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The adoption of paper in the Middle East changed literacy practices and improved economic performance, yet current accounts remain unhelpful for understanding why and how it happened. This paper offers a new analysis of the long-term factors behind the adoption of paper in the Middle East, combining insights from economic theory, economic history and evidence from quantitative studies. The paper establishes a long-term trend in the price of writing material and books in the Middle East, and suggests an explanation based on economic factors which led to a decline in the price of inputs in paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work reviews the different analytical methods that have been proposed in the field of forensic dating of inks from different modern writing instruments. The reported works have been classified according to the writing instrument studied and the ink component analyzed in relation to aging. The study, done chronologically, shows the advances experienced in the ink dating field in the last decades. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Bayesian statistics was applied to a small sample database of the tensile properties of five different brands of writing paper which were perceptibly similar. The measured parameters in the database were found to overlap for the five brands. This posed a limitation to the application of the classical approach for “match” or “no match”. It was found that using Bayesian statistics for source correspondence, a mere 2–3 measurements corresponding to a particular brand raised the probabilities associated with that brand to as high a 72% and eliminating a couple of brands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Inks and paper are the main materials and components of library and archive collections. Since the Third century B.C. there has been a continual succession of ink recipes from all over the world, with varying levels of documentation of the recipes used; however, it was only in the 19th century that Europe became the main producer and industrial leader in the discovery of new products. The aim of this study is to find out more about this last historical period, when new inks were created that had never been known or used in the past. In this study we chose four inks: they belong to documents preserved in the archive of the Superintendence Beni architettonici per il paesaggio e per il patrimonio storico artistico ed etnoantropologico (BAPPDAD) of Venice Lagoon, held in the Palazzo Ducale (Ducal Palace) of Venice. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) and pyrolysis coupled to a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detector (Py–GC–MS) allowed us to obtain a qualitative characterization of organic and inorganic elements in three different ink typologies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Szeged index extends the Wiener index for cyclic graphs by counting the number of vertices on both sides of each edge and sum these counts. Klavzar et al. [S. Klavzar, A. Rajapakse, I. Gutman, The Szeged and the Wiener index of graphs, Appl. Math. Lett. 9 (5) (1996) 45–49] provided an exact formula for computing Szeged index of product of graphs. In this paper, we apply a matrix method to obtain exact formulae for computing the Szeged index of join and composition of graphs. The join and composition of the vertex PI index of graphs are also computed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A tree which has exactly one vertex of degree greater than two is said to be starlike. In spite of seemingly simple structure of these trees, not much is known about their spectral properties. In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the notion of cospectrality called -cospectrality which turns out to be useful in constructing cospectral graphs. Based on this, we construct cospectral mates for some starlike trees. We also present a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for divisibility of the characteristic polynomial of a starlike tree by the characteristic polynomial of a path. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents recent modifications of the Leak Before Break procedure of the A16 appendix from French RCC-MR nuclear code and the improvements that will be proposed. The first part of the study deals with the prediction of the crack size at penetration. In the case of small initial defect the validity of the Master Curve used in the A16 appendix is confirmed for pipes. For large initial defects, a correction to the A16 procedure is proposed to take into account the effect of large initial crack length on its size at penetration. The second part of this paper focuses on the crack shape evolution after penetration, which is characterized by two stages: first straightening of the crack shape and then crack growth at both inner and outer surfaces. This typical behaviour is confirmed by numerical and experimental works for which particular loading conditions have been investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Measurement of short-term and long-term deflections is a necessary step towards understanding and evaluating the status of a bridge. In this paper, a novel non-contact weighted-stretched-wire (NCWSW) system is developed for measuring the deflection of a bridge. Also some factors related to the system are addressed. The proposed system is promising due to some attractive features such as high precision, low implementation cost and suitability for continuous monitoring. The efficiency and reliability of NCWSW system are investigated both analytically and experimentally. A realistic NCWSW system has been used in the monitoring of a real-world bridge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract  Multiobjective optimization methodology for the development of the papermaking process is considered. The aim is to find efficient and reliable solution procedures for the process line model consisting of sequential unit-process models; some of them based on physics, whereas others on experimental data. By the consequence of modeling procedures, nonphysical states or inherited from modeling data in statistical case, the unit-process models may suffer from undesired unreliability. To control the uncertainty resulting from the unit-process models, a new multiobjective optimization approach is introduced where both the papermaking targets as well as the uncertainty related unit-process models are simultaneously taken into account. We illustrate the solution process by numerical examples related to the quality of the produced paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we expose new method to analyse time series. The method is essentially applied for the prediction of time series among approximation and modelisation. It is based on wavelet decomposition combined with autoregressive models. An iterative procedure is applied and the performance of the estimator is measured by standardized error. Finally, a comparison with some existing models and methods has been pointed out to prove the performance of our’s. