Search

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is getting more attention in the present scenario. Even though various technologies like incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and waste-to-energy plants have been developed, landfills are still the major disposal option for MSW management. MSW at landfill creates issues that are highlighted at a global level like the fire at Deonar dumping site in Mumbai, India was visible and captured by the space satellites, leading to environmental pollution. Detection and extinguishment of landfill fires at surface and sub-surface in their early stages are the major concern. Thermal imaging camera can be used to know solar radiation effect by identifying the hotspots during the day and the night time for understanding aerobic degradation effect on the surface fire. Sub-surface gas concentrations and its combinations affecting the temperature gradient can be studied for a better understanding of sub-surface fires in their early stages. The use of class 'A' foams with water, which reduces the surface tension of water, can be carried out for landfill fire extinguishment. The application of water in the form of water fog will extract a large amount of heat and block the availability of oxygen for the fire. This mini review presents the sources of fuel, heat, oxidant for landfill fire and its development process, associated pollution on air, water, land and human health due to landfill fire and methods for its extinguishment possibilities., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Municipal waste management is a major challenge for local governments in South Africa and Namibia, as in other developing countries. The circular economy concept in waste management is an alternative sustainable development framework that has the potential to combat resource depletion, pollution, and poverty while achieving the SDGs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current waste management systems in Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities resulting from municipal policies, procedures, and practices in the context of a circular economy. A mixed method approach was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data through structured in-depth interviews, document analyses, and direct observation. The study found that the Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities have not yet fully implemented the circular economy concept into their waste management systems. A mix of waste consisting of papers, plastics, cans, tyres, and organic products is dumped into landfills weekly at a rate of about 85%. The main challenges to implementing the circular economy concept include: lack of technical solutions, inadequate regulatory frameworks, insufficient financial resources, lack of private sector involvement, insufficient human resource capacity, and inadequate information and knowledge. A conceptual framework was therefore proposed to guide the municipalities of Langebaan and Swakopmund in implementing the circular economy concept in their waste management systems., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach with route optimization technique was adopted in the present study to evaluate environmental and economic aspects associated with the prevalent waste management system in Delhi city. With an objective of cost minimization and abating environmental hazards from waste transportation systems, ArcGIS was used to identify the most appropriate route for waste transportation. The study was conducted considering four landfills located at Bawana, Bhalswa, Ghazipur and Okhla present in Delhi city. Landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, and recycling methods were analyzed for global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP), acidification potential, abiotic resource depletion potential and photochemical oxidation potential parameters using LCA software GaBiPro. The results from the LCA studies for the municipal solid waste management system of Delhi city revealed that transportation emissions and landfilling negatively impact the environment. The effect of recycling rate on the landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion was also studied using sensitivity analysis. Results of sensitivity analysis depicted that recycling of waste is inversely related to the impact categories. Overall, the results exhibited a detrimental effect of landfilling on the environment in terms of GWP and EP. Further, considering the geospatial analysis, two waste recycling stations are proposed in the vicinity of existing waste management plants to reduce the time and cost of waste transport from the landfills to the waste management plants., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation per capita in developing countries is generally said to grow in proportion to the gross national product. Composting and waste to energy have a brief history as management strategies for MSW in India and as alternatives to landfilling. Analysis of Energy generation and compost potential from waste can minimize the impact of MSW on the environment with the added advantage of providing a local source of energy. The study has been carried out to develop a system dynamic (SD) model to predict the energy generation, treatment, and cost analysis for MSW up to 2030. The predictive model developed in this study showed the generation rate of electrical energy potential augmented from 0 in 2001 to 58,380 MWh in 2007 and 319,875 MWh in 2030. Whereas, the production rate of compost reduced from 77,000 tonnes in 2001 to 45,000 tonnes in 2006 and then improved to 390,000 tonnes in 2030. In addition, the predicted revenue generated from different treatment facilities increased from 0 in 2001 to Rs.335 million (4.36 million USD) in 2007 and Rs.2569 million (33.4 million USD) in 2030. As a result, revenue generated could cover the budgets required for MSW treatment and disposal services in 2030, where the required budget is negative because revenue exceeds expenditures. The developed SD model can improve a municipal solid waste management system for any City., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Despite the clear link between air pollution and health, research to investigate the relationship between municipal solid waste management and air pollution and health has not been prioritized. Such research may generate scientific information that would help reduce population exposure to air pollutants. This paper examines the case study of Accra in Ghana, a city dealing with serious waste management problems. The paper proposes a methodology to estimate the impact of waste management on urban air pollution and health. The analysis is described in the following four steps: (1) collecting data on the waste sector; (2) modeling the emissions arising from waste management; (3) transforming emissions to concentration values and (4) estimating the burdens on health. The assessment has been conducted using the CCAC SWEET tool and WHO AirQ+. The method presented can be used in different locations, depending on data availability, when analyzing the impact of and potential changes to waste sector policies. The results of this health impact assessment indicate that, based on the emissions of PM 2.5 from the waste sector in Accra, a change from the business-as-usual to more sustainable options would reduce air pollutants emissions and avert 120 premature deaths in 2030. Levels of air pollution in Accra are significant and interventions to reduce PM 2.5 exposure should be promoted. The detailed analysis of the current situation provides suggestions for waste management policies in terms of impacts on health and ideas to reconsider the waste policies in Accra., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Wastewater and waste management sectors alone account for 18% of the anthropogenic methane (CH 4 ) emissions. This study presents a critical overview of methanotrophs ("methane oxidizing microorganisms") for valorizing typically discarded CH 4 from environmental engineering applications, focusing on wastewater treatment plants. Methanotrophs can convert CH 4 into valuable bioproducts including chemicals, biodiesel, DC electricity, polymers, and S-layers, all