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Objectives: To investigate the safety and tolerability of gadobutrol at the recommended dose in patients requiring contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging/angiography (MRI/MRA) in the routine setting.Methods: GARDIAN prospectively enrolled 23,708 patients undergoing routine gadobutrol-enhanced MRI/MRA for approved indications at 272 study centres in Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa and monitored for adverse events.Results: Median gadobutrol dose was 0.11 mmol/kg body weight. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was 0.7 % (n = 170 patients), with similar incidences in patients with renal impairment or cardiac disease, from different geographic regions and in different gadobutrol dose groups. Patients at risk for contrast media reaction had an ADR incidence of 2.5 %. Five patients (0.02 %) experienced serious adverse events, four were drug-related. One patient experienced a fatal anaphylactoid shock, assessed to be related to injection of gadobutrol. The contrast quality of gadobutrol-enhanced images was rated by treating physicians as good or excellent in 97 % cases, with similar ratings in all patient subgroups and indications.Conclusions: The GARDIAN study shows that gadobutrol at the recommended dose is well tolerated across a large, diverse patient population.Key Points: • Gadobutrol at recommended dose shows low rates of adverse drug reactions • Gadobutrol demonstrates a uniform safety profile across diverse patient groups • Gadobutrol provides excellent contrast quality in routine practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the attractiveness of ports in West Africa through the development of a container shipping lines' port choice methodology. Although many multi-criteria decision-making methods have been developed and applied to facilitate a rational port choice process, few have investigated the criteria used by shipping lines when selecting ports in West Africa. With the rapid economic development of West Africa, the task of establishing a rational model to guide shipping lines to choose their favourite ports in the region becomes urgent. In this work, 16 criteria are identified to assist shipping lines in port choice from four perspectives including adequate infrastructure, port location, port charge, and port administration/port efficiency. In order to quantitatively evaluate these criteria, an analytical hierarchy process approach is used to make use of subjective judgements to compensate the incompleteness of objective data. One of the important findings from this study is that port infrastructure is the most crucial criterion in terms of the port attractiveness in West Africa. It is followed by port draught, political stability, market size/cargo volume, and international networks. The research outcomes also indicate that the port of Abidjan is the most attractive container port in West Africa, followed by Dakar when all the identified important criteria are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of two studies conducted to evaluate the performance and usability of household biomass cookstoves under field conditions in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Cooking tests and qualitative surveys compared improved, manufactured stove models based on the ‘rocket’ design with the traditional three-stone fire. All tests and interviews took place in household kitchens in two village areas in Western Uganda and Western Tanzania. The performance parameters evaluated in cooking tests were specific fuelwood consumption and cooking time. Surveying of household cooks gathered information about prevailing cooking practices, stove preference and usability, and willingness to pay for novel stove types. Test results showed that the manufactured stoves, in general, yield a substantial reduction in specific fuelwood consumption relative to the three-stone fire, with results varying by stove type and type of food cooked. Survey data suggests that while cooks recognize fuelwood savings as an important benefit, overall stove preference depends upon a combination of this and other factors, including cooking time, stove size and ease of use. These findings highlight the importance of testing multiple cookstoves for preparation of a variety of food items, as well as combined use of quantitative stove tests in combination with qualitative surveys in efforts to determine suitability of cookstoves for household use in a given community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) share the same mosquito vectors and have similar clinical manifestations early stage of infection. Therefore, simultaneously differentiating these viruses from each other is necessary. We developed a multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the differentiation of these four viruses in a single tube. The linear range was established by regression analysis, and the R 2 value for each virus was ≥0.98, and the 95% lower limit of detection for each virus was as follows (copies/reaction): ZIKV-Asian, 9; ZIKV-Africa, 15; CHIKV, 11; DENV-1, 19; DENV-2, 13; DENV-3, 24; DENV-4, 36; and YFV, 17. Meanwhile, our multiplex real-time RT-PCR has a good consistency with the commercial singleplex assay. In summary, the developed assay can be effectively used for the diagnosis of ZIKV, DENV, CHIKV, and YFV infections., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)