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To study the risk factors of cervical cancer in four ethnic women in Yunnan Province, and to provide evidence for its prevention. Methods: The cervical cancer patients of Han, Bai, Dai and Hani ethnic groups in Yunnan Province who were first diagnosed in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center) from January 2011 to December 2020 were selected as the research objects. The 1:1 matched case-control study method was used, and single factor and conditional logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: HPV types 16, 18 and 58 are mostly related with cervical cancer, the younger the age of the last pregnancy, the more times of pregnancy, childbirth and abortion, especially the younger the first marriage age of Bai and Dai, are the risk factors of cervical cancer; the infection of genital tract bacteria, mycoplasma and chlamydia is closely related to the incidence of cervical cancer in four ethnicities. Multifactorial analysis showed that demographic characteristics and environment/behavior were not included in the influencing factors of cervical cancer; among Han, Bai, Dai and Hani ethnic minorities, contraception (OR=0.29, OR=0.03, OR=0.09, OR=0.16, P< 0.05) was positive factor, HPV infection (OR=64.77, OR=128.71, OR=71.89, OR=40.07, P< 0.01) was a causative factor of cervical cancer. Conclusion: Risk of high parity with cervical cancer could be due to a complex interplay of factors, it is very important to formulate prevention strategies and measures in line with the cervical cancer of Han, Bai, Dai and Hani ethnic groups women in Yunnan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is implementing a pilot project to reform the property rights of farmland water facilities to solve the serious problems of chaotic end-of-pipe governance and inefficient irrigation from farmers. Based on microscopic research data of farm households in a typical pilot in Lu Liang County, Yunnan Province, in China, this study uses the Tobit model, and SEM was used to explore the impact of property rights reform on the irrigation efficiency of farmers and the potential mechanism paths. We further analyzed the differences in governance logic and irrigation efficiency between the two property rights models of "multiple cooperative governance" and "private contract governance" formed after the reform. The findings are as follows: (1) Compared with nonreformed areas, reformed areas have a higher promotion of adoption of water-saving technologies and a better quality of facility maintenance, which significantly contributes to irrigation efficiency, but farmers' perception of water scarcity negatively affects irrigation efficiency; (2) there are differences between the "multiple cooperative governance model" and "private contract governance model" in terms of the mechanism paths to improve irrigation efficiency, resulting in different focuses between the two models, in which the former one has better irrigation efficiency while cutting off some of the farmers' benefits and the latter benefits more farmers while losing some of the irrigation efficiency. Finally, this study recommends that China should continue to promote the reform of farmland water property rights while focusing on promoting water conservation technologies, improving the quality of facility maintenance and facility water supply capacity, enhancing farmers' awareness of water scarcity, and implementing a more water-efficient "multiple cooperative governance model". The results of this study provide a model with Chinese characteristics for developing property rights policies and governance models for farmland water facilities in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus and species of Schizopteridae, Cornonannus bui gen. et sp. nov. is described from Yunnan Province, China. The new genus is closest to Pachyplagia Gross, 1951, Ogeria, Distant 1913, and Kaimon Hill, 2004 in morphology, but it can be distinguished from these genera by the male having a frontal process, the absence of pronotal collar, the distinct venation of forewing, a tarsi formula of 3-3-3, and the middle area of abdominal tergites I to VII with small, round tubercles. Photographs of the male habitus, head, thorax, abdomen, appendages, and genitalic structures, as well as scanning electron micrographs of the male head, thorax, abdomen, and genitalic structures and drawings of male genitalia, are provided. Moreover, a key to all known Chinese schizopterid genera is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new wood‐inhabiting fungal species, Lyomyces niveus and L. ochraceoalbus spp. nov. are proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Lyomyces ochraceoalbus is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with tuberculate, cracking hymenial surface, clavate basidia with a median constriction, gathering numerous irregular crystals, and thin‐walled basidiospores with one or two globules. Lyomyces niveus is characterised by resupinate basidiomata, smooth to grandinioid hymenial surface, presence of three kinds of cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU gene regions were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic reconstruction of Schizoporaceae based on a concatenated ITS+nLSU dataset showed that the two new species are nested in Lyomyces. A second phylogenetic analysis, of the genus Lyomyces, demonstrated that multiple isolates of L. niveus forms a monophyletic lineage which is sister to a clade comprising