under ambient conditions. As discarded CH 4 and its oxidation products can also be used as a carbon source in nitrification and annamox processes. Here we discuss modes of CH 4 assimilation by methanotrophs in both natural and engineered systems. We also highlight the technical challenges and technological breakthroughs needed to enable targeted CH 4 oxidation in wastewater treatment plants., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In New York City (NYC), the aspiring target of zero waste to landfills is robustly engaging the often poorly understood solid waste management technique of reuse. The reuse activities occurring in NYC are reported, accounting for the quantities of reuse of various products, such as furniture, appliances and automobile accessories, amongst others. The quantities of products are translated to reuse mass and net CO 2 -eq emissions saved as a consequence of reuse. This quantitative assessment employs the Reuse Impact Calculator (RIC), based on the Waste Reduction Model (WARM). The RIC is a novel calculator used to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of material reuse. It uses the information about the material to be reused from the WARM database and estimates the emissions and energy savings based on the product's final destination, that is, reuse, landfill, recycle or composting. A close monitoring of reuse activities in NYC shows 45 × 10 6 kg of reuse occurring for different products that would otherwise be directed to landfills. The net emissions reduced annually by reuse is approximately 122 × 10 6 kg of CO 2 -eq. This article compares the NYC reuse activities with that occurring in some select cities of the world. It is shown that the maximum recycle potential is saturated at 66%, and only auxiliary strategies like reuse can achieve the zero waste to landfill ambitions. Furthermore, this work discusses the role of reuse in the circular economy, wherein the resource utilization is maximized by increasing the shelf life of the product, and thereby enabling a maximum reuse potential.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a pressing concern for Goiás State, Brazil. Of the state's 246 municipalities, only 16 send their waste to licensed landfills. This means that 93% of the cities in Goiás dispose of their MSW inappropriately, in dumps or unlicensed landfills. This practice poses a danger to both the environment and to public health. On this basis, the goal of this study was to survey potential landfill sites in Goiás. A geographic information system tool was used to first identify Goiás landfills and dumps and then examine them, to check whether they are located in legally restricted areas. This tool cross-references morphology, land use and occupancy, conservation of the environment, public health and population projections for 2040. It then outputs restriction-free areas that are suitable for landfill construction. The results indicate that, by 2040, Goiás will have 59,500 km 2 available for landfills, i.e., 17% of the state's total area. Conversely, 60% of the state's geographical area will be off limits for landfill construction. The most urgent need is in the Goiânia Metropolitan area, which will be producing about 40%, of 6,850 t⋅day -1 , of the MSW generated in the state by 2040. This metropolitan area will have the smallest restriction-free area for landfill construction (832 km 2 ). A total of 235 MSW final disposal facilities were identified in Goiás: 15 licensed landfills, 23 unlicensed landfills and 197 dumps. Of these, 15 are in permitted areas, 38 are in areas subject to approval and 182 are in restricted areas. These numbers highlight the need for Goiás municipalities to terminate and/or readjust landfills and unlicensed dumps and to set up new MSW management facilities that conform to the legal and environmental requirements and the expected population growth., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Significant knowledge and data gaps associated with the fate of product-embedded engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in waste management processes exist that limit our current ability to develop appropriate end-of-life management strategies. This review paper was developed as part of the activities of the IWWG ENMs in Waste Task Group. The specific objectives of this review paper are to assess the current knowledge associated with the fate of ENMs in commonly used waste management processes, including key processes and mechanisms associated with ENM fate and transport in each waste management process, and to use that information to identify the data gaps and research needs in this area. Literature associated with the fate of ENMs in wastes was reviewed and summarized. Overall, results from this literature review indicate a need for continued research in this area. No work has been conducted to quantify ENMs present in discarded materials and an understanding of ENM release from consumer products under conditions representative of those found in relevant waste management process is needed. Results also indicate that significant knowledge gaps associated with ENM behaviour exist for each waste management process investigated. There is a need for additional research investigating the fate of different types of ENMs at larger concentration ranges with different surface chemistries. Understanding how changes in treatment process operation may influence ENM fate is also needed. A series of specific research questions associated with the fate of ENMs during the management of ENM-containing wastes have been identified and used to direct future research in this area., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Municipal solid waste disposed in landfill sites decomposes under anaerobic conditions and produces so-called landfill-gas, which contains 30%-40% of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50%-60% of methane (CH4). Methane has the potential of causing global warming 25 times more than CO2 Therefore, migration of landfill-gas from landfills to the surrounding environment can potentially affect human life and environment. Thus, this research aims to determine municipal solid waste generation in Oman over the years 1971-2030, to quantify annual CH4 emissions inventory that resulted from this waste over the same period of time, and to determine the economic and environmental benefits of capturing the CH4 gas for energy production. It is found that cumulative municipal solid waste landfilled in Oman reaches 3089 Giga gram (Gg) in the year 2030, of which approximately 85 Gg of CH4 emissions are produced in the year 2030. The study also found that capturing CH4 emissions between the years 2016 and 2030 could attract revenues of up to US$333 million and US$291 million from the carbon reduction and electricity generation, simultaneously. It is concluded that CH4 emissions from solid waste in Oman increases enormously with time, and capture of this gas for energy production could provide a sustainable waste management solution in Oman., (© The Author(s) 2016.)

