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The aggrandised advancement in utility of advanced day-to-day materials and nanomaterials has raised serious concern on their biocompatibility with human and other biotic members. In last few decades, understanding of toxicity of these materials has been given the centre stage of research using many in vitro and in vivo models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater fish and a member of the minnow family has garnered much attention due to its distinct features, which make it an important and frequently used animal model in various fields of embryology and toxicological studies. Given that fertilization and development of zebrafish eggs take place externally, they serve as an excellent model organism for studying early developmental stages. Moreover, zebrafish possess a comparable genetic composition to humans and share almost 70% of their genes with mammals. This particular model organism has become increasingly popular, especially for developmental research. Moreover, it serves as a link between in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in mammals. It is an appealing choice for vertebrate research, when employing high-throughput methods, due to their small size, swift development, and relatively affordable laboratory setup. This small vertebrate has enhanced comprehension of pathobiology and drug toxicity. This review emphasizes on the recent developments in toxicity screening and assays, and the new insights gained about the toxicity of drugs through these assays. Specifically, the cardio, neural, and, hepatic toxicology studies inferred by applications of nanoparticles have been highlighted., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) has been recognized as an effective insecticide to protect crops against grasshoppers, cohort insects, rice insects, wireworms, and other agricultural pests and; for the control of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It is a cyclic, saturated hydrocarbon, which primarily exists as five different stable isomers in the environment. Though the use of HCH is banned in most countries owing to its adverse effects on the environment, its metabolites still exist in soil and groundwater, because of its indiscriminate applications. In this study, a dose-dependent toxicity assay of the HCH isomers isolated from soil and water samples of different regions of Odisha, India was performed to assess the in vivo developmental effects and oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. Toxicity analysis revealed a significant reduction in hatching and survivability rate along with morphological deformities (edema, tail malformations, spinal curvature) upon an increase in the concentration of HCH isomers; beta isomer exhibiting maximum toxicity (p < 0.05). Oxidative stress assay showed that ROS and apoptosis were highest in the fish exposed to β-2 and δ-2 isomers of HCH in comparison to the untreated one. Zebrafish proved to be a useful biological model to assess the biological effects of HCH isomers. In addition, the results suggest the implementation of precautionary measures to control the use of organochlorine compounds that can lead to a decrease in the HCH isomers in the field for a healthier environment., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To synthesize biocompatible and ecofriendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and elucidate their in vivo molecular and cellular nanotoxicity at an atomic level. Materials & methods: AgNPs were biosynthesized using Andrographolide and their in vivo cellular and molecular biocompatibility was evaluated using zebrafish embryos. Results: AgNPs with a size of 80 nm and ζ potential of -52 mV were obtained. The LC50 for the AgNPs embryonic zebrafish was found to be 125 μg/ml. AgNPs induced reactive oxygen species production and elicit apoptosis mechanistically, then nanoparticles were shown to interact with caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins through proline, cysteine, glycine and histidine amino acid residues via H-bond of corresponding bond energies. Conclusion: Biosynthesized AgNPs have potential to be used for biomedical and therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is expected to aggrandize for different ecological applications, owing to inimitable physical, chemical, and biological properties. The need of hour propels the quest for new technologies concerning eco-compatible synthesis of AgNPs and their hybrid forms with higher biocompatibility and maximum efficacy. This study proposes a novel ecofriendly synthesis of antibacterial Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-sulphonic-Silver (pNSAg) hybrid aided by the aqueous floral extract of Calotropis gigantea. and inquisite its higher mechanistic in vivo biocompatibility with zebrafish. Physiochemical characterization of pNSAg confirmed the hybridization of AgNPs with pNIPAM with thermo-sensitive size variation property as determined by dynamic light scattering, FESEM, and flow cytometry. Comparative antibacterial analysis showed concentration and temperature-dependent higher activity of pNSAg compared to AgNPs at 20 °C. In vivo biocompatibility investigation determined the LC50 of 112.3 µg/mL for pNSAg compared to 51.2 µg/mL for AgNPs with embryonic zebrafish. Mechanistic biocompatibility unraveled it as effect of induction of oxidative stress leading to apoptosis via interaction with metabolic proteins like he1a, Sod1, and p53. The study provided insight into in vivo biocompatibility of polymer-metal nanoparticles hybrid with an eco-compatible approach for their synthesis paving a pathway to ecological and biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Phytofabrication of pNIPAM-co-sulphonic@AgNP hybrid (pNSAg) was done using Calotropis gigantea. • pNSAg showed smart size dependent response against thermal stimuli. • pNSAg showed higher antibacterial efficacy than AgNP at variable temperature. • pNSAg exhibit biocompatibility by molecular interaction with Sod1 and Tp53 leading to altered oxidative stress and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day to day consumption of black pepper raise concern about the detailed information about their medicinal, pharmaceutical values and knowledge about the biocompatibility with respect to ecosystem. This study investigates the in vivo selective molecular biocompatibility of its seed cover (SC) and seed core (SP) powder extract using embryonic zebrafish model. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the extract prepared by grinding showed presence of different components with "piperine" as principle component. Biocompatibility analysis showed dose and time dependent selective effect of SC and SP with LC50 of 30.4 μg/ml and 35.6 μg/ml, respectively on survivability, hatching and heartbeat rate in embryonic zebrafish. Mechanistic investigation elucidated it as effect of accumulation and internalization of black pepper leading to their influence on structure and function of cellular proteins hatching enzyme (he1a), superoxide dismutase (sod1) and tumor protein (tp53) responsible for delayed hatching, oxidative stress induction and apoptosis. The study provided insight to selective biocompatibility of black pepper expedient to produce higher quality spices with respect to pharmaceutical, clinical and environmental aspects. Image 1 1. Seed cover (SC) and seed core (SP) part of black peppercorn seeds were tested for their differential toxicity. 2. Selective biocompatibility analysis showed differential effect of Seed cover (SC) and seed core (SP) on zebrafish metabolic activities. 3. Pepper showed molecular interaction with he1a, Sod1 and tp53 enzymes to influence biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]