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Aim of this study was to optimize the production of Ligninolytic enzyme for the degradation of complex pollutants present in pulp paper industrial effluent (PPIE). Two ligninolytic enzyme-producing bacterial strains were isolated from PPIE and identified as Bacillus paramycoides strain BL2 (MZ676667) and Micrococcus luteus strains BL3 (MZ676668). The identified bacterial strain Bacillus paramycoides strain BL2 showed optimum production of LiP (4.30 U/ml), MnP (3.38 U/ml) at 72 h of incubation, while laccase (4.43 U/ml) at 96 h of incubation. While, Micrococcus luteus strains BL3 produced maximum LiP (3.98) and MnP (3.85 U/ml) at 96 h of incubation and maximum laccase (3.85 U/ml) at 72 h of incubation, pH 7-8, and temperatures of 30-35 °C. Furthermore, in the presence of glucose (1.0%) and peptone (0.5%) as nutrient sources, the enzyme activity of consortium leads to reduction of lignin (70%), colour (63%) along with COD (71%) and BOD (58%). The pollutants detected in control i.e. 3.6-Dioxa-2,7-disilaoctane, 2-Heptnoic acid,trimethylsilyl ester, 7-Methyldinaphtho [2,1-b,1',2'-d] silole, Hexadeconoic acid, trimethylysilyl ester, Methyl1(Z)-3,3-dipheny.1-4-hexenoale, 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexane,2,2-dimethylpropyl(2Z,6E)-10,11epoxy5,6 Dihyrostigmasterol, acetate were completely diminished. The toxicity of PPIE was reduced up to 75%. Hence, knowledge of this study will be very useful for industrial sector for treatment of complex wastewater.

The aim of this work was to study the metal removal efficiency of Rumex dentatus, Ranunculus sceleratus, and Cammelina benghalensis which thrive on wastewater containing complex co-pollutants. Physico-chemical characteristic of wastewater showed high levels of biological oxygen demand (7136 mg kg −1), chemical oxygen demand (26324 mg kg −1), electric conductivity (1531 μS cm −1), along with metals (mg kg −1) such as Fe (124.65 mg kg −1), Zn (56.33 mg kg −1), Cu (6.34 mg kg −1), Cd (9.02 mg kg −1), Mn (23.64 mg kg −1), Ni (6.04 mg kg −1), Pb (1.20 mg kg −1), Hg (1.08 mg kg −1), Cr (1.31 mg kg −1) and As (1.43 mg kg −1) along with complex co-pollutants. All three plants reduced more than

Distillery wastewater has high biological and chemical oxygen demand and requires additional treatment before it can be safely discharged into receiving water. It is usually processed through a biomethanation digester and the end product is the post-methanated distillery effluent (PMDE). Research have shown that PMDE released by molasses-based distilleries is a hazardous effluent that can cause harm to the biota and the environment; it contains elevated amount of total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and excess levels of persistent organic compounds (POPs), heavy metals, phenolic compounds, and salts. The practice of wastewater reuse for irrigation in many water scarce countries necessitates the proper treatment of PMDE before it is discharged into receiving water. Convention methods have been in practice for decades, but innovative technologies are needed to enhance the efficiency of PMDE treatment. Advance physical treatment such as membrane separation technology using graphene, ion-exchange and ultrafiltration membranes; chemical treatment such as advanced oxidation methods, electrocoagulation and photocatalytic technologies; biological treatment such as microbial and enzymatic treatment; and hybrid treatment such as microbial-fuel cell (MFC), genetically modified organisms (GMO) and constructed wetland technologies, are promising new methods to improve the quality of PMDE. This review provides insight into current accomplishments evaluates their suitability and discusses future developments in the detoxification of PMDE. The consolidated knowledge will help to develop a better management for the safe disposal and the reuse of PMDE wastewater.

Distillery sludge is a major source of aquatic pollution, but little is known about their microbial community and their association with the organic and metal pollutants. Sugarcane molasses-based distillery is an important industry in India, although the waste is usually treated prior to disposal, the treatment is often inadequate. The adverse effects of the organic and metal pollutants in sugarcane molasses-based distillery sludge on the microbial biodiversity and abundance in the disposal site have not been elucidated. This study aims to address this gap of knowledge. Samples were collected from the discharge point, 1 and 2 km downstream (D1, D2, and D3, respectively) of a sugarcane distillery in Uttar Pradesh, India, and their physico-chemical properties characterised. Using QIIME, taxonomic assignment for the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of 16 S rRNA was performed. The phyla Proteobacteria (28–39%), Firmicutes (20–28%), Bacteriodetes (9–10%), Actinobacteria (5–10%), Tenericutes (1–9%) and Patescibacteria (2%) were the predominant bacteria in all three sites. Euryechaeota, were detected in sites D1 and D2 (1–2%) but absent in D3. Spirochaetes (5%), Sinergistetes (2%) and Cloacimonetes (1%) were only detected in samples from site D1. Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, and Observed-species indices indicated that site D1 (10.18, 0.0013, 36706.55 and 45653.84, respectively) has higher bacterial diversity and richness than D2 (6.66, 0.0001, 25987.71 and 49655.89, respectively) and D3 (8.31, 0.002, 30345.53 and 30654.88, respectively), suggesting the organic and metal pollutants provided the stressors to favour the survival of microbial community that can biodegrade and detoxify them in the distillery sludge. This study confirmed that the treatment of the distillery waste was not sufficiently effective and provided new metagenomic information on its impact on the surrounding microbial community. It also offered new insights into potential bioremediation candidates.