This study presents an application of the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) for valuing the environmental impacts associated with the operation of landfills for residues following waste treatment and depicts how the results of the analysis can be used for decision making in the field of waste management. The survey was conducted in Ikaria, Greece, a medium-sized island in the northern Aegean Sea, with a view to estimate the amount of compensatory benefits that are socially acceptable to be attributed to the hosting community of a new landfill for residues. The results showed that the mean willingness to pay per household to create a fund for financing social and environmental programs in the community that will host the landfill in question was estimated at €6.5-6.7 per 2-month and household taking into account all households of the sample. This estimate is at the same order of magnitude but at the lower band compared to the results of other relevant studies showing that the public in Ikaria is aware for the relatively limited environmental burdens associated with the operation of landfills for residues following an integrated waste management treatment., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Production of a new classification of Asbestos Containing Products (ACPs), materials (ACM) and Asbestos Containing Waste (ACW), in addition to a correct identification of landfills where ACW should be disposed of in Europe., Methods: Analysis of the European and Italian legislation, study of waste classification and management in the main European countries, data analysis of mapping of Italian landfills and quantification of ACW disposed there., Findings: Classification according to unique criteria (physical state, substances with which asbestos minerals have been blended, function of the asbestos, etc.). Highlights of cases of incorrect management of ACW in Europe, specifying the Italian ones. Considering the significant inconsistencies between the European and national regulations and the actual implementation of those regulations, this paper provide some precise indications for the proper assignment to ACW of the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) codes. Lastly, suitable types of landfills at which ACW should be disposed of have been identified, in order to assisting the persons involved in ACW management to avoid undue exposition and their improper disposal., Conclusion: This study reports a useful manual for classifying worldwide ACPs based on their physical state and considering the substances with which the asbestos minerals have been blended. Moreover several clear tables allow the asbestos remediation and waste management operators to suitably classify and dispose of ACW., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the decomposition of selected wood and paper products in landfills. The decomposition of these products under anaerobic landfill conditions results in the generation of biogenic carbon dioxide and methane, while the un-decomposed portion represents a biogenic carbon sink. Information on the decomposition of these municipal waste components is used to estimate national methane emissions inventories, for attribution of carbon storage credits, and to assess the life-cycle greenhouse gas impacts of wood and paper products. Hardwood (HW), softwood (SW), plywood (PW), oriented strand board (OSB), particleboard (PB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), newsprint (NP), corrugated container (CC) and copy paper (CP) were buried in landfills operated with leachate recirculation, and were excavated after approximately 1.5 and 2.5yr. Samples were analyzed for cellulose (C), hemicellulose (H), lignin (L), volatile solids (VS), and organic carbon (OC). A holocellulose decomposition index (HOD) and carbon storage factor (CSF) were calculated to evaluate the extent of solids decomposition and carbon storage. Samples of OSB made from HW exhibited cellulose plus hemicellulose (C+H) loss of up to 38%, while loss for the other wood types was 0-10% in most samples. The C+H loss was up to 81%, 95% and 96% for NP, CP and CC, respectively. The CSFs for wood and paper samples ranged from 0.34 to 0.47 and 0.02 to 0.27gOCg(-1) dry material, respectively. These results, in general, correlated well with an earlier laboratory-scale study, though NP and CC decomposition measured in this study were higher than previously reported., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although antibiotics have significantly improved human and animal health, their intensive use leads to the accumulation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment. Moreover, certain waste management practices create the ideal conditions for AMR development while providing predictable resources for wildlife. Here, we investigated the role of landfills in the potentiation of New World vultures to disseminate environmental AMR. We collected 107 samples (soil, water, and feces) between 2023 and 2024, in different bird use sites (roosts, landfills and boneyards). Results: We isolated enterococci (EN), Escherichia coli (EC), and Salmonella spp. (SM), performed antibiotic susceptibility tests, and quantified the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within all samples. We identified EN, EC, and SM, in 50, 37, and 26 samples, from the three vulture use areas, respectively. AMR was mainly to aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, and tetracycline, and the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 5.3% (EC), 78.2% (EN), and 17.6% (SM). Variations in bacterial abundance and AMR/MDR profiles were found based on the season, use site, and sample types, which was corroborated by ARG analyses. Conclusions: Our study suggests that landfills constitute a source of zoonotic pathogens and AMR for wildlife, due to readily available refuse input. Using non-invasive molecular methods, we highlight an often-ignored ecosystem within the One Health paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of 2020, Talang Gulo Landfill Site 1 in Jambi City was officially closed due to overcapacity. Municipal solid waste disposal has shifted to the Talang Gulo site 2 with a life expectancy of ± 90 years based on the design plan. However, this is difficult to realize because segregation and composting are not optimal, so more than 90% of the waste transported to the final processing site (TPA) is in a landfill. Thus, landfill mining was executed to utilize excavated landfill waste as a material and energy. It was carried out at depths of 3, 5, and 7 meters with an estimated sample age of > 9 years. The mixed landfill samples contained 55.6-66.2% moisture content, 50.3-80.6% volatile content, 19.4-49.7% ash content, 2.6-4.2% fixed carbon, and 3.5-5.7 MJ/kg calorific value. Furthermore, the landfill waste was dried using the biodrying method, combining fresh and landfill waste in the pile composition. The ratio of landfill waste to the addition of fresh waste is 1:0 (control pile), 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The drying method reduced moisture content of 9-29.1% with a lower calorific value of 5-6.8 MJ/kg. Based on statistical analysis, it is known that waste ratio has a significant effect on moisture content. Based on the weighting results, the optimum mixture ratio is 1:1 (pile 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developed GHG emission models for incineration and landfilling. • Analyzed influencing factors of GHGs from MSW from space-time dimension. • Analyzed GHG emission pattern of legacy MSW. • Forecasted GHG emissions from MSW before 2030. The municipal solid waste (MSW) management is significantly contributing to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Analyzing the emission pattern of GHGs from MSW is essential for formulating appropriate carbon mitigation policies. Based on IPCC Models, GHG emissions from MSW were calculated in Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2021 by landfilling and incineration operations, separately. Landfilling and incineration generated approximately 1271 MtCO 2 -eq and 198 MtCO 2 -eq from 2004 to 2021, respectively. GHG emissions from landfilling increased from 2004 to 2020 and declined in 2021, while GHG emissions from incineration demonstrated an increasing trend with three distinct growth stages. A panel regression model was then employed to identify the key factors influencing GHG emissions. GDP and population are positively related to GHG emissions from landfills, while PCCE is negatively related to GHG emissions from landfills. GDP and PCCE have a positive impact on GHG emissions from incineration, while population showed no significant impact. Multi-expression programming was used to develop an explicit model, forecasting GHG emissions from MSW by 2030. From 2022 to 2024, GHG emissions from landfills will quickly decrease, while GHG emissions from incineration will rapidly increase. Subsequently, the GHG emission rate of incineration will slow down, and GHGs from landfilling will slowly decrease due to no MSW for landfill disposal. The methods and results provide insightful information for policy-makers and waste management sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the critical challenges and initiatives in solid waste management (SWM) within the context of sustainable urban development in Malaysia. Acknowledging the complicated nature of SWM, the research