1. The efficacy of soil washing for the remediation of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the field.
- Author
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Grimison C, Knight ER, Nguyen TMH, Nagle N, Kabiri S, Bräunig J, Navarro DA, Kookana RS, Higgins CP, McLaughlin MJ, and Mueller JF
- Subjects
- Soil chemistry, Clay, Water Pollution analysis, Charcoal, Plants, Fluorocarbons analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
This paper aims to describe the performance of a soil washing plant (SWP) for remediating a per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)-contaminated soil with a high clay content (61%). The SWP used both physical and chemical processes; fractionation of the soil particles by size and partitioning of PFASs into the aqueous phase to remove PFASs from the soil. Contaminated water was treated in series with granulated activated carbon (GAC) and ion-exchange resin and reused within the SWP. Approximately 2200 t (dry weight) of PFAS-contaminated soil was treated in 25 batches of 90 t each, with a throughput of approximately 11 t soil/hr. Efficiency of the SWP was measured by observed decreases in total and leachable concentrations of PFASs in the soil. Average removal efficiencies (RE) were up to 97.1% for perfluorocarboxylic acids and 94.9% for perfluorosulfonic acids. REs varied among different PFASs depending on their chemistry (functional head group, carbon chain length) and were independent of the total PFAS concentrations in each soil batch. Mass balance analysis found approximately 90% of the PFAS mass in the soil was transferred to the wash solution and > 99.9% of the PFAS mass in the wash solution was transferred onto the GAC without any breakthrough., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Charles Grimison reports a relationship with Ventia Services that includes: employment., (Crown Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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