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The sheet carrier concentrations, conduction band profiles and amount of free carriers in the barriers have been determined by solving coupled Schrödinger and Poisson equation self-consistently for coherently grown Al0.3Ga0.7N/GaN and Al0.3Ga0.7N/AlN/GaN structures on thick GaN. The Al0.3Ga0.7N/GaN heterojunction structures with and without 1nm AlN interlayer have been grown by MOCVD on sapphire substrate, the physical properties for these two structures have been investigated by various instruments such as Hall measurement and X-ray diffraction. By comparison of the theoretical and experimental results, we demonstrate that the sheet carrier concentration and the electrons mobility would be improved by the introduction of an AlN interlayer for Al0.3Ga0.7N/GaN structure. Mechanisms for the increasing of the sheet carrier concentration and the electrons mobility will be discussed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An RNA secondary structure is considered to be planar if its arc graph can be embedded into a plane without edge crossing. In this paper, a graphical criterion of planarity is presented based on graphical composition for RNA secondary structures with pseudoknots in Rivas–Eddy Class. Effective planar testing algorithms are introduced based on our graphical criterion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper the jump-like crack growth model for monotonic loading is applied to re-examine both the onset of crack growth and process of stable crack growth. In the former case the fracture energy associated with a new surface creation is estimated and the in-plane constraint influence on this quantity is examined using the J–A 2 approach. In the later case the formula to compute the J-resistance curve is re-examined and compared with the one known from the standards. In the analysis the plane strain model of a structural element made of elastic–plastic material is assumed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper sets forth three mismatch properties, strictly ordered in strength, about sewings of crumpled n-cubes. The strongest is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for a sewing to yield , and the weakest, a necessary but not sufficient one. We show that when both crumpled cubes satisfies the Disjoint Disks Property, then the weakest property implies the sewing yields , and we also show that the intermediate property leads to the same conclusion when just one of the crumpled cubes possesses the Disjoint Disks Property. In addition, we develop examples that confirm sharpness of the relevant Disjoint Disks conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe a simple dynamic crack propagation experiment which reproduces two phenomena: mixed-mode propagation and crack stop and restart. This experiment is explained and interpreted using X-FEM simulations. We show that a simple fracture theory which consists in using a dynamic crack initiation toughness, a crack orientation along the maximum principal stress and a simple equation for the calculation of the crack speed is sufficient to explain what is observed experimentally. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Previous studies of aspiration and VOT in Japanese have led to /p/, /t/, and /k/ being inconsistently described as either unaspirated or moderately aspirated. The purpose of this paper is to resolve this issue. Assessing the productions of 13 monolingual Japanese talkers living in Japan, we repeated part of a VOT study that was based on 6 Japanese bilinguals living in the UK. For each talker we assessed the VOT in 44 voiceless stops, including 12 for /p/, 12 for /t/, and 20 for /k/. We found that Japanese VOT for /p/, /t/, and /k/ was 30.0, 28.5, and 56.7ms, respectively, and longer than the VOT of two short lag comparison groups and shorter than the VOT of two long lag comparison groups. We conclude that Japanese voiceless stops have an intermediate degree of aspiration and constitute an exception to the short lag and long lag dichotomy of voiceless stops said to characterize many languages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to show that various classes of operators having a common collection of root spaces whose closed linear span equals the entire space have dense sets of common cyclic vectors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we study a boundary feedback system of a class of nonuniform undamped Timoshenko beam with both ends free. We give some sufficient conditions and some necessary conditions for the system to have exponential stability. Our method is based on the operator semigroup technique, the multiplier technique, and the contradiction argument of the frequency domain method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper deals with a parabolic system, cross-coupled via a nonlinear source and a nonlinear boundary flux. We get a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of non-simultaneous blow-up. In particular, four different simultaneous blow-up rates are obtained in different regions of parameters, described by an introduced characteristic algebraic system. It is observed that different initial data may result in different simultaneous blow-up rates even in the same region of parameters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Small pieces of metal are generated during trimming of automotive body panels. Commonly referred to as slivers, these pieces can be imprinted into the surface of stamped panels. This may require metalfinish of every stamped exterior panel. The objective of the paper is to study the influence of trimming conditions on quality of trimmed surface and to modify the trimming process to eliminate slivers and burrs from trimmed surface. This objective is being accomplished through numerical simulation of the blank fracture and experimental study of trimmed surface formation. Suggested solution includes two measures: (1) building an elastic support of the offal eliminating bending of the part of the blank being trimmed off; (2) creating the preference of crack propagation from the lower shearing edge by machining a small radius on the upper shearing edge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the discourse utilized by President George Bush after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. I carried out the analysis of the discourse strategies used by the main actors involved in justifying of the war on their foes. As a method for analyzing the discourse I relied on frame analysis. Framing involves selecting certain aspects of the reality perceived into a text in order to endorse definitions of the protagonist, antagonist and the conflict and then to propose some alternatives for the solution of said conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the ink corrosion on handwritten documents at the Marburg University. The documents at the university were stored in barrier papers and were partially micro-filmed. The plan to digitalize jurist Carl Friedrich von Savigny's estate offered the first opportunity to display a spectrum of ink corrosion damage symptoms and to take conservation measures.

