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Nichinan Mill of Oji Paper Co., Ltd. in Kyushu Island, which started its operation in 1938, has an integrated fine paper and a special coated paper mill. The paper mill manufactures wood-free printing and writing papers, converting stocks, business form papers and specialties. The special coated paper mill manufactures electrostatic, dipole, and heat-sensitive recording papers and heat sealable papers.The paper mill has a capacity of 200, 000 T/Y of fine paper with seven paper machines, supported by two KP lines, and the special coated paper mill has a capacity of 3, 600 T/Y with two functional coaters.The mill's waste water is treated by an activated sludge and coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from oil-fired boiler is desulfurized. Odor gas from KP mill is burned by recovery boilors and kilns.

KISHU PAPER CO., LTD., established in 1950, is now composed of a head office (Osaka), and two mills (Kishu mill : presented already on Japan Tappi Vol. 32, No. 10, 1978, and Osaka mill).Osaka mill, which we are going to introduce here, is in Suita City where the world famous EXPO '70 was once held. This mill constructed in 1954 and started up in 1955 with two machines. This mill has now tour Fourdrinier machines, and the main products are as follows : Woodfree coloured printing & writing papers, Tabulating card stock, OCR Bonds and Banks, Perforating tape, Printing papers for decolative laminates, Flame reterdants allpapers : base stock, and other specialities.The anual producing capacity of paper is about 55, 000 tons. The mill area is about 160, 000 square meters and the number of empoloyees is nearly 400.

Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd. was estlabished in 1907. It has four paper making factories, that is, Niigata Paper Mill, Nagaoka Paper Mill, Ichikawa Paper Mill, and Katsuta Paper Mill. The first two are in Niigata Prefecture, the third is in Chiba Pref. and the last is in Ibaraki Pref.Niigata Paper Mill, which we are going to introduce now, is the most important main plant of these four. It was established in 1915, in Niigata City. It is equipped with the most modernized facilities, which are enough to make raw materials and to convert them into paper.The area of this factory is 432, 837 square meters. About six hundred people are working for it. The producing capacity of pulp and paper are as follows.Pulp B K P 670 tB G P 60tPaper Wood free paper and mechanical paper 430.4 tIvory and Card board 74 tAs it was installed in town, we have taken measures not to disturb the happy life of the people living around there. As for Anti-pollution problems, we have invested a great amount of capital into various control systems for waste water treatment anti-air pollution, dust control, odor removal and noise abatement.

Tohoku Paper Co., Ltd. was estabrished in 1970.The mill started prodtction in 1971. Located at the western part of Akita City to exploit rich water, wood resouces and labor force etc. and has a pulp mills two continuous digesters capacity of 16, 500 T/M of unbleached kraft pulp from about 60% domestic wood chips and 40% imported wood chips.It has a one paper mill capacity of 16, 000 T/M of kraft riner board with inverformer machine.The mill area is around 660, 000 m2 and employees are around 330.

Tokyo Mill started its operation in 1966 is located on Soka City in the east of Tokyo. Tokyo Mill manufactures jute liner board and gypsum liner board with TCC Former (Takasaki Combination of Centri Former) witch are converging curved wire former.The mill site area is about 70, 000 m2 and the employees are 95.

Nagaoka Mill is located in Nagaoka city, the birthplace of Hokuetsu Paper Mills Co., Ltd. founded in 1907.This mill started its operation as a board mill, and today produces a wide variety of high quality papers and specialty boards. The mill continues to move toward more profitable and stable higher added value products.The mill site area is 170, 000 m2 and the number of employees is about 200.The main products are as followsTechnical paper … abrasive base paper impregnated paperFancy paper …embossed paper, various colored paper, etc.Others … thermal paper, reprographic paperSpecialty Board … vulcanized fiber, PASCO

The Jujo's Fushiki Mill is located in Takaoka-City, Toyama prefecture of Main-island in Japan. Pulp and paper production began in 1919. Our mill produces newsprint, rotogravure, printing and publishing papers, asbestos paper and other specialty paperboard.Our major plants are composed of six paper machines which use mainly furnishes from Sulfite, RGP and DIP mill. The mill has the capacity to produce 320 tons paper and board per day.

