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Boreal fires can cool the climate; however, this conclusion came from individual fires and may not represent the whole story. We hypothesize that the climatic impact of boreal fires depends on local landscape heterogeneity such as burn severity, prefire vegetation type, and soil properties. To test this hypothesis, spatially explicit emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and their resulting radiative forcing are required as an important and necessary component towards a full assessment. In this study, we integrated remote sensing (Landsat and MODIS) and models (carbon consumption model, emission factors model, and radiative forcing model) to calculate the carbon consumption, GHGs and aerosol emissions, and their radiative forcing of 2001-2010 fires at 30 m resolution in the Yukon River Basin of Alaska. Total carbon consumption showed significant spatial variation, with a mean of 2,615 g C m and a standard deviation of 2,589 g C m. The carbon consumption led to different amounts of GHGs and aerosol emissions, ranging from 593.26 Tg (CO) to 0.16 Tg (NO). When converted to equivalent CO based on global warming potential metric, the maximum 20 years equivalent CO was black carbon (713.77 Tg), and the lowest 20 years equivalent CO was organic carbon (−583.13 Tg). The resulting radiative forcing also showed significant spatial variation: CO, CH, and NO can cause a 20-year mean radiative forcing of 7.41 W m with a standard deviation of 2.87 W m. This emission forcing heterogeneity indicates that different boreal fires have different climatic impacts. When considering the spatial variation of other forcings, such as surface shortwave forcing, we may conclude that some boreal fires, especially boreal deciduous fires, can warm the climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]