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1. Dynamics of domestic water supply and consumption in a semi-urban Nigerian city.

Author

Nnaji, Chidozie Charles, Eluwa, Chinedum, and Nwoji, Chioma

Subjects
*WATER supply, *RESIDENTIAL water consumption, *METROPOLITAN areas, *QUESTIONNAIRES, *INTERVIEWING, *RAINWATER, *TANK design & construction
Abstract

Abstract: A survey of water supply and consumption status in Nsukka Metropolis was done using questionnaires, interviews, observations and secondary data obtained from other sources. Water consumption was estimated using water balance principle. The water consumption per capita was found to be 34.9 L per day. At a cost of N̿0.81/L, this value represents 7% of average monthly income of residents. The price of water fluctuates from N̿0.45/L to N̿0.9/L during the rainy season and N̿0.9/L to N̿1.5/L in dry season, depending mostly on size of container. Those who own large water tanks ranging from 2273 L (500 gallons) upwards pay less than those who trek or drive long distance to fetch water in smaller containers. While more than 98% of the residents attain the average daily water need for survival (2.5 lpcd), only 27% attain the basic water need of 50 lpcd. The distribution of drinking water sources was as follows: boreholes (64%), sachet water (23%), rainwater (7%), tap water (3%) and bottled water (2%). It was further found that most people would prefer to drink bottled water but for its expensive cost of N̿106/L. About 55% of residents rely on rainwater for domestic use during the rainy season. However, as rain recedes, 78% rely almost exclusively on water vendors (tankers) for water supply. Key : $1.00 = N̿157.00. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2013
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2. The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa : Lessons from the Field

Author

Heymans, Christiaan, Eales, Kathy, and Franceys, Richard

Subjects
WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER PRICES, WATER UTILITY, BOREHOLES, MUNICIPAL WATER DEPARTMENTS, TARIFF SYSTEM, RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS, METER READINGS, WATER SOURCES, ALTERNATIVE WATER, WATER SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS, MUNICIPAL WATER, CIVIL SOCIETY, LOW WATER, PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS, HOUSEHOLD CONNECTION, COST OF WATER, MUNICIPALITIES, LOW WATER PRESSURE, CROSS-SUBSIDIZATION, DOMESTIC CONNECTION, OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY, SERVICE PROVIDERS, FREE WATER, WATER DEMAND, COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, WATER TARIFFS, SMALL PRIVATE PROVIDERS, SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS, WATER POINT, WATER POINTS, SERVICE DELIVERY, WATER BILLS, WELLS, WATER USER, PUBLIC WATER, INDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONS, BLOCK TARIFFS, UTILITIES CORPORATION, UTILITY STAFF, AFFLUENT, WATER CONNECTION, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS, SANITATION, AFFORDABLE WATER, SERVICE PROVIDER, SANITATION UTILITIES, TOWN, WATER SERVICES, WATER CUSTOMERS, WATER SYSTEM, WATER METER, WATER SUPPLIES, CHEAPER WATER, LIFELINE TARIFF, NATIONAL WATER, MOVING PARTS, WATER ALLOCATION, COST RECOVERY, PERFORMANCE DATA, SAND, RECHARGE, LIFELINE TARIFFS, CASH FLOW, WATER SECTOR, WATER USERS, DEMAND FOR WATER, WATER CONSERVATION, WATER SERVICE PROVIDERS, CROSS-SUBSIDIES, DOMESTIC USERS, SERVICE IMPROVEMENT, ADEQUATE WATER, SUPPLY OF WATER, HOUSE CONNECTIONS, WATER ASSOCIATION, WATER METERS, WATER NEEDS, PUBLIC WELLS, SANITATION SERVICES, SAFE WATER, CITY COUNCIL, PUBLIC STANDPIPE, WATER CONNECTIONS, BLOCK TARIFF, TOILETS, PUBLIC STANDPIPES, FINANCIAL VIABILITY, METER READING, ACCESS TO SERVICES, DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, URBAN CENTERS, SANITARY ENGINEER, VOLUMES OF WATER, CUSTOMER RELATIONS, WATER SYSTEMS, HOUSEHOLDS, HYGIENE, LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, MAINTENANCE COSTS, POTABLE WATER, WATER METERING, DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS, SERVICE PROVISION, URBAN WATER, USERS OF WATER, DEMAND MANAGEMENT, FIXED TARIFF, CHEAP WATER, HOUSE CONNECTION, UTILITIES, WATER SERVICE, BULK METERS, SUPPLY WATER, CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, WATER PRESSURE, HIGH WATER, URBAN WATER SUPPLY, CERTIFICATION, URBAN UTILITIES, WATER LOSS, ACCOUNTABILITY TO CUSTOMERS, WATER UTILITIES, WATER SUPPLY, PRIVATE OPERATORS, SANITATION PROGRAM, CASH FLOWS, URBAN POPULATIONS, WATER VENDORS, ACCESS TO WATER, FLUSH TOILETS, PAYMENT FOR WATER, URBAN AREAS, SMALL TOWNS, EQUITABLE ACCESS, LAUNDRY, URBAN SETTLEMENTS
Abstract