Edogawa Mill is located in the southeastern part of Metropolitan Tokyo along the Edogawa River which divides the border of Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture. Edogawa River is very significant for Edogawa Mill because its water is used not only as industrial water for Edogawa Mill, but is also used as a means of transportation of major materials such as pulp, oil and so on.The main equipment in Edogawa Mill are a 60 t/d CGP plant, 2 fourdrinier machines for manufacturing 120 tons per day of printing paper, and 1 high-speed ultraformer machine for manufacturing 270 tons of paperboard per day.The mill area has about 157, 000 m2 and a corrugating plant and a Central Research Laboratory are also located within its premises. There are a total of 471 employees working there.Since the mill is located in the urban area, it is advantageous for procurement of materials and for transportation of products, however, on the other hand, strict control for the protection of the environment is required. Therfore, for the purpose of keeping good harmony with the community, we have positively invested in facilities for pollution abatement during the past several years.

Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd. was established in 1907. It has four mills in Niigata (introduced in Japan Tappi Vol 34, No. 2 1980), Nagaoka, Ichikawa and Katsuta.Katsuta mill is located in Katsuta city, Ibaraki Pref., 75 miles northeast of Tokyo. The mill started its operation in 1971 as a converting division of Hokuetsu Paper Mills and a large paper board machine was installed in 1975.The plant, which has a large scale tertiary water purification system using activated carbon as a perfect antipollution device, products 5-ply coated card boards from recycled materials.With the new products, Hokuetu has now a full line of products, that is, “MARI-kote” (Coated white board produced at Ichikawa mill), “PERFECT” (Ivory board produced at Niigata mill) and “CLEAN-K-kote” (coated card produced at Katsuta mill).The daily production capacity of paper board at Katsuta is about 216 tons. Katsuta mill has approximately 200, 000 m2 site and has about 120 employees.

Taiko Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. was established in 1950, in Fuji City is located in south region of Mt. Fuji, the highest and the most elegant mountain in Japan. It is one of the integrated package paper mills products various papers from pulp. It has plants of kraft pulp, kraft paper and coated board paper.Production Capacity of Pulp 265 t/DProduction Capacity of Papers 335 t/D

Yatsushiro Mill of Jujo Paper Co., Ltd. in Kyushu Island, which started its operation in 1924, has an integrated pulp and paper mill.The paper mill manufactures fine paper, writings, post-card and newsprint with seven paper machines, two of which are twin-wire formers.The pulp mill is composed of KP, GP, SP, CGP, and DIP lines.The mill site area is about 432, 000m2 and the employees are 1, 050.

Oji Paper Co., Ltd. owns five mills all over Japan, namely, Tomakomai, Ebetsu, Kasugai, Yonago and Nichinan. Among them, Ebetsu Mill in Hokkaido Island started its operation in 1908. The Mill is about 20 kilometers far to the northwest of Sapporo City.The Mill has a capacity of 150, 000 tons per year with ten paper machines ; six Fourdrinier machines and four Yankee machines. The main products are Fine Paper, Kraft Paper and Speciality Paper.Pulp mill has one KP continuous digester, nine KP batch digesters and two bleaching systems. One of them is the C-E1-H-E2-D displacement bleaching with the medium consistency chlorination. The mill's waste water is treated by a activated sluge process and a coagulation sedimentation process. The odorous effluent gas is burned in recovery boilers.The mill area is about 1, 030, 000 m2 and the employees are 410.

