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The application progress of oil shale retorting process at home and abroad is mainly introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of dry distillation furnaces in different countries are compared. The development trend of oil shale retorting process is prospected. At present, several oil shale retorting technologies have been applied and newly appeared in Fushun furnace retorting, fluidized bed retorting and decarbonization processes, convection heating oil shale mining processes, ATP dry distillation furnaces, ICP retorting furnaces, etc. Very mature, but the oil recovery rate using these technologies is relatively low. The industrialized dry distillation technology currently being put into production at home and abroad has been discussed, and the problems in the dry distillation technology have been studied.

Poland can be said to be coal. Fortunately, we are starting to change our worldview when it comes to heating residential buildings. Cities connect their inhabitants to gas networks, in smaller towns, boilers are replaced from typical merchants to more ecological ones. On the other hand, heating with fuel oil is an unattainable means of heating. The main advantages of this method are described in the article.

Highly viscous fuels present combustion challenges due to poor atomization and consequent inefficient air-fuel mixture, however, due to the demand for cheap heating fuels; burner design and fuel properties are continually optimized to enhance their combustion and emission performance. In this study, used engine oil was drained from the sump of a compression ignition engine; the oil was pre-treated to remove particulate matter, water and ferromagnetic materials. The oil samples were then blended with diesel fuel at different volumetric proportions and were characterized according to ASTM standard. The fuel samples were then combusted using atomizing swirl waste oil burner; flame temperature and flame size were measured using infrared thermometer and direct photography respectively. The burner was then mounted to a combustion chamber and the emission gases and flue gas temperatures were measured using a flue gas analyser and digital thermometer respectively. It was revealed that increasing diesel fuel blend decreases the density and viscosity of the fuel samples. All the blended fuel samples were found to form a homogenous mixture and generated flame temperature higher than the unblended oil sample (B0), B20 generated the highest flame temperature of 1400 °C with flame size of 340 × 210 mm and the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission of 0.49 %, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) of 249 ppm and the highest carbon dioxide (CO2) of 12.87 % levels. In view of this, diesel fuel can be used as a good blending candidate to used engine oil to improve flame temperature and decrease emission levels in swirl waste oil burners.

The design of and experimental results for a low-power heating oil burner, operating between 1.25 and 5.1 kW with exhaust gas emissions within the normative regulations for domestic usage, ...

An economic and environmental benefit analysis have been performed using data from the field monitoring of a 25-kW wood pellet boiler heating system with thermal energy storage (TES) tanks installed in a home using a low temperature heat distribution system and radiant heat emitters in northern New York State (NYS). Pellet fuel demand was a linear function of daily average ambient temperature. It was used to predict total seasonal fuel and heat demand from the beginning of October to the end of April. A cost of heat (COH) analysis was performed considering all costs associated with the system including capital cost, operation, maintenance, other costs, and final system disposal (or salvation) cost. Sensitivity analysis showed that initial capital cost, wood pellet fuel price, and boiler heating system seasonal efficiency were the top three key factors determining the final COH with seasonal efficiency becomes more significant when pellet price increases. A life cycle annualized cost method was used to determine and compare the costs of heat using natural gas, No. 2 fuel oil, and propane. The study found that at the current seasonal efficiency of 75.8% (based on gross heating value), pellet fuel price of 240 $/ton, and maximum government incentives of $10,000, wood pellet boiler heating is able to replace intermediate efficiency (83%) propane heating systems in NYS at current fuel price of 2.48 $/gal. With a 3.6% fuel price increase to 2.57 $/gal, wood pellet heating is comparable with high efficiency (95%) propane heating systems. In addition, a heating oil price above 3.22 $/gal would make it economically possible to switch from oil heating to wood pellet heating in NYS. It was found that major emissions reductions can be achieved by switching from inefficient wood heating technology to wood pellet heating in terms of reductions in CO2, particulate matter (PM), and CO emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions reductions are also achieved when switching from fossil fuels to wood pellets, but PM and CO emissions increased significantly.

The increased use of wood as a heating fuel in residential and small commercial buildings has increased concern about potential environmental and safety impacts, specifically particulate matter (PM) emissions in the nanometer range. Larger particles (> 2.5 µm) can be effectively removed from exhaust streams by emission control devices. However, nanoparticles (NP), due to their size, are more difficult to capture in exhaust flue gases. In addition, NPs have a higher surface to volume ratio, allowing them to absorb organic compounds, causing them to be more reactive than their larger counterparts. This review focuses on the NPs produced from residential wood heating devices. Current emission regulations do not reflect the NP count or type produced from residential wood combustion, although most published studies show that a significant portion of the particles produced during combustion is in the nano-size range. Fuel type, device type and combustion periods have all shown to impact, at various degrees, the NPs produced. Contrary to common expectations, it appears that modern units may generate a higher count of NPs, although emitting less particulate mass than older units. This investigation supports arguments of needed particle type and count regulations in addition to the current mass based emission regulations. In addition to a critical review and analysis, recommendations are made regarding future testing, monitoring and environmental impact studies that address the significance of NP emissions.