Abstract: In this paper we deal with the construction of global fuzzy preference structures from two-parameter single-criterion fuzzy outranking relations proposed in [10] and which are based on the aggregation of outranking indices associated with -cuts. We consider two ways of constructing global fuzzy preference structures: (i) aggregate the two-parameter single-criterion fuzzy outranking relations and then construct the global fuzzy preference structures and (ii) construct global fuzzy preference structures and then aggregate the single-criterion fuzzy preference, indifference and incomparability relations. We also investigate the case where these two ways of proceeding lead to the same results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Given a set D of positive integers, the distance graph has vertices all integers Z, and two vertices j and in Z are adjacent if and only if . This paper determines the circular chromatic numbers of some distance graphs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper attempts to a basic concept for a modified power flow analysis with a sense of the economic load dispatch to remove the concentrated burden of the slack bus. The power flow calculation in the proposed method is incorporated into the economic load dispatch (ELD). Furthermore, the proposed method eliminates not only the burden of a slack bus, but also maintains ‘an equal incremental cost’ in the economic load dispatch sense in this paper. Both the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 39-bus systems are used to verify the usefulness of the proposed technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Let ${\mathbb D}:=\{(x_1,x_2)\in {\mathbb R}^2:x_1^2+x_2^2 < 1\}$ be the 2-dimensional unit disk and $\gamma \in H^{1/2} (\partial {\mathbb D},{\mathbb R}^3) \cap L^\infty (\partial {\mathbb D})$. For suitably small H>0, we consider the Dirichlet problem for H-systems \[ \hskip3.4cm \left\{\begin{array}{rlll} \Delta u &=& 2H u_{x_1} \wedge u_{x_2} &\quad {\rm in}\ {\mathbb D}\\[5pt] u &=& \gamma &\quad {\rm on}\ \partial {\mathbb D}\,.\hskip3.45cm {\rm (H)} \end{array} \right. \] It is well-known that (H) admits at least two distinct solutions for non-constant γ and small H>0. In this paper, we introduce conditions on γ and develop methods of finding at least three distinct solutions to (H) under such conditions on γ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states that moralists and millers alike grinded away an epoch when the world of letters was inconceivable without paper, and when paper, though the source material was in perpetual short supply, could not be made without rag. Even paper and bread were not much different in composition, being in both cases vegetable stripped from the stalk and either cooked or dried; and the machinery that made them both was sometimes to be found under the same roof, millstone and masher blades in adjoining sheds, turned by the same gear and driven by the same wind or pure water.