Tonami Paper Co., Ltd. was established in August 1955.The company has one mill named Futatsuka which locates in southern Takaoka City, Toyama prefecture.This mill started up in February 1957, and has been producing newsprint and publication paper since then.It has a capacity of 120, 000 t/y of paper with two twin-wire Bel Baie Formar.It also produces pulp (such as GP, RGP and DIP) and supplies it to paper machines along with the purchased chemical pulp.The mill site area is 176, 000 m2 and number of employees is about 220.The mill's water is treated by an Activated Sludge and coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from powerboiler is treated by scrubbers (OK-3 type) and electro-precipitator.

Tomakomai mill of Oji Paper Co., Ltd. in Hokkaido island started its operation in 1910 to manufacture newsprint from sulphite pulp and groundwood pulp.Through gradual modernization of newsprint machines, including remodeling into twin-wire type, annual production capacity of 11 machines in operation exceeds 1 million metric tons. The mill is the largest newsprint producing mill in the world.The annual production last year was about 920, 000 metric tons of which 82% was newsprint and remaining 18% was low grade, medium grade printing paper and rotogravure paper.The mill has pulping facilities of high yield sulphite, thermomechanical, refinermechanical, groundwood, chip-groundwood and deinked pulps. Kraft pulps is mainly purochased from Ebetsu mill of Oji Paper Co., Ltd. TMP is imported from the joint venture company in New-Zealand.The mill area is about 540, 000m2 and the employees are about 1, 500.

Tokushu Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd., founded in 1926, is presently numbered among the most unique paper makers in Japan. It has two mills, one in Mishima and the other in Gifu. Mishima Mill is located at the foot of Mt. Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture and Gifu Mill introduced here is situated in Gifu Prefecture, which is one of the most famous forest arears in Japan.The mill, which has five paper making machines, produces more than one thousand variations of fine papers depending on customer's requirements. The current paper production is 1, 000 metric tons per month. These speciality papers have provided good appearance and satisfaction as artistic printing paper for users in Japan, as well as overseas'.The mill has about 25, 000m2 site and 250 skilled employees.

Mishima Paper Co., established in 1918, is now composed of a head office (Tokyo), two mills (Harada and Suita) and a research institute.Harada Mill, which we are going to introduce here, is on the outskirts of Fuji City well-known for its fine view of national adoring mountain, and the other is in Suita City where the world famous EXPO 70 was once held.In and around Harada district, people have been long blessed with an abundance of clean spring water, and that is why our predecessors first had a thought of founding there a mill for the purpose of manufacturing cigarette-paper more than 60 years ago …… unknown technology as it was in those days. Ever since Harada Mill has continued to produce various kinds of high grade paper, most of which are light-weight, to enrich daily life or expedite business, and now holds the paramount position in the field of making specialty paper.The mill area is about 100, 000m2 and the employees are nearly 450. The main products are as follows : For cigarette use …… cigarette-paper, tipping or wrapping paper, etc.For business use ………… copying, typing, bond, instruction or contract, pocket note-book, etc.For other special use …… India used to dictionary, water dissolving, various kinds of converted paper, etc.

The city of Kawanoe where the Oe Mill is located, has been historically developed as a key station of ocean trade, between Takamatsu and Matuyama in Shikoku.That location is very suited for traffic convenience having easy access to Osaka, Chugoku, and Kyushu area.The company was established in 1920, and we are now operating three paper mills of Kawanoe, Kinsei and Oe.We are introducing here the profile of our new Oe Mill which was started up on stream in December 1979 with most modernized equipments for producing newsprint, so that the future potentiality could hopefully be expected as our sea-front plant.The all manufacturing facilities are equipped on land of 300, 000 square meters and approximately one hundred and twenty employees are working for daily production.The producing capacity of pulp and paper are as follows.Pulp TMP 450 T/DPaper Newsprint 550 T/D

Kitakami Mill of Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Ltd. started production in 1965. The mill is situated in the rich woodland of Iwate Prefecture, and specializes in the manufacture of bleached hardwood kraft pulp (LBKP) from 100 % domestic woodchips. The mill's main product is high quality fully bleached hardwood kraft pulp for general market.About one-third of the product is for captive use at Nakagawa and Takasago Mills, another one-third is sold to domestic paper manufacturers, with the remainder being exported.To reduce energy cost, the mill has recently started a waste wood boiler to replace an oil-fired boiler. In fact, this has virtually eliminated oil consumption.