The aim of this work is to develop dual purposes solar heating system using a heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector. The heat transfer fluid between the thermal loads and the solar collector loop was heating oil. The study provided two thermal loads; a solar water heating system and a solar baking/cooking system that had experimentally investigated under various weather conditions. The experimental pilot unit was installed in the Solar Energy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Several test runs were performed to measure all assigned parameters that affect the system performance. The system is designed to provide hot oil surrounding the inner vessel of the baker with a temperature up to 250o C while the raw food can be baked/cooked and the outlet thermal energy can be used for heating water via an immersed coil in the hot water storage tank; then the relatively cooled oil is returned to the solar collector via hot oil circulating pump. The tested system can be positively contributed to baking and cooking purposes and providing hot water as well. It is considered an environmentally friendly system and can significantly enhance sustainable communities. The system is capable to produce hot water temperature up to 85 oC and an average temperature of about 60 oC during the day which is suitable for residential purposes and industrial process as well The auxiliary heating system can be an electric source in case of using in urban areas and can be renewable energy source like biogas or hydrogen fuels in rural and isolated areas.

Summary Reducing the carbon footprint during crude oil extraction is a growing challenge among operators and regulatory institutions. Sustainable solutions need to be implemented for reaching the net-zero production emission target by 2050. Besides the climate challenges, the industry is facing one of the worse crisis of its history. Maximizing production and reserves of existing assets in a sustainable and cost-efficient way are therefore paramount. Polymer flooding, with more than 300 projects worldwide, is a proven and cost-efficient technique to recover more oil in a shorter timeframe; but can the technology also aid in reducing greenhouse gas emissions? This article addresses this question by comparing the GHG emissions associated with standard waterflooding operations and polymer EOR processes Our approach is based on the determination of energy consumption related to different elements of the oil production cycle assisted by water or polymer injection. The total calculation includes water treatment, chemicals manufacturing, transport, polymer injection unit, injection pumps, artificial lift, produced fluids separation, oil heating and oilfield chemicals consumption. GHG emissions associated with oil transport, refinery, water disposal, and gas processing were not included in the study and will simply require updating the model with more data inputs. The emission factors of a series of industrial polymers (including partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, sulfonated polyacrylamides, and HT/HS polymers in both powder and emulsion forms) were calculated considering the contributions of the raw materials and energy spent during the polymerization and the conditioning processes. The methodology was applied to different field cases available in the literature to determine the reduction of GHG emissions associated with the reduction of water cut. The results indicated that polymer flooding was able to reduce the carbon intensity of conventional oil production by a factor of 2 to 6 compared to standard waterflooding operations, thus helping save up to 80% of water use. The results are promising for an emission free future in oil and gas industry. The model presented in this paper can complement any reservoir simulation package and can give an estimation of reduction of CO2 emissions and water consumption compared to water injection. As an illustration, the model was applied to a pilot simulation using DOE Polymer Flooding software to compare CO2 footprint of waterflooding vs polymer flooding.

The article discusses the theoretical and practical foundations of the study of the possibility of replacing heating oil with gaseous fuel released during special heat treatment of coal, as well as the introduction of this method of heating boiler units at coal-fired thermal power stations. The results of an experimental study of three types of coals in order to obtain the necessary gaseous fuel are presented.

The residential sector is responsible for approximately 40% of final energy consumption in the European Union, being a potential target to increase energy efficiency and improve urban air quality. New high-efficiency heating oil boilers have been developed requiring fuel adaption by diminishing the sulfur content in the fuel. The present work has led to the conclusion that further fuel development, including the use of alternative fuels, may be directed to reduce fossil fuel consumption and decrease the formation of pollutants. Specific fuel properties, such as distillation curve and nitrogen content, show an influence on pollutant emissions, especially NOx, which can be reduced below the lowest limit required for gas domestic boilers, which, until now, set the state of the art in terms of NOx emissions. The addition of renewable fuels in heating oil formulations, contributing to a global CO2 decrease, does not affect the reduction in NOx emissions as far as it does not affect the nitrogen content and dis...

Microbial contamination of hydrocarbons, especially fuels, has been intensively investigated, as the contamination leads to quality losses of the fuel or damage and even destruction of storage equipment. Researchers use different microbes for these investigations. Alternative inocula include pure cultures, low diversity mixed cultures or samples from (contaminated) storage tanks. In contrast to chemical investigations, no standards exist regarding the composition and use of the organisms; hence, the results may differ widely. Here, a defined mixture for the investigation of microbial contamination of stored fuels, especially middle distillates under standardized conditions, is presented. The organisms represent genera and species commonly found in fuel storage systems. The mixture includes 27 individual species, consisting of bacteria, yeast, and molds. The microbes use heating oil as well as biodiesel as sole carbon source and produce acids and surfactants during growth. The defined mixture is diverse enough to cover all aspects of fuel contamination but defined enough for easy handling during experiments including analytics. The defined microbe mix could contribute to greater reproducibility of experiments, resulting in faster development of technical solutions to minimize or avoid microbial contamination and its negative results during fuel storage.