This study explores the potential of prepaid meters for serving urban poor communities. It provides urban utilities, oversight agencies, and other stakeholders in Africa with a basis for decision-making on the suitability, introduction, and management of such meters. The need for the assessment emerged from prepaid meters increasingly being utilized by water and sanitation utilities in developing countries, including World Bank clients. The technologies adopted have expanded over this period, but there has been a lack of consolidated data and analysis that capture the service delivery, operational efficiency, and access to services aspects of such systems across utilities and regions systematically. The review initially aimed to research experiences in six African countries from the perspective of their communities, as well as from water sector bodies, governments, and other investors. The number of case studies was increased to eight with the addition of Windhoek in Namibia and Nakuru in Kenya, as it became apparent that they may offer additional lessons. Windhoek, for example, is one of the prepaid water pioneers in Africa. The study specifically canvased the perspectives of customers, including market research and opinion surveys on people s experience and views of prepaid water in practice. Women and children were well represented in many of these groups. The analysis aimed to be robustly investigative, deliberately not advocating for prepaid systems in principle, or making firm recommendations, but rather offering balanced analysis and assessment, and considerations to inform policymakers and sector leaders, as well as other stakeholders who may face decisions or challenges on such systems. One of the key conceptual bases that the analysis identified was the need to differentiate between prepaid applications of prepaid system for standpipes, individual connections, and institutional and commercial customers each of which have different implications for their users, as well as for cost effectiveness. Utilities must be able to justify the investment in a prepayment system and its opportunity costs specific to the application they choose, and relative to alternative means of improving services.

Published
2014

3. Appropriate Groundwater Management Policy for Sub-Saharan Africa : In Face of Demographic Pressure and Climatic Variability

Author

Tuinhof, Albert, Foster, Stephen, van Steenbergen, Frank, Talbi, Amal, and Wishart, Marcus