The rate of wetting and washing of paper was been studied in this article. The papers studied were an Arches artists' paper and a Whatman filter paper. The papers were used as supplied and as artificially discoloured by soaking them in a concentrated aqueous extract of old, discoloured paper. The wetting of the Arches paper was much slower than that of the filter paper; a surfactant accelerated the wetting of the Arches paper but had little effect on the filter paper. For both discoloured papers, the rate of washing was accelerated by the presence of surfactant. The rate of wetting and of washing was increased as the temperature increased. A period of storage at zero degree, relative humidity increased the extent of washing compared with paper previously humidified.

The article focuses on electronic ink. The company Gyricon calls it Smart Paper and E Ink Corp. calls it electronic ink. Both companies have developed and are marketing a new type of electronic paper that could vastly change communications and visual media technology. As a display technology, ink on paper has many advantages. Gyricon and E Ink are betting that paper coated with electronic ink can enhance the value and pleasure traditionally associated with reading a printed, bound book. Both of these companies are striving to maximize commercialization opportunities with a new display technology that imitates the best properties of plain old paper.

Focuses on an experiment to study the influence of accelerated ageing temperature on properties of papers treated with calcium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide combined with methyl cellulose solutions. Two kind of papers used in the experiment; Conditions under which accelerated ageing procedure was carried out; Measurement of chemical, optical and mechanical properties of treated and untreated papers.

Focuses on an experiment regarding the effect of pH and alkaline reserve of paper on the growth of some filamentous fungi. Factors influencing the growth and metabolic activities of filamentous fungi; Treatment given to different qualities of paper during the experiment; List of fungal strains that were used to carry out biological tests on paper samples.

Focuses on seven kinds of traditional Chinese paper. Effect of jiaofanshui, animal glue with alum as an acidic sizing agent; Properties of xuan paper and daqian writing paper; Uses of various traditional Chinese papers.

Focuses on an experiment to study the impact of aqueous treatment on the strength properties of Whatman filter paper. Information on folding endurance and tensile absorption of the paper; Explanations for the decrease in tensile strength of the paper after aqueous treatment; Discussion on long-term implications of decrease in tensile strength on the basis of different strength decrease scenario.

Silicone components are commonly added to paper in order to reduce the sticking on the surface to favor the separation of commodities with fat matrix from the paper wrapping. In this work infrared spectroscopy (in the HATR version) was evaluated for performing the quantitative determination of the silicone components content present on the surface of the aforesaid packages. The proposed method is demonstrated to distinguish papers that are differentiable for a content of at least 0,1-0,2 g/m 2 , furnishing results in rapid and predictable way and not necessitating any preliminary sample preparation. Its application has allowed, for example, to determine the different level of silicone components that could be found in a paper used for oven-cooking of foods or in paper-packages for minicakes found on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which correlated the chemical, optical and mechanical properties of paper made from Egyptian raw materials with aging factors. Experimental set up; Results and discussion; Summaries.

Presently, we contemplate the merger of paper and electronics in different forms. There is a great desire to further explore this twinning of the information displaying features of printed papers and electronic inks. Here, we report a full-color paperboard display technology comprised of thermochromic and static inks combined with a patterned heater foil. Black and full-color thermochromic ink dots were screen-printed adjacent to, and on top of, static ink dots using a zero-angle mesh and template pattern orientation. As the heater is turned on and off, the display alter its content in between two predefined four-color pictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, aminophoshpine was supported on Al2O3, which was a very active catalyst for the Suzuki coupling. The reaction condition was mild. The catalyst could use four times with synthetically useful results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reports that program development manager Robert E. Porter has received 2005 Rod Rose Award for the best paper published in a research journal. This award is given recognizing the achievement of the authors and to honor the best paper published in the Journal of the Society of Research Administrators. Porter is working as a program development manager in research division of the company Virginia Tech. Porter has also prior experience of 20 years of working as a education administrator and private healthcare consultant.