Cooking can release high concentrations of different air pollutants indoors, including particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other gaseous pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxides of carbon (COx), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Although some reviews have been conducted on emissions from cooking, they have not paid specific attention to Chinese cooking. Subsequent research, however, has focused on this aspect. We collected literature from 1995 to 2016 and summarized air pollutant emissions from Chinese cooking. We analyzed the characteristics of such pollutants based on different influential factors. It was found that the cooking method could have a predominant impact on emissions from Chinese cooking, and oil-based cooking produces air pollutants at much higher levels than water-based cooking. In addition, the use of gas stoves released more pollutants than electric stoves. Furthermore, the type and temperature of oil could have caused disparity in source strengths from the oil heating process. Ventilation patterns or the operation mode of range hoods could control indoor pollution levels. With more information focused on Chinese cooking emissions, we can propose more effective strategies for improving the indoor air environment in China.

The discharge capacity of the range hood for cooking-related pollution under current exhaust airflow rate (EAR) standard of 300–500 m 3 /h is limited when cooking temperature near the smoke point of edible oil. This study endeavored to determine appropriate EAR for cooking temperature varies from 200 to 300 °C, which comprised smoke points of different edible oils, considering whether the kitchen was ventilated with the adjacent room or not, and the cooking position of the left/right stove. Particles generated from a simplified cooking process of oil heating test, tracer gas experiment, and flow visualization experiment were conducted. CFD simulation with capture efficiency as an evaluation index was performed. Evidence is presented that when the cooking temperature is 200 °C, the pollutant control effect does not change much when the EAR is above 700 m 3/h, while an EAR of 800 m3 /h may be necessary at 300 °C. For open-door and closed-door cooking, a minimal difference exists in demand for a suitable EAR in this local ventilation system . However, the hood continues to exhaust air during post-cooking period, thereby showing that a higher EAR is necessary to control the pollutants in open-door cooking. The primary and secondary cross draft airflows caused by different air supply positions are observed, which play a vital role in selecting suitable left/right cooking position. The location of the left stove is conducive to the elimination of cooking-related pollutants due to primary cross draft, while it is the right stove due to secondary cross draft.

Reducing fuel use for the heating of houses is key to meeting greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. This study constructs Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) of different technologies for space and water heating of houses in the county of Gwynedd in Wales, UK, and uses information provided by energy certificates to correctly assess the energy requirements of a house. This approach allows us to accurately predict energy consumption and identify potential ways to reduce demand. We then explore the costs and savings of a switch from systems using conventional heating fuel (e.g., gas, electricity, oil, LPG, and coal) to low-carbon technology such as PV, biomass boilers and heat pumps. Solar PV was the low-carbon heating technology found to be most cost-effective per tonne of emissions abated (£/t CO2). A reduction in capital costs of low-carbon technologies could potentially make technologies such as heat pumps be cost-effective. Without any policy intervention, low investment and fuel cost of gas would make replacement with any low-carbon technology uneconomical. Emission savings in Gwynedd over 30-year period could be between 3.494 and 5.289 Mt CO2 if appropriate measures which cater towards reducing capital costs and/or incentivising the uptake of technology are adopted.

A transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is provoked in European and national policies. Sustainable energy provision has to be aligned with other environmental, social and economic targets, such as air quality or energy security policies, as well. Hence, transition pathways have to be assessed on a broad basis. One potential measure to contribute to EU 2030 targets could be a replacement of heating oil boilers by pellet boilers. In the case of Austria, more than 700,000 heating oil boilers were installed in 2014, from which nearly 50% were older than 20 years. The aim of this analysis is to assess such potential replacements until 2030 and respective environmental impacts. An econometric market model of pellet demand, supply and installed pellet boiler capacity is used to forecast boiler replacements and respective fuel demand. The environmental impacts are assessed by comparing the replacements by either pellet boilers or oil-fired condensing boilers. The results show that 41,350-116,021 old heating oil boilers could be replaced by pellet boilers until 2030, depending on market developments considered in the different forecast scenarios. The reductions of Greenhouse Gas emissions and fossil fuel demand range from 3 Mt to 5.7 Mt CO 2 -equivalent and from 37.4 PJ to 72 PJ until 2030, respectively. Other environmental impacts such as Tropospheric Ozone Precursor Potential and Human Toxicity increase clearly, while the Acidification Potential increases slightly. Trade-offs between different environmental EU policies, i.e. the EU 2030 targets and the EU Air Policy, may arise by a transition towards wood pellet heating fuels. Austria's energy dependence from countries outside the EU could be reduced due to less fuel imports as well.

We have applied rapeseed oil to improve the industrial fuels based on waste-derived coal water slurry. This unifies the two modern trends of creation of the renewable and waste-derived fuels decreasing the consumption of combustible fossils. The fuel consisting of the filter cake of fiery coal (90 wt %) and rapeseed oil shows an optimal ignition delay times (∼4 s) at 970 K, which is evidently better than that for coal water slurry doped by fuel oil. Simultaneously, it shows a stable combustion temperature exceeding that observed for composition with fuel oil. These results were compared with properties of the biofuel consisting of the rapeseed oil (65–70 wt %) and biofiller made from dry straw. This composition shows good combustion properties at low temperatures. An optimal ignition delay (∼2 s) appears at T ≈ 825 K. The rapeseed oil itself shows the high fire safety during storage and less of the harmful exhaust gases than oil-processing wastes usually used within the waste-derived fuels.