Subjects
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT, STREAMFLOW, PUMPING, WATER CONSUMPTION, RIVER INTAKES, GROUNDWATER PUMPING, BOREHOLES, WASTE, MUNICIPAL WATER SERVICES, WATER TRANSFER, ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER, COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE, OXIDATION, POLLUTION CONTROL, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, GROUNDWATER ISSUES, GARDEN WATERING, STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION, BILATERAL DONORS, LARGE RESERVOIRS, COMMUNITY WATER, MUNICIPAL WATER, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, DRILLING RIGS, WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, AGRICULTURE USING GROUNDWATER, ARID REGIONS, MOTORIZED PUMPS, WATER DEMAND, WATER TREATMENT, GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES, METALS, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, SWAMPS, MARSHES, LAKES, GROUNDWATER USERS, GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION, WELLS, AQUIFER MANAGEMENT, CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION, WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT, BEDROCK TYPE, COAGULATION, AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION, AQUIFER, SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION, QUALITY STANDARDS, CALCIUM, LEAKAGE, CATCHMENT, SURFACE WATER, MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS, OPERATORS, GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT, WATER SHORTAGE, RAIN, DRINKING WATER, WATER ALLOCATION, FOOD PRODUCTION, REVERSE OSMOSIS, PVC, SAND DAMS, CROP PRODUCTION, WATER SECTOR, SEEPAGE, DOMESTIC WATER, GROUNDWATER, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENGINEERING, FLOODING, MANGANESE, RAINWATER, SHALLOW WELLS, PUMPING PLANT, GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT, RUNOFF, DROUGHT, ION EXCHANGE, IRON, CITY COUNCIL, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, PIT LATRINES, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, STANDPOSTS, STORAGE CAPACITY, PRECIPITATION, GROUNDWATER RECHARGE, ARSENIC, PUBLIC HEALTH, POLLUTION OF GROUNDWATER, SOIL EROSION, POTABLE WATER, WASTEWATER, MONITORING PROCEDURES, URBAN WATER, AVAILABILITY OF WATER, PRESSURE, FE, WATER WELLS, WATER TABLE, BASINS, DOMESTIC USE, WASTEWATER DISCHARGE, GROUNDWATER SOURCES, WATER MAINS, PIPED WATER, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, AERATION, WATER UTILITIES, WATER SUPPLY, GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION, HANDPUMPS, GROUNDWATER · MANAGEMENT, WATER VENDORS, AQUIFER RECHARGE, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN SANITATION, LAUNDRY, MINING, PUMPS, RIVERS, SAND BED, DEEP WELLS, SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, DRAINAGE, WATER TRANSMISSION, INTENSIVE GROUNDWATER USE, SEPTIC TANKS, RAINWATER COLLECTION, FLUORIDE, LAND SURFACE, MINERALS, EFFLUENT DISCHARGE, GROUNDWATER STORAGE, RAINFALL, SPRINGS, SEWERAGE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, CIVIL SOCIETY, CONSTRUCTION, WATER AVAILABILITY, WATER RESOURCE, GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, SEWERAGE SYSTEMS, DEWATERING, POLLUTION, SANITATION, NATURAL RECHARGE, DRILLING RIG, SALINE INTRUSION, MUNICIPAL UTILITIES, WATER SERVICES, INFILTRATION PONDS, AGRICULTURAL WATER, AQUIFERS, CLIMATIC VARIABILITY, WATER SCARCITY, PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT, DAM CONSTRUCTION, SANITATION FACILITIES, ADEQUATE WATER, WATER STORAGE, RIVER BASIN, ACCESS TO MARKETS, MUNICIPAL UTILITY, HYDROGEOLOGY, GROUNDWATER USE, IRRIGATION, INDUSTRIAL USE, SEDIMENTATION, WELL YIELD, FOOD SECURITY, COOLING, INFILTRATION, FLOW REGIMES, GROUNDWATER QUALITY, RURAL COMMUNITIES, LIVESTOCK WATERING, ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE, EFFLUENT DISPOSAL, SERVICE PROVISION, RURAL WATER, GROUNDWATER BODIES, CROP IRRIGATION, GROUNDWATER POLLUTION, NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES, COMPACTION, DEMAND MANAGEMENT, SCREENS, MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER, WATER DISTRIBUTION, BEDROCK LITHOLOGY, IRRIGATION WATER, ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS, RAINWATER HARVESTING, INDUSTRIAL USERS, WELL YIELDS, POROSITY, WATER QUALITY, NATURAL RESOURCES, SOILS, HIGH LEVELS, CAPACITY BUILDING, WELLHEAD PROTECTION, DISTRIBUTION OF WATER, COOLING WATER
Abstract

This paper provides an overview of major groundwater issues for Sub-Saharan Africa, with an assessment of their policy implications in terms of potential development and appropriate management. In terms of construction time, capital outlay and drought resilience, groundwater is the preferred source to meet most water-supply demands, despite hydro geological complexity, natural constraints on water well yields and quality, and institutional weaknesses. The 'new developmental agenda' relates to improving urban water-supply security and expanding irrigated agriculture to meet these challenges many countries need to undertake strategic assessment of their groundwater and prioritize investment on institutional strengthening so as to facilitate appropriately-managed groundwater development. Without effective use of available groundwater resources, improved livelihoods and climate-change adaptation will prove much more difficult to achieve.

Published
2011

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