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This paper focuses on the mathematical and numerical modeling of the electric arc + laser beam welding (HLAW) process using an innovative model of the Yb:YAG laser heat source. Laser energy distribution is measured experimentally using a UFF100 analyzer. The results of experimental research, including the beam profile and energetic characteristics of an electric arc, are used in the model. The laser beam description is based on geostatistical kriging interpolation, whereas the electric arc is modeled using Goldak's distribution. Hybrid heat source models are used in numerical algorithms to analyze physical phenomena occurring in the laser–arc hybrid welding process. Thermal phenomena with fluid flow in the fusion zone (FZ) are described by continuum conservation equations. The kinetics of phase transformations in the solid state are determined using Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) and Koistinen–Marburger (KM) equations. A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram is determined using interpolation functions and experimental research. An experimental dilatometric analysis for the chosen cooling rates is performed to define the start and final temperatures as well as the start and final times of phase transformations. Computer simulations of butt-welding of S355 steel are executed to describe temperature and melted material velocity profiles. The predicted FZ and heat-affected zone (HAZ) are compared to cross-sections of hybrid welded joints, performed using different laser beam focusing. The obtained results confirm the significant influence of the power distribution of the heat source and the laser beam focusing point on the temperature distribution and the characteristic zones of the joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a numerical model based on the finite element method (FEM) to predict deformations and residual stresses in socket welding of different diameter stainless steel pipes made of X5CrNi18-10 steel. The next part of the paper concerns the determination of strength properties of a welded joint in terms of a shear test. A thermo-elastic–plastic numerical model is developed using Abaqus FEA software in order to determine the thermal and mechanical phenomena of the welded joint. This approach requires the implementation of moveable heat source power intensity distribution based on circumferentially moving Goldak's heat source model. This model is implemented in the additional DFLUX subroutine, written in Fortran programming language. The correctness of the assumed model of thermal phenomena is confirmed by examinations of the shape and size of the melted zone. The strength of the welded joint subjected to shear is verified by performing a compression test of welded pipes as well as computer simulations with validation of the computational model using the Dantec 3D image correlation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns experimental research on the determination of deformation during uniaxial tension test of samples made of laser-arc hybrid welded joints. Steel sheet made of S355 steel with thickness 5 mm is butt-welded without gap using hybrid welding technique involving GMAW method with Yb:YAG laser beam. Samples used to the tension test are made from welded joints and base material. Universal strength machine Zwick&Roel Z100 is used with extensometer Multisens in all performed tension tests. The machine works with Dantec Q-400 Istra multi-camera 3D correlation system. System of three cameras mounted on a beam line is used for accurate measurement of the spatial deformations. Presented results of the research include strain fields measured for the entire tension cycle at the frequency 40 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical modeling of thermal phenomena with the motion of fusion zone in the welding pool taken into account is performed in this study for hybrid welding process using Yb:YAG laser with electric arc in GMAW method. New hybrid heat source model is developed on the basis of classical Goldak model for the electric arc and interpolation model for the laser beam with the experimental data of Yb:YAG laser beam distribution taken into account. Temperature field and melted material velocity field are calculated on the basis of numerical solution into mass, momentum and energy conservation equations in finite volume method with Chorin's projection method. Computer simulations of temperature field and melted material velocity field are performed in the welding pool for different distances between heat sources. The comparison of numerically estimated geometry of characteristic zones of joints with macroscopic pictures of cross sections of welds is made in order to evaluate the suitability of developed numerical model in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerns the numerical analysis of the influence for three different of welding heat source inclinations on the weld pool shape and mechanical properties of the resulting joint. Numerical analysis is based on the experimental tests of single-side welding of two sheets made of X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel. The joint is made using a laser welding heat source. Experimental test was performed for one heating source inclination. As a part of the work metallographic tests are performed on which the quality of obtained joints are determined. Numerical calculations are executed in Abaqus FEA. The same geometrical model is assumed as in the experiment. Material model takes into account changing with temperature thermophysical properties of austenitic steel. Modeling of the motion of heating source is performed in additional subroutine. The welding source parameters are assumed in accordance with the welding process parameters. Numerical calculations were performed for three different inclinations of the source. One inclination is consistent with experimental studies. The performed numerical calculations allowed to determine the temperature field, shape of welding pool as well as deformations and stress state in welded joint. The obtained results are compared to results of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]