposal and emission control, by considering a range of possible process options. Results and discussion Improper waste water management and direct disposal or spills of waste water to river can lead to high water and human ecotoxicity. Mining of the sand and withdrawal of the water used in fracking fluids determine the main impacts on water use and degradation. However, the water degradation of the conventional natural gas supply to the UK is shown to be even higher than that of shale gas. For the global warming potential (GWP), the handling methods of the emissions associated with the hydraulic fracturing influence the results only when emissions are vented. Finally, the estimated ultimate recovery of the well has the greatest impact on the results as well as the flowback ratio and flowback disposal method. Conclusions This paper provides insights to better understand the future development of shale gas in the UK. Adequate waste water management and emission handling significantly reduce the environmental impacts of shale gas production. Policy makers should consider that shale gas at the same time increases the water consumption and decreases the water degradation when compared with the gas mix supply. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of shale gas should be considered according to the low productivity that force the drilling and exploitation of a high number of wells.
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8. Integrated gasification and plasma cleaning for waste treatment: A life cycle perspective.
- Author
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Evangelisti, Sara, Tagliaferri, Carla, Clift, Roland, Lettieri, Paola, Taylor, Richard, and Chapman, Chris
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BIOMASS gasification , *WASTE treatment , *WASTE management , *BIODEGRADABLE materials , *THERMAL properties - Abstract
In the past, almost all residual municipal waste in the UK was landfilled without treatment. Recent European waste management directives have promoted the uptake of more sustainable treatment technologies, especially for biodegradable waste. Local authorities have started considering other options for dealing with residual waste. In this study, a life cycle assessment of a future 20 MWe plant using an advanced two-stage gasification and plasma technology is undertaken. This plant can thermally treat waste feedstocks with different composition and heating value to produce electricity, steam and a vitrified product. The objective of the study is to analyse the environmental impacts of the process when fed with seven different feedstocks (including municipal solid waste, solid refuse fuel, reuse-derived fuel, wood biomass and commercial & industrial waste) and identify the process steps which contribute more to the environmental burden. A scenario analysis on key processes, such as oxygen production technology, metal recovery and the appropriate choice for the secondary market aggregate material, is performed. The influence of accounting for the biogenic carbon content in the waste from the calculations of the global warming potential is also shown. Results show that the treatment of the refuse-derived fuel has the lowest impact in terms of both global warming potential and acidification potential because of its high heating value. For all the other impact categories analysed, the two-stage gasification and plasma process shows a negative impact for all the waste streams considered, mainly due to the avoided burdens associated with the production of electricity from the plant. The plasma convertor, key characteristic of the thermal process investigated, although utilising electricity shows a relatively small contribution to the overall environmental impact of the plant. The results do not significantly vary in the scenario analysis. Accounting for biogenic carbon enhanced the performance of biomass and refuse-derived fuel in terms of global warming potential. The main analysis of this study has been performed from a waste management perspective, using 1 ton of waste as functional unit. A comparison of the results when 1 kWhe of electricity produced is used as functional unit shows similar trends for the environmental impact categories considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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9. A mathematical model and decision-support framework for material recovery, recycling and cascaded use
- Author
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Mellor, Warren, Wright, Elizabeth, Clift, Roland, Azapagic, Adisa, and Stevens, Gary
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WASTE management , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
To achieve more than incremental reductions in resource consumption and waste, it will be necessary to develop new approaches to the systematic use and re-use of materials in the kind of system termed an “industrial ecology”. This paper presents a new methodology—CHAin Management of Materials and Products (CHAMP)—developed for modelling the flow of materials through a succession of uses with different performance requirements. Although developed specifically for polymers, the CHAMP approach is also applicable to other materials and products. Materials are characterised by a set of technical performance parameters, termed utilities. Geographical location is also treated as a utility to enable logistics—both distribution of products and collection of used products or waste—to be incorporated within the same modelling framework. Processing, transport and use are treated as activities through which a material can pass. The costs and environmental impacts of activities are included in the modelling framework, and are assessed on a life cycle basis by considering the complete supply chain of materials and energy used by each activity. The methodology includes acceptance criteria which determine whether a material is suitable for specific uses or activities. These criteria are applied within the model to guide selection of materials for specific applications and of successive uses for specific materials. A simple example of the CHAMP approach is given, to illustrate the kinds of problem to which it has been applied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2002
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10. Industrial Ecology and Portugal’s National Waste Plans
- Author
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Ferrão, Paulo, Lorena, António, Ribeiro, Paulo, Clift, Roland, editor, and Druckman, Angela, editor
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- 2016
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11. Life cycle engineering of production, use and recovery of self-chilling beverage cans.
- Author
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Arena, Noemi, Sinclair, Philip, Lee, Jacquetta, and Clift, Roland
- Subjects
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SUPPLY & demand , *CARBON dioxide adsorption , *ENDOTHERMIC reactions , *BEVERAGES , *ENERGY consumption , *WASTE recycling , *WASTE management - Abstract
The chill-on-demand system is a new technology designed to provide cooled products on demand, thereby avoiding chilled storage. It uses the cooling effect provided by endothermic desorption of carbon dioxide previously adsorbed onto a bed of activated carbon and has the potential to be applied to any type of product that needs to be cold at the point of consumption. The principles of life cycle engineering have been utilized to evaluate the overall environmental performance of one possible application of this technology: a self-chilling beverage can, with a steel outer can to contain the beverage and an inner aluminium can to contain the adsorbent. An attributional life cycle assessment has been undertaken considering all the life cycle stages of a self-chilling can: manufacture of each part of the beverage container, its utilization, collection of the used can, and management of the waste by reuse, recycling and landfilling. Activated carbon production is included in detail, to assess its contribution to the overall life cycle. The results are compared with those for conventional aluminium and steel beverage cans stored in two types of retail chiller: a single door refrigerator and a large open-front cooler. A sensitivity analysis explores alternative scenarios for activated carbon production and for recovery of the can components post-use for reuse or recycling. The results highlight the importance of using activated carbon produced from biomass by a process with efficient use of low-carbon electrical energy, energy recovery from waste streams and appropriate air pollution control, and of achieving high rates of recovery, re-use and recycling of the cans after use. The results suggest limited markets into which the product might be introduced, particularly where it would displace inefficient chilled storage in an electricity system with a high proportion of coal-fired generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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12. Life cycle assessment of energy from waste via anaerobic digestion: A UK case study.
- Author
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Evangelisti, Sara, Lettieri, Paola, Borello, Domenico, and Clift, Roland
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LIFE cycle costing , *WASTE management , *ENERGY industries , *ANAEROBIC digestion , *ROBUST control , *SENSITIVITY analysis - Abstract
Highlights: [•] We investigated the environmental impact of treatment of OFMSW in London. [•] We performed LCA with sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the model. [•] We found AD is the best option for some impact categories, but not for all. [•] The most important assumption results quantity and quality of energy substituted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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