Sanko Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. established in 1937, is now composed of two mills (Sobue, Fuji) and three offices (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya). Sobue mill started its operation in 1939 is located on the left bank of Kiso river in the north west of Nagoya.Sobue mill has continued to produce paper boards, only and to use raw materials of twenty percent pulp (domestic products, imports), and eighty percent waste papers.The daily output of paper boards when the usualy operating four machines produce is 740 metric tons, of which 340 metric tons are coated white boards and 400 metric tons are jute liner.There are 430 employers in Sobue mill which has 330, 000 m2 areas of ground.

Iwabuchi Mill, Honshu Paper Co., Ltd., manufactures mainly specialty tissue paper ; cigarette paper, copying paper, letter paper, light-grade publishing paper, etc.This mill, which is located in Fujikawa-cho, Shizuoka Pref., central part of Japan, started up in 1918 to manufacture cigarette paper, and now has 4 paper machines and a converting plant. Its prodution is 90 tons per day of specialty tissue paper.The mill site area is 54, 000m2 and the number of employees is about 300.The waste water from the mill is treated by an activated sludge process, flotation equipment, and a sludge incinerator with a fluid bed dryer. Flue gas is treated by a wet scrubber.

Miyakojima mill of Jujo Paper Co., Ltd., which started its operation in 1913, is located at the northeast of Osaka City.The mill, since its origin, has continued to produce various kinds of high grade specialty paper, most of which are light-weight, for example, cigarette paper, India paper, back carboncopying paper and glassine paper.This mill has 5 paper machines and the monthly paper production is 2, 150 metric tons.The mill site area is about 65, 000 m2 and the employees are about 400.

Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Ltd. manufactures market pulps, wood-free printing and writing papers, coated papers and paperboards, specialty papers, and photographic papers at six mills consisting of three paper mills, two pulp mills, and one photographic paper mill.Hachinohe Mill, inaugurated in 1966, is the company's largest and most modernized consolidated pulp and paper mill. The mill site covering an area of about 1, 100, 000 m2 was selected there in the northern end of Honshu Island to exploit rich water and wood resources, port facilities, labor force, etc.The mill has a capacity of 288, 000 t/y of paper and paperboard with two off-machine coaters, four paper machines, supported by two sulfate pulp lines and one CGP line. Number of employees is about 800. No. 4 paper machine is a Bel Baie 71 twin wire unit producing wood-free fine papers of excellent quality.The mill's waste water is treated by a coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from its oil-fired boilers is desulfurized.

Kanzaki Mill is about 15 kilometers to the south of Osaka International Airport or 1 kilometer to the east of Amagasaki Station, and is located at the mouth of Kanzaki River which divides Osaka and Amagasaki.This mill had been an integrated pulp and paper mill since 1948 when the mill was rebuilt on the ruins of war. In the first half of the 1960's, however, all the pulping facilities and most of the paper machines were scrapped one after another for environmental protection measures and the mill became a converted paper mill specializing in the manufacture of art paper and specialty papers such as carbonless copy paper.The mill site covers an area of about 215, 000 square meters and the mill's employees now count about 1, 000.

Nayoro Mill started up in 1960 as “Teshiogawa Paper mfg. Co., Ltd.” The company name was changed in 1979 as “Hokuyo Paper Co., Ltd.” by reason of join with “Kitami pulp mfg. Co., Ltd.” This mill has 3 paper machines and 2 pulping processes and its productions are 400 tons per day of corrugating medium and 150 tons per day of paper board.The mill site covers an area of about 225, 000 m2 and the mill employees count about 200.

Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co., Ltd. owns five mills, namely, Suzukawa, Yoshinaga, Imaizumi, Fuji, in Shizuoka prefecture and Shiraoi in Hokkaido.Shiraoi mill, located at Shiraoi-cho in South Hokkaido, has started its operation since 1960, now it is the largest and newest mill in our company.The mill is about 40 kliometers far to the north east of Muroran Port, from which imported wood chips (Douglas fir, Eucalyptus) and 70% of its products are transported.Paper & paperboard mill has 6 paper machines (daily capacity 1, 230 tons), 3 paperboard machines (daily capacity 320 tons), 2 off coaters (daily capacity 16 tons) and its products are newsprint, printing and writing paper, diazo sensitive paperstock, business form paper, coated paper, linerboard, coated white board and others.Pulp mill has 2 KP continuous digesters, 5 KP batch digesters, 3 BKP plants, 3 grinders, RGP plant, A-CGP plant, DIP plant and 2 pulpers for old corrugated containers pulping. The mill area is about 1, 340, 000m2 and the employees are about 1, 200.

Kumano Mill in Shingu City, located at the mouth of the Shingu river (Kumano river), was established in 1912. The mill has a capacity 6.8 tons per day with three paper machine. This mill manufactures capacitor tissue paper. The mill arear has about 36, 800 m2. There are total of 130 employees working here.

Mishima Paper Co., Ltd. was established in 1918 and since then it has been specialized in the manufacture of thin paper. Presently it owns a head office in Tokyo and two mills; one is Harada Mill in Fuji City (Please refer to the May, 1980 issue of this magazine.) and the other is Suita Mill in Suita City, Osaka which we are going to introduce here.Since 1970 when the world famous EXPO'70 was held there, Suita City has rapidly grown to be an important center of traffic and economy in the Kinki districts as well as a bedroom town of Osaka. Suita Mill is located just on the border between two big cities, Suita and Osaka, and may be called as a typical urban plant. The mill has highly developed its manufacturing facilities, taking every possible care to avoid environmental pollution.Suita Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd., original of the present Suita Mill, was founded in 1928 for the purpose of manufacturing cigarette-paper and incorporated with Mishima Paper Co., Ltd. in 1936. From that time on, the mill has been an important base of our company's marketing in west JapanSuita Mill has three Fourdrinier machines and its main products are cigarette-paper, Indiapaper, copying-paper, carbon base-paper, etc. The mill site covers an area of about 36, 000 m2 and the mill employees count about 200.

Hokuetsu Ichikawa Mill started in 1920 and is located at the center of Ichikawa City, Chiba prefecture.Now, the Mill has four machines (two printing paper machines ; capacity is 83 t/d, and two white coated board machines ; capacity is 320 t/d).Mill site area is 53, 000 m2 and buillding area is 25, 000 m2 and employees are about 230.

Takasago City, located at the mouth of the Kako River-about 20 km west of Kobe, used to be a traditional port town, but has made a remarkable progress as an industrial city as well in the past decades.The mill's history dates back in 1901, only three years after the company's foundation (1898). Since its origin, Takasago Mill has undertaken development of several specialty papers and is still characterized now as a specialty paper mill among Mitsubishi's sister mills. with its one cylinder machine, seven fourdriniers, and five coaters, the mill manufactures 217 tpd of papers including 120 tpd carbonless copy paper, tracing paper, cast-coated paper, capacitor tissue, etc.The mill ground covers 13, 000 sq. m in eastern part of Takasago City and has about 600 employees.Waste water of the mill is discharged to the Inland Sea after sedimentation treatment. Stack gas is desulfurized by a Magnesium Process.

Pesticides are toxic substances that are deliberately released into our environment to kill organisms which, from the point of view of man, are undesirable. The perfect pesticide would eliminate the target organism and be otherwise harmless. Unfortunately, as Dr Wurster and others have shown, some pesticides become environmental contaminants and have harmful effects that are often distant in time and space from the place where they were applied. These are calculated risks which have to be taken when the pesticide is used; the user believes that the advantages of application outweigh the disadvantages when, or perhaps more particularly if, he himself will not suffer from the side-effects of his actions. My present purpose is to deal with some of the other chemicals which man may introduce into his environment—usually accidentally, but sometimes deliberately, as in the cases of wastes discharged into the air or the sea as a method of disposal— which can also be the cause of environmental degradation.