explores municipal planning, transportation systems, water and sanitation, disaster risk reduction, education, and waste management. The literature review incorporates global perspectives, highlighting SWM hierarchies, institutional effectiveness, sustainability challenges in diverse regions, and practical guidelines. The Malaysian context underscores the nation's dedication to sustainable development, regulatory structures, and the growing expenses associated with SWM. The discussion highlights the limitations of landfills in Malaysia, urging consideration of alternative solutions like waste-to-energy plants. The study aims to investigate SWM practices, operators' costs, and government incentives in Malaysia, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject for informed policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Estimates of modeled CH 4 emission (E) data for 1,325 U.S. landfills were reviewed. • Operators use two methods to estimate E from landfills with a gas collection system. • First-order decay (FOD) method shows increasing emissions. • Collection efficiency assumption method shows decreasing emissions. • FOD method shows some agreement to remotely sensed national estimates. As part of its commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the U.S. annually develops a national estimate of methane emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills by aggregating activity data from each facility. Since 2010, the U.S. has reported a 20 % decrease in MSW landfill emissions despite a 21 % increase in tons disposed. Operator-submitted data were investigated to understand the causes of this decline. In the U.S., operators of landfills with a gas collection and control system (GCCS) calculate their facility's emissions via two separate approaches – (1) first-order decay (FOD) and (2) collection efficiency assumption (CEA) − and select either result to feed into the annual inventory. The FOD model predicts methane generation proportional to waste disposal and that approach calculated a 19 % increase in total methane generated from 2010 to 2022, whereas generation via the CEA approach decreased by 8.9 %. The amount of measured methane collected has increased 7.5 % for the same years. Discrepancies between the two models' generated methane, assumed gas collection efficiencies, and oxidized methane compound into substantive differences in national estimates. Operators more frequently select the CEA method, which results in decreased national estimates. If only the FOD method was used, U.S. MSW landfill emissions would be 1.3-1.7 times greater than current estimates which is similar to recent extrapolations from remote sensing campaigns in the U.S. Both models contain parameters with large inherent uncertainty. Without measurement methods that continuously quantify both point-source and diffuse emissions, an assessment of either equation's accuracy cannot be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the path of circular economy, Algeria has initiated several waste management plans. Technical landfill centers (TLCs) installation was one of the adopted solutions. In this context, the purpose of this study is the clarification of TLCs role on realization of social and environmental challenges of circular economy, by analyzing the TLC Bougeurgeur-Guelma Data, while adopting a qualitative approach. Results showed that this center achieves effective results on the social dimension and considerable results on the environmental one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste generation has seen a significant surge in the last decade, presenting an urgent need for efficient and sustainable waste management strategies. The mounting piles of landfill waste underscore the criticality of segregating recyclable from non-recyclable waste, a measure that could alleviate numerous global environmental challenges. The increasing necessity to differentiate waste into specific categories such as paper, plastic, and metal is becoming evident; these categories demand distinct disposal and recycling methods. Addressing this automatic detection and segregation issue calls for an automated garbage classification system, achievable through computer vision. This paper introduces a deep learning and computer vision-based Smart Ensembled Framework for Waste Management (SEFWaM) to categorize garbage into various classes for improved waste management. This innovative model employs a fusion of transfer learning—a deep learning technique and boosting to devise an ensembled approach for efficient waste classification. Our proposed approach, trained on the Trashnet 2.0 dataset, has demonstrated superior performance over competing algorithms in terms of Weighted Macro Precision (WMP), Weighted Macro Recall (WMR), Weighted Macro F1-Score (WMF), and test accuracy. The proposed SEFWaM model achieves an accuracy of 94.2% for the considered dataset, proving its superior efficiency over other deep learning-based models. This research thereby contributes to a pressing environmental issue by offering an automated, efficient solution for waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Landfills are widely employed as the primary means of solid waste disposal. However, this practice generates landfill gas (LFG) which contains methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, as well as various volatile organic compounds and volatile inorganic compounds. These emissions from landfills contribute to approximately 25% of the total atmospheric CH4, indicating the imperative need to valorize or treat LFG prior to its release into the atmosphere. This review first aims to outline landfills, waste disposal and valorization, conventional gas treatment techniques commonly employed for LFG treatment, such as flares and thermal oxidation. Furthermore, it explores biotechnological approaches as more technically and economically feasible alternatives for mitigating LFG emissions, especially in the case of small and aged landfills where CH4 concentrations are often below 3% v/v. Finally, this review highlights biofilters as the most suitable biotechnological solution for LFG treatment and discusses several advantages and challenges associated with their implementation in the landfill environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing waste tires presents a significant challenge globally, particularly in regions experiencing high temperatures and shortage of landfill sites. This issue is affecting countries like Kuwait, where the abundance of waste tires is a major source of environmental and safety risks, particularly during the intensely hot summer months. This extreme heat has sparked numerous fires, leading to substantial air pollution due to thick black smoke. Given the limited disposal options, recycling waste tires and finding practical applications for ground tire rubber (GTR) is essential. To address the challenge, a comprehensive laboratory testing program was conducted, using locally produced rubber aggregates as an additive to Kuwait's local surface sands. Two new variables were examined namely the size and gradation of the GTR, and the density of the compacted mixes. For this purpose, two different sizes of rubber aggregates, fine and coarse produced locally, were utilized, and the impact of relative compaction on the strength and compressibility of the mixtures was investigated by testing samples compacted to the maximum density and to 95% of the maximum density. The results suggest that combining local surface sands with rubber tire additives results in a lighter, more permeable, and compressible material, contributing significantly to sustainable waste management. With 20% rubber additive the maximum dry density decreased by nearly 20%, and the permeability increased by 1.74–3.11 times and the compression index increased by 6.15 and 3.8 times with fine and coarse rubber respectively. The angle of friction remained unchanged at 36° with the addition of coarse rubber and decreased by 3°–4° with fine rubber. The change in behavior although not an increase in the strength and stiffness, offers a range of suitable practical applications in civil engineering and environmental management, including use as a drainage layer, embankment