The fire hazard of heating oil in a pan using an induction cooker under various scenarios will be studied in this article. Experiments were carried out in a mock-up kitchen on introducing water or ...

Most homes in the Navajo Nation use wood as their primary heating fuel, often in combination with locally mined coal. Previous studies observed health effects linked to this solid-fuel use in several Navajo communities. Emission factors (EFs) for common fuels used by the Navajo have not been reported using a relevant stove type. In this study, two softwoods (ponderosa pine and Utah juniper) and two high-volatile bituminous coals (Black Mesa and Fruitland) were tested with an in-use residential conventional wood stove (homestove) using a modified American Society for Testing and Materials/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ASTM/EPA) protocol. Filter sampling quantified PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) and organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon in the emissions. Real-time monitoring quantified carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and total suspended particles (TSP). EFs for these air pollutants were developed and normalized to both fuel mass and energy consum...

Particulate matter (PM) measurements were conducted during heating corn oil, heating corn oil mixed with the table salt and heating low fat ground beef meat using a PTFE-coated aluminum pan on an electric stove with low ventilation. The main objectives of this study were to measure the size segregated mass concentrations, emission rates, and fluxes of 24 trace elements emitted during heating cooking oil or oil with salt and cooking meat. Health risk assessments were performed based on the resulting exposure to trace elements from such cooking activities. The most abundant elements (significantly different from zero) were Ba (24.4 ug m−3) during grilling meat and Ti during heating oil with salt (24.4 ug m−3). The health assessment indicates that the cooking with an electric stove with poor ventilation leading to chronic exposures may pose the risk of significant adverse health effects. Carcinogenic risk exceeded the acceptable level (target cancer risk 1 × 10−6, US EPA 2015) by four orders of magnitude, while non-carcinogenic risk exceeded the safe level (target HQ = 1, US EPA 2015) by a factor of 5–20. Cr and Co were the primary contributors to the highest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, respectively.

In recent years, with the opening of Arctic routes, the cargo oil heating technology of Arctic routes has become a growing concern. In the transportation process of cargo oil tankers, because the cargo oil has high viscosity, it needs to be heated in advance in order to prevent the oil products from cooling below the freezing point under the influence of external conditions, which will lead to the change of oil quality and the difficulty of discharge. However, excessive heating will lead to increased energy consumption and fuel waste, increased ship operating costs and increased marine environmental pollution. In this paper, COMSOL software is used to simulate the difference between cargo oil heating in Arctic low temperature environment and cargo oil heating at room temperature, and the most economical and energy saving heating method is found to reduce marine environmental pollution.

Removing heat from an internal combustion engine is one of the most promising areas for the development of vehicles and heavy vehicles, especially. The article studies the influence of various parameters of the coolant and the parameters of the heat exchanger on the efficiency of heat transfer when removing heat from an internal combustion engine by an oil-liquid heat exchanger. The influence of “diffuser-confusor effect” on flow turbulization is considered. Literature analysis was carried out during the study. It raised such issues as: the issues of the efficiency of heat transfer from liquid to the wall under various conditions of the flow of the medium, the issues of changing the hydraulic regimes depending on the parameters of the medium, the issues of changing the parameters of the medium from the determining and secondary factors of heat transfer. The data on the influence of the temperature of various oils on their viscosity and density are presented. The influence of the state of the refrigerant on the efficiency of heat transfer is generalized. As a result of the analysis, a number of solutions have been proposed to the safe intensification of heat removal from the internal combustion engine. These solutions can be used for efficient oil cooling in diesel engines, mainly in engine design.

Biomass to energy conversion is an important action to reach sustainability, particularly on the small scale. Among different biomasses, however, vegetable oils can fire directly a compression ignited internal combustion engine with minimal pre-treatment of the fuel and adaptation of the engine. Energy production from waste cooking oils is even more interesting because it allows energy production while disposing of a residue. Data available in the Literature are rarely referring to commercially available engines therefore additional information is required on overall performance, emissions, and maintenance requirements. This paper presents the results of tests carried out by fuelling a commercially available 33 kW direct injection Diesel engine with different fuels, such as: Diesel (used as benchmark), biodiesel, linseed oil, RBDPO (Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil), corn oil, soy oil, peanuts oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, waste frying sunflower oil and waste frying palm oil. Tests were performed at three different loads (10, 20, 30 kW) measuring fuel consumption, electricity production and exhaust gases temperature and composition. Fuel injectors were checked following each test to evaluate the fouling caused by different fuels. Results show that when increasing load fuel consumption shows a general decreasing trend while CO emissions decrease and NO X increase. All fuels show a higher consumption than diesel, due to a lower calorific value. Biodiesel CO emissions decrease with power increasing with a lower slope than diesel, therefore are lower at the lowest power and higher at the highest power. Biodiesel NO emissions are always 15–20% higher than diesel. Vegetable oil CO emissions are higher or lower than diesel ones depending on the power and on the fuel, while NO emissions are often higher than diesel ones. Specific fuel consumption, CO and NO emissions of waste frying vegetable oil are generally comparable to those of pure oils.

