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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are compounds of emerging concern based on ubiquitous distribution and potential human health impacts. Whereas manufacturing plants and fire-training/suppression areas are recognized as primary sources of PFAS contamination of the environment, understanding the role of water treatment plants (WTPs) and water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) in PFAS cycling is important. Literature on the presence and pathways of PFAS within and between WTPs and WRRFs was reviewed and synthesized to address this knowledge gap. The production, use, and disposal of PFAS was connected to the water cycle via aquifers/surface water/sediment, drinking water treatment, domestic/industrial water use, domestic/industrial wastewater treatment, the atmosphere, land application, landfills, thermal treatment of wastes, and food production. WTP and WRRF flows release PFAS in liquid-phase, solid-phase, and gas-phase matrices. The purpose of this review is to educate and inform readers of the fate and transport of PFASs throughout the urban water cycle emphasizing the WTP–WRRF connection. Source reduction programs, treatments that interrupt the PFAS cycle, and comprehensive analytical methods are future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part I: Occurrence, Fate, and Transport (this literature review) compiles research from 2013 investigating emerging pollutants in wastewater and environmental waters and the sources of emerging pollutants. The paper summarizes important findings on environmental aquatic occurrence, persistence and transport of emerging pollutants in the environment, monitoring approaches, modeling, and regulatory discussions. The paper further mentions updates in our understanding of the toxicological impacts of these compounds where relevant specifically to wastewater. Finally, the paper speaks to the environmental sinks and degradation of pollutants. Part II: Treatment (the companion to this review) includes discussion of water and wastewater treatment technologies on emerging pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part I: Occurrence, Fate, and Transport (this literature review) summarizes research appearing in 2012 on the occurrence of emerging pollutants in wastewater and environmental waters, sources of emerging pollutants, the fate and transport of emerging pollutants in the environment, monitoring approaches, modeling, and regulatory discussions. Toxicity studies are included where relevant specifically to wastewater. Part II: Treatment (the companion to this review) includes discussion of water and wastewater treatment technologies on emerging pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part I: Occurrence, Fate, and Transport (this literature review) summarizes research appearing in 2011 on the occurrence of emerging pollutants in wastewater and environmental waters, sources of emerging pollutants, the fate and transport of emerging pollutants in the environment, monitoring approaches, modeling, and regulatory discussions. Toxicity studies are included where relevant specifically to wastewater. Part II: Treatment (the companion to this review) includes discussion of water and wastewater treatment technologies on emerging pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and wastewater quality research and management pertaining to emerging pollutants, chemical or biological, for which discussion of occurrence surveys, fate and transport investigations, treatment processes, modeling, and/or toxicity/risk assessment appearing in the peerreviewed literature during 2010, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports of water quality research and management pertaining to emerging pollutants, either chemical or biological, for which discussion of occurrence surveys, fate investigations, treatment methodologies, modeling, and/or toxicity/risk assessment appearing in the peer-reviewed literature during 2009, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The identification and quantitation of the non-ecstasy amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) amphetamine and methamphetamine in lakes, rivers, wastewater treatment plant influents, effluents, and biosolids are reviewed. Neither monitoring nor reporting is required of these ATSs, which are considered emerging pollutants, but they have been identified in the environment. Amphetamine and methamphetamine enter our water supply by human excretion after legal or illegal consumption and via manufacturing in clandestine laboratories. Analytical methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation, and detection of ATSs is discussed. Reported occurrences of ATSs in the environment and their use in municipal sewage epidemiology are noted. Future research needs that challenge applications of analytical techniques are discussed. The review focuses on research reported from 2004 to 2009. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reports of water quality research and management pertaining to emerging pollutants, either chemical or biological, for which discussion of occurrence surveys, fate investigations, treatment methodologies, modeling, and/or toxicity/risk assessment appearing in the peer-reviewed literature during 2008, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a recalcitrant group of chemicals and can be found throughout the environment. They often collect in wastewater systems with virtually no degradation prior to environmental discharge. Some PFAS partitions to solids captured in wastewater treatment which require further processing. Of all the commonly applied solids treatment technologies, incineration offers the only possibility to completely destroy PFAS. Little is known about the fate of PFAS through incineration, in particular, for the systems employed in water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). This review covers available research on the fate of PFAS through incineration systems with a focus on sewage sludge incinerators. This research indicates that at least some PFAS destruction will occur with incineration approaches used at WRRFs. Furthermore, PFAS in flue gas, ash, or water streams used for incinerator pollution control may be undetectable. Future research involving full‐scale fate studies will provide insight on the efficacy of PFAS destruction through incineration and whether other compounds of concern are generated. Practitioner points: Thermal processing is the only commercial approach available to destroy PFAS.Thermal degradation conditions required for destruction of PFAS during incineration processes are discussed.Fate of PFAS through water resource recovery facility incineration technologies remains unclear.Other thermal technologies such as smoldering combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal liquefaction provide promise but are in developmental phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]