construction on soft ground, earth fill around retaining walls, an additive in asphalt mixes, and in manufacturing compressible tiles for sports facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to explore the evolution process and driving factors of waste disposal facilities in China by employing a unique dataset that combines municipal-level data on socioeconomic characteristics with establishment-level information on waste disposal facilities over the years 2003–2020. This research reveals a noticeable transformation in the structure of waste disposal facilities in China, with rapid declines in landfill sites and steady increases in incineration plants and composting plants. Meanwhile, the distribution of waste disposal facilities exhibits an apparent spatial imbalance across regions. Specifically, landfill sites are primarily clustered in the central regions; incineration plants are concentrated in eastern areas; and composting plants are scattered and widely distributed. The results of the dynamic spatial Durbin model further indicate that consumption level and land area are the two main driving factors of the increase in the total number of waste disposal facilities and that of three different types of facilities; for each 1% increase in the two factors, the total number of waste disposal facilities will increase by 0.4551 and 0.1329 units respectively. However, waste generation, population density, land price, industrial structure and policy instruments have rather heterogeneous effects on waste disposal facilities and their different types. This study can provide guidelines for optimizing the distribution pattern of waste disposal facilities to mitigate against the unbalanced and inadequate development of waste disposal facilities in China and other developing countries with similar situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) used as flame retardants and plasticizers are additives in building and construction materials, decorations, furniture, electronic equipment, among other applications. The presence of materials containing these substances in construction and demolition waste (CDW) from weak waste management practices can result in environmental contamination. In this study, OPEs' presence in soil samples collected from a CDW landfill in Brazil was evaluated. Soil samples were collected in areas adjacent to CDW from an inert landfill, and the samples were analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The OPEs were detected in all soil samples at quantifiable concentrations ranging from 21 to 251 ng g−1, and detected compounds were tris(phenyl) phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. The presence of these compounds in a CDW landfill is probably due to the lack of control of the materials sent to and deposited in the landfill, which, results in part from the lack of sampling and screening systems that can help identify the presence of contaminants in the CDW waste stream. This is partially due to OPEs not being considered controlled compounds under current regulations, thus screening or separation for handling of OPEs at construction and demolition work sites is rare to non-existent. The data generated in this study reveals the need for improving CDW management to minimize, if not eliminate, environmental contamination by OPEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste produced around the world increases daily due to population increase and the fact that life expectancy is longer. Waste production is higher in urban environments; therefore, managing Urban Solid Waste must be more rigorous to avoid environmental problems and health effects. For this reason, standards are created to properly manage landfills so that each life cycle stage is managed responsibly. However, a solid commitment from the community and more management regulations from the government are needed to be focused on reducing, reusing, and recycling materials as much as possible. This commitment needs to be reinforced to the extent that regulatory policies are created at the household level as much as education and awareness programs are implemented. This study presents a method to evaluate how imposing waste management goals before they reach landfills can increase the lifetime of landfills and, consequently the suitableness of a treatment plant implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of effective and cost-efficient landfill liners is crucial to prevent groundwater contamination from leachate, safeguarding soil quality and the environment. Composite liners, particularly those combining bentonite with supplementary materials such as fly ash or marble dust, present a promising solution. This study delves into a comprehensive investigation of the physical properties of landfill liners composed of bentonite-fly ash and bentonite-marble dust mixtures through an extensive series of laboratory tests. The research systematically analyzes various proportions of bentonite with fly ash and marble dust, evaluating their impact on liner performance in comparison to Bentonite-sand mixtures. Physicochemical analyses are employed to understand the interactions and behaviors of these distinct substances within the amended bentonite. A wide array of physical properties, including Atterberg's limits, compaction characteristics, free swell index, modified free swell index, California bearing ratio, cohesion, and angle of internal friction, are meticulously examined. Collectively, these properties offer a comprehensive overview of the suitability and performance potential of bentonite-fly ash and bentonite-marble dust mixtures as landfill liners, presenting a viable alternative to traditional bentonite-sand mixtures. The study reveals synergistic effects between bentonite and both fly ash and marble dust, highlighting their significant contributions to enhancing the physical traits of landfill liners. This advancement in landfill liner design holds the promise of effectively mitigating detrimental environmental impacts associated with waste disposal. While this study provides a robust foundation, it is essential for future investigations to prioritize long-term performance assessments and real-world implementation. Validation and fine-tuning of these findings are crucial to ensuring practical applicability and efficacy within authentic landfill construction scenarios. This holistic approach will contribute to the continued evolution and optimization of landfill liner design, addressing the pressing challenges of sustainable waste management and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanitary landfilling is the predominant process for solid urban waste disposal, but it generates leachate that poses environmental, economic, and social concerns. Landfill leachate (LL) contains complex and refractory pollutants and toxic compounds that can vary depending on landfill maturity, age, and biochemical reactions, making its treatment challenging. Due to its unique characteristics and occurrence in remote locations, LL requires separate treatment from wastewater. Various conventional treatment processes involving biological, chemical, and physical processes have been used for LL treatment, but a single treatment process is insufficient to meet environmental standards. This review demonstrates that combined treatment processes are more effective and efficient for LL treatment compared to single processes. Among the various combinations, chemical–chemical and chemical–biological treatments are the most commonly used. Specifically, the integration of Fenton with adsorption and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) with nanofiltration (NF) processes shows promising results. The combined processes of MBR with NF, Fenton with adsorption, and PF with biological treatment show maximum removal efficiencies for COD, reaching 99 ± 1%, 99%, 98%, and 97%, respectively. Additionally, the combined Fenton with adsorption process and EC with SPF process enhance biodegradability as indicated by increased BOD5/COD ratios, from 0.084 to 0.82 and 0.35 to 0.75, respectively. The findings emphasize the importance of developing and implementing enhanced combined treatment processes for LL, with the aim of achieving efficient and