Microbial growth on hydrocarbons is common in nature and used in bioremediation of contaminated sites, whereas in fuel storage tanks this phenomenon can affect the stability of the fuel and the tank. The impact of microbial growth and produced metabolites on materials, which are used in the construction of storage tanks, were analyzed. In contrast to metal tank components, polymeric materials did not affect or were influenced by microorganisms. Zinc was highly corroded by microbial growth, most likely due to the formation of organic acids that were produced during microbial growth on hydrocarbons. A contaminated water phase in a storage tank of a heating system was simulated with a self-constructed pump test bench. Microbial growth began in the water phase of the storage tank and microbes were distributed throughout the tank system, through water-in-oil microemulsions. No microbial growth was observed in oil that was previously contaminated, indicating that essential nutrients had been depleted. The identification and removal of these essential nutrients from fuels could minimize or prevent microbial contamination. The results are discussed with regard to developing recommendations for the design and operation of domestic heating oil storage tanks to lower the risk of technical failure due to microbial contamination.

During oil refining, equipments are constantly exposed to the action of compounds such as salts, leading corrosion problems and to decrease in equipment service life. Soon, the growing search for productivity increasingly demand more strategies to monitor the processes and minimize costs. This article contributes to the methodology development to study the chlorides released during the oil distillation, in a similar process that occurs in refineries, enabling predict and minimize damage. Oils were evaluated with respect to chloride release during each stage of oil heating. Salinity mass balance were obtained as well as their respective chloride release percentage to each oil.

The world’s energy requirement has been dominated by petroleum oil resources for years in many applications, especially in the area of electricity generation and utilization. Mineral oil application in power system equipment can be potentially hazardous to the environment, especially when there are incidents of transformer explosion, which caused spillages of oil to the soils or water streams and thereby pollute the surrounding environments. This paper is aimed at finding a substitute for the use of mineral oil as transformer oil. Experiments on breakdown voltages, flash points, pour points, viscosities, densities and insulation resistances on conventional mineral oil and some selected vegetable oils were conducted, analyzed and compared to the internationally accepted standards, ASTM (America Standard Test of Material). Rubber seed oil, Palm oil, Mellon oil, Ground oil and Palm kernel oil were found to have good electrical, chemical and thermal properties which the transformer oil has.

Currently, more than half of the oil reserves (53.3%) in the world are in the form of restorable oils such as heavy oil, extra heavy oil, oil sand, tar sands, oil shale, and bitumen. Heavy oil is one of the petroleum oil varieties that contain long chain hydrocarbons. All types of heavy oils contain asphaltenes and thus are considered very dense substances. The asphaltenes are one of the most complex and heavy organic compounds present in the heavy oil. The heavy oil is defined as one having an American Petroleum Institute scale index equal or smaller than 20°. In conventional refining procedures, heavy oil poses many challenges. Recycling and re-refining are applied techniques for the processing of petroleum based heavy oils into reusable light oils such as gasoline and diesel fuel. In this regard, catalytic pyrolysis and thermal cracking are promising technologies for light oil production. The authors review the heavy oil upgrading processes and their associated challenges with ambition to find ...

Overview Unlike the electricity sector, heating and cooling storage requirements have attracted little public attention. This is because these storage requirements have generally already been met, and will not change significantly in the future. In the electricity sector by contrast, there will be a significant shift from primary energy storage to electricity and final energy storage. Both sectors have remarkably high storage requirements. Almost all households have thermal buffers. The same is true of renewable energy heating systems such as pellet heating, geothermal, or solar-thermal systems. Some households with liquid gas or oil heating even have two storage units: a fuel tank and a thermal buffer. Exceptions include heating systems with upstream storage such as district heating or gas storage. In the future, integration of the electricity and heating sectors by combined heat and power (CHP) generation, heat pumps, power-to-heat (PtH), and power-to-gas (PtG) will facilitate the use of renewable energy, and lead to a paradigm shift. Relying on results from various studies, this chapter examines the development of heating supply in Germany and the resulting thermal storage requirements. The chapter’s later sections provide surplus and storage potential estimates. Cooling requirements are included as ‘process cooling’ under ‘process heat’, and as ‘air-conditioning’ over ‘room heating’. It is primarily integrated into electricity demand.