Under microwave irradiation, raw sludge was pyrolyzed mainly by evaporation of water, with a weight loss ratio of 84.8% and a maximum temperature not exceeding 200 °C. High-temperature pyrolysis of SiC sludge could be realized, with a weight loss ratio of 93.4% and a final pyrolysis temperature of 1131.7 °C. Variations between the electric field intensity distribution are the main reason for the differences of pyrolysis efficiencies. HFSS simulation showed that the electric field intensity of the raw sludge gradually decreased from 2.94 × 10 4 V/m to 0.88 × 10 4 V/m when pyrolysis ends, while that of SiC sludge decreased from 3.73 × 10 4 V/m at the beginning to 1.28 × 10 4 V/m, then increased to 4.03 × 10 4 V/m. The electromagnetic effect is the main factor (r ≥ 0.91) influencing the temperature increase and weight loss of raw sludge. Both the electromagnetic effect and heat conduction effect influenced temperature rise and weight loss of SiC sludge, but the former’s influence was comparatively larger.

International audience; Adding catalyst could improve the yields and qualities of bio-gas and bio-oil, and realize the oriented production. Results showed that the catalytic gas-production capacities of CaO were higher than those of Fe2O3, and the bio-gas yield at 800°C reached a maximum of 35.1%. Because the polar cracking active sites of CaO reduced the activation energy of the pyrolysis reaction and resulted in high catalytic cracking efficiencies. In addition, the quality of bio-oil produced by CaO was superior to that by Fe2O3, although the bio-oil yield of CaO was relatively weak. The light bio-fuel oriented catalytic pyrolysis could be realized when adding different catalysts. At 800°C, CaO was 45% higher than Fe2O3 in aspect of H2 production while Fe2O3 was 103% higher than CaO in aspect of CH4 production. Therefore, CaO was more suitable for H2 production and Fe2O3 was more suitable for CH4 production.

The paper presents results of the research which was carried out in KTU APINI when implementing one stage of the PF7 program project “Polygeneration of energy, fuels, and fertilizers from biomass residues and sewage sludge (ENERCOM)” (No TREN/FP7/EN/218916). The research objective was to assess possibilities of producing solid recovered fuel (SRF) from compost produced from pre-treated sewage sludge and biomass residuals in “Soil-Concept” plant (Luxemburg). Feasibility of producing pellets and briquettes using the composites of compost, sawdust, and peat was analyzed. Technical and environmental evaluations of SRF production were carried out on the basis of pelleting and briquetting tests. Main chemical and physical parameters of produced SRF were analyzed and compared to the recovered fuel classificatory (CEN/TC 343). All pellets and briquettes, produced during the experiment, were attributed to a certain class of recovered fuel. Results of technical and environmental evaluations of SRF production and their burning as well as conclusions and recommendations made are presented. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.62.4.2742

International audience; Anaerobic digestion enables waste (water) treatment and energy production in the form of biogas. The successful implementation of this process has lead to an increasing interest worldwide. However, anaerobic digestion is a complex biological process, where hundreds of microbial populations are involved, and whose start-up and operation are delicate issues. In order to better understand the process dynamics and to optimize the operating conditions, the availability of dynamic models is of paramount importance. Such models have to be inferred from prior knowledge and experimental data collected from real plants. Modeling and parameter identification are vast subjects, offering a realm of approaches and methods, which can be difficult to fully understand by scientists and engineers dedicated to the plant operation and improvements. This review article discusses existing modeling frameworks and methodologies for parameter estimation and model validation in the field of anaerobic digestion processes. The point of view is pragmatic, intentionally focusing on simple but efficient methods.