comprehensive pollutant mineralization. Such processes have the potential to address the environmental concerns associated with LL and contribute to sustainable waste management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates anaerobic bioconversion using landfill-derived microbes to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as bioproducts. The research was conducted using different substrates, including elephant grass, starch waste, and fruit waste. Landfill-derived microbes collected from the landfill site were used as inoculum. The results show that the carbohydrate composition in the substrate affects VFA production. Simpler substrates, such as starch waste and fruit waste, produced more VFAs (approximately 50 mmol · L–1) than that of more complex substrate of grass (approximately 25 mmol · L–1). The results showed that using simpler substrates (i.e. starch and fruit waste) produce VFAs two times higher than that of the complex substrate or lignocellulosic biomass-based feedstock (i.e. grass). These findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of landfill-derived microbes in the anaerobic bioconversion process to produce VFAs. By understanding the influence of carbohydrate composition, we can enhance the efficiency of VFA production from organic waste, which can be used in various industrial applications. This is a crucial step towards more sustainable waste management and more efficient resource utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction and demolition waste consists of residue and discarded materials that result from construction, renovation, remodelling, and demolition activities. This waste typically includes various materials, such as concrete, wood, steel, bricks, drywall, asphalt, glass, plastics, and other construction-related materials. This research quantified the environmental consequences of managing earthquake-generated construction and demolition waste in Turkey using diverse techniques. The study employed a life cycle assessment to compute these impacts. First, the impacts of the currently used landfill process were calculated and then a scenario in which concrete is reused, recyclable wastes are separated and recycled, and the remaining waste is sent to a landfill was created. According to the findings, it is seen that if all the debris is sent to a landfill, 11.9 t CO2eq will be generated in the short term, while 18,428.3 t CO2eq can be saved, especially by reusing concrete. These findings may vary due to the involvement of different unforeseen processes, but they show that although it is often very difficult to utilize such wastes, especially those generated as a result of unusual disasters, such as earthquakes, very significant environmental gains can be achieved through appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management has been an issue due to low awareness among people of any country to lead major environmental contamination, tragic accidents, and unfavorable working conditions for landfill workers. The Lack of precise and efficient object detection could be a barrier in the growth of computer vision-based systems. As per the latest research articles, pre-trained models could be used for Trash Bin detection in real time and for recommending appropriate actions after detection. Using a unique validation dataset made up of predicted trash items, the two classes of acceptable object identification models, YOLO (You Only Look Once) and SSD (Single Shot Multibox Detector), are then contrasted. It is concluded that SSD performs noticeably better than YOLO in identifying trash objects based on several performance metrics computed utilizing multiple open-source research projects. The model is then built up to recognize several trash object types after being pre-trained using Microsoft's COCO (Common Objects in Context) dataset. Our initiative intends to enhance sustainable waste management, make trash sorting incredibly simple, and guard against serious illnesses and accidents at landfill and garbage disposal sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective waste management in Tehran faces significant challenges arising from urbanization and population growth. This study delves into the current state of municipal solid waste management in Tehran, examining technical, social, economic, environmental health, and structural dimensions to identify key issues. Data collection involved questionnaires and consultations with experts. Results indicate various problems, including incomplete waste production data recording systems, inefficient source separation programs, inappropriate waste storage, high collection frequencies, subpar compost production, unregulated informal waste picking, landfill non-compliance, and limited management capacities. Evidence-based solutions encompass comprehensive waste production monitoring systems, public education, improved storage infrastructure, reduced collection frequencies, modern composting technology adoption, and landfill upgrades. Policymaking recommendations include incentivizing informal waste collectors to formalize, preventing child labor, enhancing public participation, mitigating corruption, streamlining contracts, and promoting coordination. Overall, a collaborative approach, emphasizing personnel training, infrastructure enhancement, public awareness campaigns, and research and development, is pivotal in establishing an effective and sustainable waste management system in Tehran. This study contributes to crucial insights into Tehran's waste management challenges and offers potential pathways for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predominant solid waste disposal method in the world is landfilling, which has led to significant gas emissions. The aim of this study is to estimate the emissions of alternative solid waste management practices in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) using the Solid Waste Emissions Estimation Tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The study focuses on the South Seven Ring Road landfill in Kuwait and covers the period from 2025, when alternative scenarios will start, to 2036, which is one year after the predicted closure of the landfill. The study explores various waste management strategies grouped into two distinct approaches. The Baseline scenario, where all waste is landfilled, serves as a reference, reflecting the current main treatment method in the GCC. In the first approach, we evaluated four distinct scenarios: composting 25% of the total compostable waste, recycling 50% of recyclable waste, combusting 25% of combustible waste, and a scenario combining these strategies. The second approach further intensified these strategies: composting was increased to 70% of compostable waste, recycling remained at 50% of recyclable waste, and combustion was expanded to include 100% of combustible waste for energy production. The study reveals that no single waste management alternative is the optimum solution for reducing all emissions. Each alternative displays the capacity to reduce certain emission types while potentially increasing others, necessitating a consideration of specific emission types when choosing the most suitable strategy. For overall emission mitigation, composting emerges as the most effective alternative in the GCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposal of landfill leachate is a critical environmental challenge due to its high pollution content. Effective treatment technologies are essential to mitigate the adverse impacts on groundwater and surrounding ecosystems. This paper employs bibliometric analysis and utilizes CiteSpace software to conduct a visual analysis of the knowledge graph of 959 research articles on "Disposal of Landfill Leachate" from the Web of Science core database for the period 1996-2022. The results indicate that the publication quantity has undergone three stages: the sprouting stage, the stable development stage, and the rapid development stage. In terms of international collaboration, China and the USA play an absolute core role. The journals Waste Management, Journal of Hazardous Materials, and Water Research are ranked among the top 3 publications in the field of landfill leachate treatment. The keyword co-occurrence clustering analysis revealed 7 clusters, including groundwater quality, heavy metals, hydrogeophysics, municipal solid, hydraulic conductivity, geochemical barriers and waste disposal, representing the primary research topics. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the research progress and development trends in the field of disposal of landfill leachate. It contributes to a better understanding of the key research areas and offers potential prospects for future investigations to researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of environmentally and economically sustainable sewage sludge ash (SSA) management methods, researchers often employ laboratory-made SSA (L-SSA) as a substitute for industrial-made SSA (I-SSA) produced in fluidized bed furnaces. To check whether L-SSA is a material that imitates I-SSA well, the fractionation of metals whose presence is a significant problem during SSA management was performed. In addition, the grain distribution, specific surface area, and textural properties of the tested materials were examined. Differences in total Pb and Hg content and mobility of Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn were observed between I-SSA and L-SSA. Larger particle sizes of L-SSA compared to I-SSA were confirmed, while comparable textural properties and specific surface area of both types of materials were maintained. Based on the results, it was concluded that L-SSA is chemically different compared to I-SSA, and that L-SSA should not be used as a reference in research focused on the design of SSA management methods. Moreover, fractionation of metals was performed in disposed fluidized beds (FBs), which are diverted to non-hazardous waste landfills without prior analysis. It has been proven that studied metals are present in FBs as abundantly as in SSA, while Cu, Mn, and Ni may show higher mobility than in I-SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Generalized Kelvin-Voigt model was able to simulate waste settlement. • Increase in stiffness with applied stress in GKV springs captured field observations. • Coupled temperature and settlement field data are essential for model validation. • Waste disposal under freezing temperatures delays waste stabilization. In Northern climates, waste placed curbside the evening before waste collection can lead to partially frozen waste at placement, which delays biodegradation and biodegradation-induced settlement. A 12-year settlement dataset collected during the filling and post-closure phases at a landfill in Québec, Canada was analyzed. The dataset showed a delay in biodegradation-induced settlement due to the first three waste lifts being placed in the winter months and exhibited an increase in the settlement rate at later times when the waste temperatures increased to values that support biodegradation. The field data also demonstrated that the stiffness of MSW increased in response to confined stress as subsequent waste lifts were added. A thermal–mechanical-biological (TMB) model was developed, in COMSOL Multiphysics, to simulate the settlement dataset. TMB integrates a Generalized Kelvin-Voigt (GKV) model, simulating instantaneous and mechanical creep settlements, with a biodegradation-induced settlement model that relates heat/gas generation with time to biodegradation-induced settlement. The thermal model simulates heat transfer through conduction and includes a biodegradation heat generation source term. The GKV stiffness parameters are expressed as a function of the applied stress to account for waste compressibility effects on mechanical response, which is consistent with field data and the research literature. The paper focuses solely on the MSW settlement field data and model predictions, with thermal response analysis presented in a separate publication. The TMB model effectively predicted waste behaviour, including resistance to compressibility under higher stress and the delay in waste settlement for waste placed in winter. The temperature and settlement data provide a valuable dataset to validate different models that can be used to predict waste settlement in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plastic waste contamination is a major emerging problem in aquatic ecosystems. • Gulls egest pellets carrying plastics into wetlands after feeding at landfills. • Plastic biovectoring was quantified using GPS and FTIR techniques. • Gulls transported 400 kg of plastic per year into a closed-basin lake. • Polyethylene was the most common plastic type. Gulls ingest plastic and other litter while foraging in open landfills, because organic matter is mixed with other debris. Therefore, gulls are potential biovectors of plastic pollution into natural habitats, especially when they concentrate in wetlands for roosting. We quantified, for the first time, the flow of plastic and other anthropogenic debris from open landfills to a natural lake via the movement of gulls. We focused on Fuente de Piedra, an inland closed-basin lake in Spain that is internationally important for biodiversity. In 2022, we sampled gull pellets regurgitated in the lake by lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus that feed on landfills, as well as their faeces, then characterized and quantified debris particles of ≥0.5 mm. By combining GPS and census data from 2010 to 2022, together with plastic quantification based on FTIR-ATR analysis, we estimated the average annual deposition of plastic and other debris by the wintering gull population into the lake. 86 % of pellets contained plastics, and 94 % contained other debris such as glass and textiles. Polyethylene (54 %), polypropylene (11.5 %) and polystyrene (11.5 %) were the main plastic polymers. An estimated annual mean of 400 kg of plastics were moved by gulls into the lake. Only 1 % of plastic mass was imported in faeces. Incorporating the biovectoring role of birds can provide a more holistic view of the plastic cycle and waste management. Biovectoring is predictable in sites worldwide where gulls and other waterbirds feed in landfills and roost in wetlands. We discuss bird deterrence and other ways of mitigating debris leakage into aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste has surfaced as an eminent and critical concern of environmental and social significance on a global scale, and Ethiopia, a developing country with limited income, has also encountered unfavorable outcomes due to substandard waste management practices. When pinpointing a fitting landfill location in the town of Bule Hora, various ecological, economic, and societal aspects must be considered; these may result in discord and exacerbate a multifaceted and lengthy process. Hence, this research aims to identify prospective landfill sites within the town and utilize geospatial methods, such as Multi-Criteria Evaluation and Analytic Hierarchy Process, to accomplish its objectives. The utilization of geospatial technology and multi-criteria evaluation provides an efficient manner to simultaneously address all bottlenecks involved in the selection of an appropriate landfill location. Geospatial technology evaluates and manages environmental constraints, whereas multi-criteria assessment categorizes choices based on their desirability. Furthermore, by employing a restriction map adhering to established standards, seven landfill sites have successfully been identified within the town. The Land Suitability Index assesses site suitability based on ecological factors, while the Total Hauling Distance evaluates sites within an economic framework. AHP determines weightings through 25.4 pairwise comparisons, resulting in a consistency ratio of 1.95%. The cartographic analysis is conducted using ESRI ArcGIS version 10.8 software. The findings of this study reveal that 98.69% of the area under study is subject to restrictions. The study recommends the implementation of geospatial methods for identifying suitable landfill sites, which would aid in the decision-making process and prevent hasty decisions from triggering environmental degradation. Proper waste disposal would augment the quality of life for residents by diminishing health hazards. The study endeavors to serve as a reference for other