The increase in the use of motorized vehicles in Indonesia has led to an increase in the need for fuel oil consumption and has caused a decrease in the supply of fuel oil. The technology used in vehicles is less effective in reducing fuel consumption. Technology is a need that can reduce fuel consumption in vehicles. This study aims to determine the effect of heating the fuel on the Vapor Carburetor by the Bubbling method on decreasing the consumption of motorized fuel. The Vapor carburetor is a fuel system by producing fuel vapor by making air bubbles pass through the fuel (Bubbling). This study uses an experimental method with a research object of a 100cc single cylinder gasoline engine. The fuel used by RON 90 with a fuel channel wrapped around the Exhaust Manifold in 2 turns through calculating fuel consumption per milliliter/minute. Data analysis uses descriptive quantitative with an average of 42.22% in reducing fuel consumption. The test results show that the Vapor Carburetor with fuel heating is more effective in saving fuel consumption.The increase in the use of motorized vehicles in Indonesia has led to an increase in the need for fuel oil consumption and has caused a decrease in the supply of fuel oil. The technology used in vehicles is less effective in reducing fuel consumption. Technology is a need that can reduce fuel consumption in vehicles. This study aims to determine the effect of heating the fuel on the Vapor Carburetor by the Bubbling method on decreasing the consumption of motorized fuel. The Vapor carburetor is a fuel system by producing fuel vapor by making air bubbles pass through the fuel (Bubbling). This study uses an experimental method with a research object of a 100cc single cylinder gasoline engine. The fuel used by RON 90 with a fuel channel wrapped around the Exhaust Manifold in 2 turns through calculating fuel consumption per milliliter/minute. Data analysis uses descriptive quantitative with an average of 42.22% in reducing fuel consumption. The test results show that the Vapor Carburetor with fuel heating is m...

Although its use is declining, oil heating is still used in areas not covered by the methane grid. Oil heating is becoming more and more expensive, requires frequent tank refill operations, and has high emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants such as SOx. In addition, spills from oil underground storage tanks (USTs) represent a serious environmental threat to soil and groundwater quality. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis on technical alternatives to oil heating with reference to the Aosta Valley (NW Italy), where this fuel is still often used and numerous UST spills have been reported in the last 20 years. We assess operational issues, GHG and pollutant emissions, and unit costs of the heat produced for several techniques: LPG boilers, wood boilers (logs, chips, pellets) and heat pumps (air-source, geothermal closed-loop and open-loop systems). We examine the investment to implement such solutions in two typical cases, a detached house and a block of flats, deriving payback times of about 3&ndash, 8 years. Wood log boilers turn out to be the most economically convenient solutions, however, heat pumps provide several benefits from the operational and environmental points of view. In addition, including solar thermal panels for domestic hot water or a photovoltaic plant would have payback times of about 6&ndash, 9 years. The results highlight the economic feasibility and the multiple benefits of a rapid phase-out of oil heating in Italy.

Fishmeal production may lend itself to integration of solar thermal heating due to favourable heating temperature requirements, high heat demand, and production plants being located in high solar irradiance areas for many countries, especially South Africa. Despite these potential compatibilities, and the potential to reduce fossil fuel consumption by switching to a renewable energy heating source, very little work has been done to determine the feasibility of solar thermal heat integration into existing fishmeal production plants. This study focuses on fishmeal production as a potential process for integrating industrial solar thermal heat, and aims to determine preliminary feasibility of solar thermal heat integration into two existing South African fishmeal plants. They differ according to scale of operation, production route, physical location, heating fuel, and the type of raw material processed. The studied factories are a good representation of the different locations and operating conditions that could be expected within the South African fishmeal industry: Factory A produces fishmeal from lean-fish-processing by-products at a rate of 307 kg/h and requires 2988 MJ from heavy fuel oil per 1000 kg raw material, while Factory B produces fishmeal from pelagic fish species at a rate of 6276 kg/h and requires 1796 MJ from coal per 1000 kg raw material. The method followed identifies areas of heating inefficiency and opportunities for solar process heat integration, followed by preliminary economic analyses for possible implementations to determine economic viability. The study shows that in both factories, preheating the raw material stream to 70 °C is an attractive option that could utilise solar thermal heating and noticeably reduce fossil fuel consumption. For Factory A, the most attractive option is a solar thermal raw material preheating system with 384 m2 flat-plate collector area, resulting in a solar fraction of 0.81 for this process. Factory A’s relatively constant monthly heat demand and the high cost of heavy fuel oil being used were the greatest contributors to viability; indicated by a net present value of R 3.3 million for this particular system. For factory B, none of the investigated solar heating systems is found to be economically viable. This is due to the low cost of coal and the seasonal heat demand profile, with no demand from November to January and a maximum during winter months, when solar irradiation is at its lowest. The study concludes that fishmeal production processes have potential for solar thermal heat integration, but suitability and viability are greatly dependent on the specific framework conditions.