L. crustosus, L. juniperi, L. ochraceoalbus and L. vietnamensis. Moreover, L. ochraceoalbus is closely related to L. crustosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the performance and utility of the Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) dataset for monitoring drought over Yunnan Province, China. First, several statistical metrics were used to evaluate the CHIRPS data against 122 gauge observations acquired during 1981–2015. Then, the variation of drought was investigated further based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) over multiple timescales. The results showed the following: (1) the CHIRPS data performed well in terms of monthly precipitation estimation (CC = 0.89, RMSE = 44.26, and MAE = 27.89), albeit with slight overestimation of total precipitation (Bias = 2.9%). Moreover, the CHIRPS data were found adequate in capturing the spatial distribution of precipitation. (2) The CHIRPS-based SPI was shown to be able to capture the occurrence and characteristics of drought events, suggesting that the CHIRPS dataset could be used as an alternative precipitation source for monitoring drought. (3) On the annual scale, it was found that the regions affected most frequently by drought are areas in central, western, and southern parts of Yunnan Province. High frequency of drought occurrence was observed in both spring and winter. Moreover, the results revealed a widespread drying trend over Yunnan Province during 1981–2015, especially in autumn and winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To limit the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the government of China has been monitoring infected travelers and minimizing cold-chain contamination. However, other factors might contribute to recurring outbreaks. We analyze the role of undocumented migrants as potential transmitters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates Xiyi Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province, China, which has little mineralized outcrop and rare supergene enrichment. The deposit is overlain by transported cover with a thickness of ~0.2–50 m. The geoelectrochemical extraction method (GEM) was tested over well-characterized areas of the deposit (sections A–B, C–D), and in an unexplored region (area E). GEM results are compared with soil geochemical methods (SGM) in areas of known mineralization and show that the geoelectrochemical anomalies (Pb, Zn, Ge, As, Au) exhibit a positive response to the deep concealed ore body, and that GEM can be more effective for finding the concealed Pb-Zn ore in the study area compared to SGM. A geoelectrochemical prospecting index was created for this deposit type and tested in an area without known mineralization (area E). The index shows that anomalies can be identified where the contrast value (CV) is >1 for Pb and Zn, and where there is the Y1 factor score (y 1) >0 (for Pb-Zn-Ge-As-Mo-Bi). Correlation and factor analysis identify two comprehensive anomaly zones (CAZ) in area E with good prospecting potential, which can be used as the focus of the next exploration. The strong surface geoelectrochemical and soil geochemical anomalies above the fracture belt, with weak to moderate anomalies over thick transported cover above the fracture belt extension, suggest that dilatancy pumping is a dominant migration mechanism in the formation of anomalies in areas of shallow transported cover. • The geoelectrochemical extraction method (GEM) is feasible and more effective than soil geochemical method (SGM). • The anomalies of GEM can indicate the deep concealed mineralization or ore bodies. • The CV anomalies of Pb, Zn (CV<1), Y1 (Pb-Zn-Ge-As-Mo-Bi) factor score (y 1 <0) are shown to be prospecting indicators of GEM. • Define and evaluate two comprehensive anomaly zones in the unexplored area E by the GEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplasma phagocytophilum—the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)—is a tick-borne pathogen transmitted by Ixodid ticks infecting wild and domestic mammals as well as humans. Despite the availability of evidence regarding this emerging infection among vectors, host animals, and individuals in China, there is limited knowledge on the prevalence and distribution of A. phagocytophilum in the Yunnan Province. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of A. phagocytophilum in healthy adults and patients with acute undifferentiated fever from four regions in the Yunnan Province. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence assay were used to detect immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies against A. phagocytophilum in sera obtained from 1185 healthy blood donors and 245 patients with acute undifferentiated fever, respectively. Demographic variables were assessed as potential risk factors using the chi-squared test. The rates of seropositivity rates were 7.59% and 4.49% in healthy donors and fever patients, respectively. Analysis of risk factors such as gender, age groups, and place of residence showed statistically significant differences. Infections with A. phagocytophilum occur widely among individuals residing in southwestern China. Our results indicate that there is serological evidence of HGA in this population and presence of acute A. phagocytophilum infections in patients with undifferentiated fever in the Yunnan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three wood-inhabiting fungal species, Xylodon gossypinus, X. macrosporus, and X. sinensis spp. nov. were collected from southern China, with the similar function to decompose rotten wood, which are here proposed as new taxa based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Xylodon gossypinus is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with cotton hymenophore, and ellipsoid basidiospores; X.macrosporus is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata having the cracking hymenophore with pale yellowish hymenial surface, and larger basidiospores 8–10.5 × 7.5–9 µm; and X. sinensis differs by its grandinioid hymenial surface and subglobose basidiospores measuring as 3–5 × 2.5–4 µm. