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Biodegradable solid polymer electrolytes based on PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and amino acid (proline) with different molar mass percentages of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) were prepared by solution-casting technique using distilled water as solvent. Their structural, thermal, vibrational, and electrical properties were studied. XRD analysis confirms the amorphous nature of the polymer electrolytes. DSC measurements show a decrease in Tg with increasing salt concentration. The FTIR analysis reveals the complex formation between the PVA, proline, and ammonium chloride. Transference numbers for the proton-conducting polymer electrolytes have been measured. The maximum ionic conductivity has been found to be 7.01 × 10−4 S/cm at ambient temperature for 75 Mwt% PVA;25 Mwt% proline:0.3 (m.m.%) of NH4Cl polymer electrolyte using AC impedance analyzer. The temperature-dependent conductivity of the polymer membranes obeys Arrhenius behavior. The highest ionic conductivity polymer electrolyte has low activation energy of 0.07 eV among the prepared polymer electrolytes. An electrochemical stability window of 3.10 V has been measured using linear sweep voltammetry for the highest ionic conducting membrane. The highest conductivity polymer electrolyte 75 Mwt% PVA:25 Mwt% proline:0.3 (m.m.%) NH4Cl has been used to construct a primary proton battery and fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-polymer electrolyte iota-carrageenan (Ι-carrageenan) with ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) has been prepared by solution-casting technique. The increase in amorphous nature of the bio-polymer electrolyte due to the addition of salt has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. From the XRD spectra, the average particle size has been calculated using the Debye–Scherrer formula and the value is 0.98 nm. The complex formation between the polymer and the salt has been confirmed by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature of the bio-polymer Ι-carrageenan with NH 4 NO 3 electrolytes has been found using differential scanning calorimetric technique. From the AC impedance spectroscopic analysis, the ionic conductivity value has been found to be 1.46 × 10 − 3 S/cm at ambient temperature for the composition of 1.0 g Ι-carrageenan: 0.4 wt% NH 4 NO 3 . The temperature dependent conductivity of the polymer electrolyte obeys an Arrhenius relationship. The dielectric behavior has been analyzed using dielectric permittivity (ε*) and the relaxation frequency (τ) has been calculated from the loss tangent spectra (tan δ). The modulus spectra indicate non-Debye nature of the material. Ionic transference number has been found to be 0.95 for the polymer 1.0 g Ι-carrageenan: 0.4 wt% NH 4 NO 3 . The result reveals that the conducting species are predominantly due to ions. Electrochemical stability window of 2.46 V has been measured by using linear sweep voltammetry for the highest ionic conducting membrane. A primary proton battery has been constructed with the highest conductivity sample and open circuit voltage has been found to be 1.04 V. Fuel cell has been constructed with the highest proton conductivity polymer 1.0 g Ι-carrageenan: 0.4 wt% NH 4 NO 3 and the open circuit voltage found to be 442 mV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and free standing solid polymer electrolytes are prepared using solution casting technique comprising PMMA and LiNO3. The properties of the polymer system are further improved by adding nanofillers to the polymer matrix. Hence in the present work, the nanofiller Al2O3 is added to PMMA‐LiNO3 network. The increase in amorphous nature of the polymer with increase in LiNO3 and Al2O3 is revealed by XRD. The interaction of LiNO3 and Al2O3 with the polymer PMMA is analyzed by FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Application to energy saving devices. • This paper covers the recent developments in the field of biobased conducting materials. • Obtained a highest conducting biopolymer in the order of 10−3 S/cm. • The initial open circuit voltage of battery is 4.29v. • Very low glass transition temperature (32.08 °C) is obtained. Above this temperature it acts like rubbery materials. • The prepared biopolymer k-carrageenan with ammonium bromide membrane is Eco friendly. Preparation of biopolymer electrolyte based on kappa-Carrageenan with ammonium bromide (NH 4 Br) by means of solution casting manufacturing method using condensed back H 2 O as a solvent. Non crystalline characterization between the biopolymer (kappa-Carrageenan) and salt (NH 4 Br) has been investigated by XRD (X-ray diffraction) characterization. Glass transition temperature of the prepared sample is studied by DSC and its 32.08 °C for highest conducting biopolymer membrane. The conductivity value measured by the conductivity study for 1 gm kappa-Carrageenan with 300 mg NH 4 Br is 2.80 × 10−3 S/cm. The proton conducting battery has been fabricated and the measured output voltage is 4.29 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]