Olive pomace plants process olive paste, a waste product of olive mills which produces crude olive kernel oil and olive kernel wood. Olive kernel wood has very good burning characteristics, high heat content, low cost and it is used as a renewable solid fuel replacing liquid fuel and heating oil. Part of the produced olive kernel wood is consumed inside the factory for heat generation and the rest is sold to heat consumers. It has been estimated that a typical olive pomace plant located in Crete, Greece consumes 42.86% of the produced olive kernel wood for its own heat generation, while the remaining 57.14% is sold to various heat consumers. 99.1% of the energy used in these plants is consumed for heating and the rest, 0.9%, for lighting and the operation of various electric devices. Olive pomace plants utilize a renewable solid fuel, which is carbon neutral, for the production of thermal energy. Therefore their CO2 emissions regarding energy utilization are due to electricity use. Installation of solar-PV panels in the plant could generate annually all the electricity needed for its operation. The current legal framework in Greece through net-metering allows the offsetting of grid electricity consumed in factories with PV electricity. The required capital cost of a solar-PV system installed in a typical olive pomace plant located in Crete, Greece in order to offset the grid electricity consumed annually has been estimated at 185,832� the payback period of 5.33 years and the net present value at 555,671� Since the plant could utilize only solid biomass for heat generation and could offset the grid electricity consumption with solar electricity, its total CO2 emissions due to energy use would be zero contributing positively to climate stabilization.

There are approximately 200,000 single-family houses heated with oil in Finland and the substitution of oil heating embodies significant carbon dioxide emission reduction potential in the residential sector. We analyze the economics of replacing oil heating with a ground source heat pump (GSHP) or a pellet heating from the consumers’ perspective in alternative policy and oil price scenarios. We differentiated between cases where the oil burner is replaced in the end of its lifetime or before it. The results indicate that the level and uncertainty associated with future crude oil price are major factors in the profitability of replacement. If the international oil market price remains low, an early replacement is not likely to be economical for the consumer in Finland. Yet, with a recovering oil price even an early replacement can be optimal. If oil burner cannot be used anymore, it is in most scenarios economical to replace it with pellet or GSHP if some subsidy for heating renovation is available. Subsidies improve the profitability of both pellet and GSHP investments more than fuel taxation. Consumer discount rate also affects the results.

This paper presents a low cost method for the purification of oils obtained from the pyrolysis of used tires. Oxidative desulfurization is a promising route for purification of tire pyrolysis oils as hydro-desulfurization may not be affordable for small scale industries. Different additives and acids have been employed for the enhancement of properties of pyrolytic oils. The experimental conditions were kept identical throughout, i.e. atmospheric pressure and 50?C temperature for comparison of performance of various additives. The use of hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid mixture (10 wt.%) was found more economical and effective in desulfurization and improvement of fuel properties of sample oils. The contribution of sulfuric acid in desulfurization and decreasing viscosity was also satisfactory but due to high price of concentrated sulfuric acid its use may not be economical. Calcium oxide and Fuller?s earth was not found to be effective in desulfurization. Results indicate that oxidative desulfurization could render tire pyrolysis oils suitable for blending as heating fuel.

Wood pellets are one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuel in Canada. Using wood pellets for heating allows saving on heating source expenses as compared to fossil fuels. Moreover, direct carbon emissions from wood pellets are regarded as carbon neutral since regrowth of vegetation captures and stores carbon that already exists in the atmosphere. Using wood pellets as a heating fuel for greenhouse vegetable production is expected to result in less greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuels. Increasing the domestic consumption of wood pellets for greenhouse heating in Canada would reduce the environmental impact of energy consumption. This study investigates the potential of using wood pellets as an alternative fuel for commercial greenhouses in Quebec. This study applied a life-cycle analysis to demonstrate the energy flows and environmental consequences of using wood pellets for greenhouse vegetable production. The results found that greenhouse gas emissions from wood pellets are lower than natural gas in greenhouse operations.

As our government is actively introducing the RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standards) as a national renewable energy obligation policy, power producers are using the various renewable energy to meet the RPS supply quota since 2012. Recently, it is appling to use power bio-fuel oil in bio-fuel oil demonstration project with power companies. In general, power bio-fuel oils are composed of mixture products of vegetable oil, animal fat, fatty acid ester and waste oil. It is already developing for a power plant as a renewable energy abroad. In Korea, it is studying a 100% combustion and blended combustion of heavy fuel oil and bio-fuel oil. In this study, we investigated fuel characteristics of mixed power bio-fuel oil and its emission performance. Especially, it was reduced emissions of bio-oil in industrial boilers due to bio-fuel properties as compare with fuel oil.

Fuel oils (numbers 1–6) are fractions of crude oil. The boiling point and carbon chain length of the fuel increases with fuel oil number. Viscosity increases with the number, and is needed to flow the heated heavy oil. No. 4 fuel oils are used as burner fuel for domestic and industrial heating and have to raise steam for power generation and marine propulsion. Recycling and rerefining are application processes for the treatment of petroleum-based heavy products by converting into reusable light products such as gasoline and No. 2 diesel fuel. Possible pyrolysis and cracking processes are appropriate. The purpose of this study is performed to obtain light products, especially gasoline and No. 2 diesel fuel from No. 4 fuel oil by the method of pyrolytic distillation. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used in pyrolysis as catalyst and the purified oil samples were blended separately with catalysts having a mass basis of 5% and 10%. If the objective is to maximize the yield of distillate producing from No. 4 fuel...