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The ITS+nLSU analysis in Hymenochaetales revealed that the three new species clustered into the Schizoporaceae family, located in genus Xylodon; based on the ITS dataset, X. gossypinus was a sister to X. ussuriensis; X. macrosporus closely grouped with X.follis with a high support; and X.sinensis was retrieved as two sisters to X. attenuatus and X. yarraensis with a lower support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High sex ratio at birth due to son preference has been known in China historically, but it was thought this phenomenon would diminish with modernisation. The aim of this study was to investigate abortion decisions and reported sex ratios at birth in the context of successive family planning policies in Huaning County, Yunnan Province, in China. Abortion patterns and reported sex ratios at birth of a random sample of 1,336 women aged 15–64 were analysed for the period 1980–2000, in relation to parity and sex of previous children. There was a male bias in the abortion pattern during the 1980s, but by the end of the 1990s most pregnancies of women with two children were being terminated. Sex ratio at birth rose from 107 in 1984–87 to 110 between 1988–2000 in Huaning. While women's reproductive decisions were influenced by son preference over the whole period, the means used to ensure a son differed with changing family planning policies. We conclude that rising sex ratios in the context of falling fertility and modernisation is an alarming socio–demographic issue, which defies historical experience. Assumptions that discrimination against girls would diminish with economic development and female education have proven simplistic. Action is urgently needed to reduce and mitigate the effects of discrimination against girls. Résumé La Chine enregistre depuis longtemps un rapport de masculinité élevé en raison de la préférence pour les fils, mais on pensait que ce phé nomè ne diminuerait avec la modernisation. Cette é tude a analysé les dé cisions d'avorter et les rapports déclarés de masculinité à la naissance, dans le contexte des politiques successives de planification familiale dans le comté de Huaning, province du Yunnan, en Chine. Elle a é tudié les avortements et les rapports de masculinité à la naissance sur un é chantillon de 1336 femmes de 15-64 ans sur la pé riode 1980-2000, par rapport à la parité et au sexe des enfants pré cé dents. Pendant les anné es 80, les décisions d'avorter révélaient une partialité en faveur des garçons, mais à la fin des années 90, la plupart des mè res de deux enfants interrompaient leur grossesse. À Huang, le rapport de masculinité à la naissance est passé de 107 entre 1984–87 à 110 entre 1988–2000. Pendant toute la période étudiée, les décisions des femmes étaient influencées par la préférence pour les fils, mais les moyens employés pour s'assurer un garçon variaient avec l'évolution des politiques de planification familiale. La hausse des rapports de masculinité, face à la baisse de la fécondité et la modernisation, est un phénomène socio-démographique inquiétant, qui dé fie l'expérience historique. Il était simpliste de penser que la discrimination à l'égard des filles diminuerait avec le développement économique et l'éducation des filles et il faut agir d'urgence pour réduire les effets de cette discrimination. Resumen En China se ha sabido por años que hay preferencia por hijos varones pero se pensó que este fenó meno disminuira con la modernizació n. Este estudio investigó el aborto y las proporciones de sexos entre los recién nacidos en las politicas de planificació n familiar en Huaning, Yunnan, en China. Se analizaron las decisiones para abortar y las proporciones de sexos entre recié n nacidos en una muestra aleatoria de 1,336 mujeres de 15 a 64 años entre 1980 y 2000, en relación con la paridad y el sexo de los hijos anteriores. Durante los años 80, se experimentó un sesgo hacia el sexo masculino en los abortos, pero a fines de los años 90, las mujeres con dos hijos decidian abortar. En Huang, la proporción de varones recié n nacidos aumentó de 107 por cada 100 niñas entre 1984–87 a 110 niños por cada 100 niñas entre 1988–2000. A pesar de que durante todo este período las decisiones de las mujeres fueron influenciadas por su preferencia por tener un varó n, los medios utilizados para garantizar su nacimiento cambiaron con las polí t́icas de planificación familiar. El aumento en la proporción de varones entre recién nacidos en una fecundidad declinante y la modernización es un aspecto sociodemográ fico alarmante que desafíà la experiencia histórica. Fue simple pensar que la discriminación contra las niñas disminuiríà con el desarrollo econó mico y la formación de las mujeres. Es apremiante la necesidad de tomar medidas para disminuir y atenuar los efectos de la discriminació n contra las niñas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]