developing countries in selecting appropriate landfill sites. Implications: The town of Bule Hora also faces the problem of waste disposal; there is no scientifically selected suitable landfill. Residents of the town of Bule Hora practice waste disposal in open fields, near settlements, water bodies, roads, agricultural land, and other places. The main sources of solid waste in the town are homes, shops, hotels, restaurants, open markets, hospitals, educational institutions, private clinics, etc. Water pollution can potentially lead to the spread of waterborne diseases. According to reports from the Bule Horas Health Department, many people are affected by water-related diseases every year. These open landfill systems with no regard for settlement, topography, geology, surface, or groundwater conditions are the consequences of these unsuitable habitats and health problems. To reduce these problems, this study plays an important role in determining the suitability of landfills for the town and proposing alternative measures that can minimize negative environmental impacts from waste. This study aims to apply geospatial-based technology to a multi-criteria assessment technique to select perfectly suitable landfill sites that are environmentally friendly, economically cost-effective, and socially responsible; examine the town's current waste management system; calculate the selected parameter weights for feature ranking; and delineate solid waste landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The utilization of stabilization pond system for landfill leachate treatment is hindered by its requirement for expansive land areas and extended retention periods. Although the system effectively removes organic compounds, its ability to eliminate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is comparatively limited. Consequently, the leachate subjected to treatment often falls short of meeting the mandated standards for effluent quality. In response to this challenge, a research study was undertaken to investigate the potential of utilizing a consortium comprising microalgae and bacteria in the treatment of landfill leachate. METHODS: The microalgae, bacteria, and leachate utilized in this study were sourced from a leachate treatment facility located at the Aceh regional domestic waste management unit in Blang Bintang, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. The two glass photobioreactors were operated batchwise, where the first was provided with a combination of air and carbon dioxide, and the other was solely exposed to air. The pollutant removal efficacy in the leachate effluent was assessed through the measurements of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate concentrations. Subsequently, macroscopic identification of microalgae and bacteria species was also conducted. FINDINGS: Utilizing a consortium of microalgae and bacteria has demonstrated efficacy in treating leachate, resulting in a notable reduction of contaminants within the effluent. The symbiotic association between microalgae and bacteria in the context of leachate waste treatment is evident. The bacteria's metabolic actions result in carbon dioxide emission, which subsequently serves as a substrate for the photosynthetic activities of the microalgae. The microalgae facilitate the transfer of oxygen, produced through photosynthesis, to the bacteria to support their metabolic processes. Therefore, introducing exogenous carbon dioxide to the consortium yields minimal discernible effects, given that the bacteria adequately fulfill the carbon dioxide requirements of the microalgae. This discovery enhances the efficacy of leachate treatment techniques by leveraging the utilization of pre-existing mixed cultures of microalgae and bacteria found in leachate facilities. CONCLUSION: This study evaluated the microalgae-bacteria consortium's effectiveness in reducing leachate pollutants. The consortium exhibited a significant capability, achieving a 75 percent reduction in chemical oxygen demand and successfully eliminating a range of contaminants. Additionally, it demonstrated effective removal of nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite, with removal rates reaching 75 percent. Notably, the consortium showed a 99 percent removal rate for phosphate compounds. Even with the introduction of carbon dioxide, the pollutant removal remained consistently high, suggesting that the addition of carbon dioxide did not significantly influence the overall process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bunaken Island still lacks proper waste management infrastructure, resulting in the accumulation of garbage around residences and along the coastline. This prevalent issue significantly impacts public health and the overall quality of life on the island. The research seeks to evaluate the waste management situation on Bunaken Island and identify suitable locations for waste disposal. Methods: The study employed random sampling techniques to select households within the study area for primary data collection. The research utilized Boolean and spatial analysis methods to pinpoint appropriate waste disposal zones and propose sustainable waste management strategies for Bunaken Island. Results and Discussion: Findings revealed that Bunaken Island spans a land area of 794.12 hectares and is inhabited by a population of 3,843. The analysis identified two recommended locations for final disposal zones, totaling 3.40 and 0.45 hectares, respectively. Moreover, the estimated waste generation over the next decade is approximately 4,277,893 kilograms, necessitating 0.0241 hectares of land for waste accommodation through terracing methods. Conclusion: Addressing this issue requires the identification of two viable disposal zones in distinct locations. Additionally, implementing recycling practices to utilize both organic and inorganic waste from local and marine sources and promoting reuse before landfill disposal are crucial strategies for effective waste management on Bunaken Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses construction waste and its management in the territory of Croatia. In order to better understand the concept of waste, the first part of this paper discusses its origin, characteristics, and categorisation. In addition, it mentions special categories of waste defined within Croatian borders. All members of the European Union are encouraged to adopt a circular economy approach to manage these various types of waste. Furthermore, the article emphasises the necessity to construct legal landfills in addition to building management centres, recycling yards, and transfer stations, in order to reduce the formation of wild landfills, which result from irresponsible waste disposal. The second part of the article provides a detailed description of construction and demolition waste. In addition to the types of occurrences and the associated degree of hazard, a categorisation system is used. This system includes records and key numbers, and allows finding the appropriate species in the database with the corresponding key number. Modern technology has made it possible to recycle all types of waste, including construction waste, into secondary raw materials. Proper management is essential to achieve this goal. The first step involves prevention, diversion or conversion of waste into a resource. When these options are not possible, one of the recovery processes should be employed. Managing Construction Waste also provides a comprehensive explanation of recycling, which is given significant attention. The article concludes with an overview of the Republic of Croatia’s system for managing construction waste, which lags behind more developed countries, as well as offers examples of best practices and possible improvements.

Decree-Law No. 24/2024, of March 26, amends the general waste management regime in Portugal. The regulation modifies provisions on landfills, waste flows, and extended producer responsibility. Waste reduction objectives are established and the return of part of the management fee to municipalities that promote recycling is foreseen. In addition, regulations on deposits and refund of non-reusable packaging are added. [Extracted from the article]