The use of fossil fuel is increasing drastically due to its consumption in all consumer activities. The utility of fossil fuel depleted its existence, degraded the environment and led to reduction in underground carbon resources. Hence the search for alternative fuels is paying attention for making sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation. The worldwide reduction of underground carbon resources can be substituted by the bio-fuels. The researchers around the world are finding the alternate fuel that should have the least impact on the environment degradation. This paper aims at finding an alternative for diesel and reducing the pressure on its existing demand. This study aimed at using two types of oil mixtures namely cashew nut shell oil and camphor oil mixed with diesel, turpentine oil mixed with diesel in different proportions as fuel in twin cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Performance and emission analysis have been performed by using exhaust gas analyzer in the oil samples. It was observed that 40% cashew nut shell oil and 10%camphor oil mixed with 50% diesel, 50% turpentine oil mixed with 50% diesel shows the better engine performance and also less emissions.

The continued using of petroleum energy as a sourced for fuel is widely recognized as unsustainable because of the decreasing of supplies while increasing of the demand. Therefore, it becomes a global agenda to develop a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel to meets with all the demand. Thus, biodiesel seems to be one of the best choices. In Malaysia, the biodiesel used is from edible vegetable oil sources; palm oil. The uses of palm oil as biodiesel production source have been concern because of the competition with food materials. In this study, various types of biodiesel feedstock are being studied and compared with diesel. The purpose of this comparison is to obtain the optimum engine performance of these different types of biodiesel (edible, non-edible, waste cooking oil) on which are more suitable to be used as alternative fuel. The optimum engine performance effect can be obtains by considering the Brake Power (BP), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE).

Greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations affecting U.S. transportation fuels require holistic examination of the life-cycle emissions of U.S. petroleum feedstocks. With an expanded system boundary that included land disturbance-induced GHG emissions, we estimated well-to-wheels (WTW) GHG emissions of U.S. production of gasoline and diesel sourced from Canadian oil sands. Our analysis was based on detailed characterization of the energy intensities of 27 oil sands projects, representing industrial practices and technological advances since 2008. Four major oil sands production pathways were examined, including bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) from both surface mining and in situ projects. Pathway-average GHG emissions from oil sands extraction, separation, and upgrading ranged from ∼6.1 to ∼27.3 g CO2 equivalents per megajoule (in lower heating value, CO2e/MJ). This range can be compared to ∼4.4 g CO2e/MJ for U.S. conventional crude oil recovery. Depending on the extraction technology and product type output of oil sands projects, the WTW GHG emissions for gasoline and diesel produced from bitumen and SCO in U.S. refineries were in the range of 100-115 and 99-117 g CO2e/MJ, respectively, representing, on average, about 18% and 21% higher emissions than those derived from U.S. conventional crudes. WTW GHG emissions of gasoline and diesel derived from diluted bitumen ranged from 97 to 103 and 96 to 104 g CO2e/MJ, respectively, showing the effect of diluent use on fuel emissions.

In the past decade numerous studies have been performed on using biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil for micro gas turbines. Much less attention has been devoted to the study of crude rapeseed oil due to the fact that the latter cannot be burnt without modifications in micro gas turbines designed for crude oil derivatives (diesel oil, kerosene, etc.). The series of experiments presented in this study were aimed at examining the combustion characteristics of crude rapeseed oil. The experiments were performed on a burner test rig, which allowed to modify the factors affecting fuel atomization and to measure the emission of pollutants from a gas turbine burner equipped with an airblast atomizer selected for the purposes of the experiment. Measurement results confirmed that by preheating the rapeseed oil and performing the atomization using steam instead of air, the burner can easily be changed to burning crude rapeseed oil instead of diesel oil without increasing the emission of pollutants.

This work performs a cost evaluation of small-scale produced wood chips from forests in the Euro-Mediterranean region to be used for heating purposes. The study is focused on forests located in the Argencola municipality (Catalonia, northeastern Spain). The use of such easy-to-produce biofuel is appealing since it may be used as a valid substitute of heating oil to produce thermal energy in the same area where it is produced, thus minimizing transportation requirements and reducing dependence on the rising prices of heating oil. Additionally, it allows facing environmental and social concerns related to the current lack of management in the forests under analysis, which has led to an important increase in the biomass stock and wildfires risk. As wildfires in the Euro-Mediterranean region generate important impacts, an average economic cost of wildfires has been evaluated in this paper. The economic assessment of small-scale production and consumption of wood chips as proposed in this study has shown interesting economic benefits when compared with current heating oil prices. Results indicate that it is a realistic option since production costs range from 12.2 €/GJ to 18.5 €/GJ depending on the applied forestry practices, whereas current cost of heating oil is about 23.9 €/GJ. A sensitivity analysis has also been conducted to assess the impact of the data with higher uncertainty on the final results. It has been shown that the key factors that determine the viability of the proposed model are heating oil price, biomass stock growth rate, transportation requirements and applied forest management practices. Results presented prove that wood chips cost is quite independent of fossil fuel prices, thus higher fossil fuel prices greatly favors the use of wood chips when produced and consumed in the same area, thus minimizing transportation requirements. In addition, higher biomass growth rates than those considered in this work may reduce the final cost of small-scale produced wood chips.