This study aimed to detoxify and degrade the organometallic pollutants from distillery wastewater by using an autochthonous microbial community via biostimulation and bioaugmentation process. Results revealed that the wastewater contained high concentrations of the metals i.e. Fe-2403; Zn-210.15; Cr- 22.825; Cu-73.62; Mg-27.30; Ni-14.425; and Pb-17.33 (mg L-1). The biostimulation and bioaugmentation process resulted from a substantial reduction (50–70%) in the pollution load. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed bacterial community and their relationship with complex organometallic pollutants during the chemical reactions. The major identified organic pollutants in the control (untreated) samples were acetic acid, Oxo-,trimethylsilyl ester [CAS], Hydrocinnamic acid, p-[Trimethylsiloxy]-trimethylsilyl ester and tetradecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester [CAS] while some new metabolic products were generated as a by-product in bioaugmentation process. Therefore, the study showed that biostimulation and bioaugmentation were successful bioremediation strategies for the detoxification of distillery wastewater and restoration of organometallic polluted sites.

This work aimed to study the profiling and efficiency of microbial communities and their abundance in the pulp and paper industry wastewater, which contained toxic metals, high biological oxygen demands, chemical oxygen demand, and ions contents. Sequence alignment of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 variable region zone with the Illumina MiSeq framework revealed 25356 operating taxonomical units (OTUs) derived from the wastewater sample. The major phyla identified in wastewater were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Spirochetes, Patesibacteria, Acidobacteria, and others including unknown microbes. The study showed the function of microbial communities essential for the oxidation and detoxifying of complex contaminants and design of effective remediation techniques for the re-use of polluted wastewater. Findings demonstrated that the ability of different classes of microbes to adapt and survive in metal-polluted wastewater irrespective of their relative distribution, as well as further attention can be provided to its use in the bioremediation process.

This work aimed to study Bacillus sp. PS-6 assisted phytoremediation of metals from pulp and paper industry wastewater as a novel green technique for the removal of metals of wastewater. Results revealed that heavy metal (mg L-1) contents in wastewater were reduced after in-situ phytoremediation for Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, and As. Phragmites communis showed higher potential for the enrichment of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, and As in its rhizomes, roots, and shoots compared to leaves. The strain produced indole acetic acid, siderophores, and hydrolytic and ligninolytic enzymes, and resulted in nutrients solubilization. Results offer potential basis for the removal of metals from pulp and paper industry wastewater at large scale and prevention of pollution.

Melanoidins are the randomly polymerized condensed anionic, non-enzymatic product of maillard reaction between amino and carbonyl group at elevated temperature. It occurs particularly during the food processing and wastewater released from distilleries and various fermented industries. Their synthesis is influenced by several factors because they alter the reaction path and change the product composition. Moreover, melanoidins have been known to be beneficial at low concentrations in food products due to their several properties in a biological system. But, when they are released into the environment at a high concentration from fermentation industries they cause a serious threat to land and aquatic ecosystem. This review encompasses the detailed chemical reaction of melanoidin synthesis and its functional properties to various substances present in nature with implications to its impact on the environment and their role in maintaining the nutritional and flavoring properties in food products.

The objective of this work was to study the potential of a constructed bacterial consortium (comprised three strains: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis) to treat distillery wastewater via the bioaugmentation process. The discharged wastewater showed elevated total ammonium nitrogen (195.0 ± 1.24 mg L−1), total dissolved solids (25980.6 ± 8.09 mg L−1), chemical oxygen demand (20534.5 ± 3.12 mg L−1), and biological oxygen demand (20534.5 ± 3.12 mg L−1). High concentration of heavy metals, phenolic and organo-metallic compounds were also detected. Results showed that growing the bacterial consortium in the distillery wastewater at 37 °C supplemented with 1% glucose achieved the best color reduction (up to 90%) in 144 h. The physico-chemical quality of the treated wastewater also improved by 50%–70%. Furthermore, many of the major organic pollutants present in the distillery wastewater were degraded by the constructed consortium to below detection limit via active biotransformation and biodegradation. Heavy metals were biosorbed by the bacterial consortium, and the ligninolytic enzymes such as Lip and MnP played an important role in the degradation of the organo-metallic pollutants. The constructed bacterial consortium therefore offered a sustainable and effective solution to treat distillery wastewater.

This work aimed to study in-situ toxicity assessment of pulp and paper industry wastewater on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Physico-chemical analysis of wastewater revealed high pH (8.1), total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (89, 2160, 8670 and 25600 mg L−1 , respectively), electrical conductivity (2156 ms cm−1), and heavy metal (mg L−1) contents as Fe (79.61), Zn (49.06), Cu (6.07), Cd (6.07), Mg (19.66), and Ni (6.43), which were higher than compare to control The major pollutants detected via GC–MS analysis were hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonacosane, and β -sitosterol trimethylsilyl ether. UV–Vis spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of the wastewater confirmed the presence of residual organic and inorganic pollutants. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the wastewater for plants were also assessed and revealed chromosomal and cytological aberrations in wastewater-treated T. foenum-graecum L. The accumulation of metals in and the effects of such accumulation on the physiology of T. foenum-graecum L. plants irrigated with wastewater were also studied, and it was concluded that antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll, protein content, and dry weight were reduced in wastewater irrigated T. foenum-graecum L. plants compared to those in the control (fed with normal water). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses of plant roots, root nodules, and stomata revealed the accumulation of heavy metals on the surfaces and in tissues. The present study highlights the urgent necessity of proper treatment of paper and pulp industry wastewater before their disposal into water bodies to control the damage to environment and aquatic life.