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This paper highlights the phenomenon of gender equality in Albania. It examines the importance of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in reducing poverty. This research is based and is conducted on the basis of 100 randomly selected respondents with the most reliable answers regarding gender equality. The interviews were done face-to-face with the individuals and the data were then processed through the SPSS statistical program. We hope that this research will serve in the future for young researchers as an effective and positive study for today's society in the world. Going beyond the literature documenting the impact of women's education on fertility, this document presents facts on the role of women in labor markets, wages, and pensions. This paper also summarizes the function of supportive policies from the government in the framework of gender equality and the World Bank's support for its expansion. The paper ends by analyzing the current situation of equality through a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are growing concerns with rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across countries. These concerns are enhanced by the increasing and inappropriate utilization of 'Watch' antibiotics with their greater resistance potential, AMR is further exacerbated by the increasing use of antibiotics to treat patients with COVID-19 despite little evidence of bacterial infections. Currently, little is known about antibiotic utilization patterns in Albania in recent years, including the pandemic years, the influence of an ageing population, as well as increasing GDP and greater healthcare governance. Consequently, total utilization patterns in the country were tracked from 2011 to 2021 alongside key indicators. Key indicators included total utilization as well as changes in the use of 'Watch' antibiotics. Antibiotic consumption fell from 27.4 DIDs (defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day) in 2011 to 18.8 DIDs in 2019, which was assisted by an ageing population and improved infrastructures. However, there was an appreciable increase in the use of 'Watch' antibiotics during the study period. Their utilization rose from 10% of the total utilization among the top 10 most utilized antibiotics (DID basis) in 2011 to 70% by 2019. Antibiotic utilization subsequently rose after the pandemic to 25.1 DIDs in 2021, reversing previous downward trends. Alongside this, there was increasing use of 'Watch' antibiotics, which accounted for 82% (DID basis) of the top 10 antibiotics in 2021. In conclusion, educational activities and antimicrobial stewardship programs are urgently needed in Albania to reduce inappropriate utilization, including 'Watch' antibiotics, and hence AMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was done to determine the variation of 12 morphological and agronomic traits in 17 landraces of faba bean (Vicia faba), collected in areas of Albania and stored in the Genetic Bank of Albania, to use them for cultivation purposes or in genetic improvement programs in function of agricultural production. For the purpose of this study, 12 morphological and agronomic traits were analyzed: leaf length, leaf width, plant height, number of branches on the main stem, number of pods per plant, number of kernels per pod, number of kernels per plant, pod length, pod width, kernel length, kernel width and 100 kernel weight. Validated differences were found for all 12 morphological and agronomic traits. The landraces of faba bean are valued as material for the cultivation of faba bean for the production of legumes and grains. We consider that the large load of the plant with fruit organs can affect the reduction of the weight of 100 kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditionally fermented products, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains are related to the organoleptic qualities of the products and their beneficial properties. The present study aims to isolate new strains of LAB from the unique and unstudied microbiota of traditional fermented foods artisanal prepared in the Gora region, Albania, and assesses their potential as antagonists of food-associated microorganisms and as probiotics. Different types of fermented food products (yogurt, white-brined cheese, traditional yellow cheese, dried sausage, and spontaneously fermented fruits) were collected and 12 new isolates were obtained. The new isolates' species identification was performed by morphological, physiological characteristics, and 16 S rDNA gene sequencing. The antibacterial activity of the newly isolated strains was performed and antagonistic effects were shown against E. coli (100 %), B. subtilis (100 %), B. cereus (66.67 %,) and P. aeruginosa (25 %). The antifungal activity is a promising advantage, as all of the strains have shown an established antagonistic effect against A. niger (100 %), A. flavus (91.67 %), F. proliferatum (100 %), and P. claviforme (100 %). They have shown strain-specific aggregation (auto-aggregation, co-aggregation), cell surface hydrophobicity, and mucin adhesive abilities. Strains have the capabilities to grow during the stress conditions like low pH, pepsin, pancreatic enzymes, and bile salts, and survival capabilities were at high levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The audit of human resources is one of the most important elements of the internal audit of every economic entity in Albania, but also an added value in the general management of these entities against the realization of their objectives. Human resources are one of the main resources used to achieve their main objective, which is the maximization of profits. There are several key factors that affect the performance of human resources within an economic entity, and the analysis of these factors is the focus of this study. These factors were analyzed by building a questionnaire that was addressed to a main target group that generated the main data of this study. The main goal is to measure the effect of each factor on the efficiency of the human resources audit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm to school (F2S) programmes ensure school pupils receive an appropriate diet, fight malnutrition, and motivate children to attend school. The participation of local smallholders in F2S schemes contributes to these objectives, but also provides a market opportunity for local small farms. This is particularly important in the case of developing or emerging economies that are characterised by malnutrition among children and where smallholdings often struggle with limited market access, as is the case with Albania. The aim of this paper is to explore the main factors affecting farmers' willingness to participate in a F2S scheme using data from a structured farm survey. Regression analysis results show that economically based motivation (farm-related factors such as size and post-harvest losses) intertwined with social capital factors and attitudinal indicators (experience and attitudes towards cooperation, reliance on local governmental support, information, and product safety perception level) affect farmers' willingness to participate in F2S schemes. For farmers to participate viably in such schemes, it is necessary to provide knowledge, awareness, and support for ensuring compliance with food safety and quality standards and for improving cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities such as abusive deforestation, the plugging up of new agricultural lands and their intensive cultivation, extraction of gravel and sand from the riverbed have been intensified in surface waters rivers, lakes and lagoons in Albania. That's why the aim of our research was to analyse potential pollution resulting from watershed sources and adjacent increased human activities nearby water for Erzeni River. Also, to analyse potential pollution resulting from watershed sources and adjacent increased human activities, we conducted a study during winter November 2021 on physic-chemical parameters nutrients, heavy metal contents and bacteriological analysis of water for Erzeni River. Erzeni River is located in the western part and is one of Albania's main rivers. The Erzeni River flows to a length 109 km, traversing the regions of Tirana and Durres, with an area of 760 km² and finally flows into the Adriatic Sea. The study aimed to determine (i) the water quality in the lagoon of Erzeni River using physico-chemical parameters and the level of heavy metals, (ii) its status to support living life in the aquatic ecosystem. To analyse the pH value, we have used the potential difference of an electrochemical cell using a suitable pH meter. ISO 5815-1:2019 was used for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) through respirometry BOD Measuring System. For (N-NO3) we have used UV visible spectrophotometer, the SMEWW, 4500-NO3. Total nitrogen measured as (N-NH4) eventually was analysed with UV visible spectrophotometer analytical method with a wave length around 655 nm. P-PO4 was measured with the analytical method UV visible spectrophotometer. To analyse the intestinal Enterococcus, we have used the principle of the method membrane filtration and culture at 44 0C in a suitable environment (in the separation of the chromogenic substrate β-D-glucosidase from Enterococci colonies leading to a blue coloration. E. coli was analysed using the principal method of membrane filtration and cultivation at 37 0C in a suitable environment based on the simultaneous detection of β-D-glucuronidase (GLUC) and β-D-galactosidase (GAL) activities. For the analysis of total coliforms, we have used the principal method of membrane filtration and cultivation at 37 0C in a suitable medium (such as Tergitol lactose agar, Endo agar, 0.4% Teepol liquid) and colony counting. Samples was diluted or, as appropriate, concentrated in such a way that they contain from 10 to 100 colonies. The combination of selective media and conditions of growth (44 0C) inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and most Gram-positive bacteria, except Enterococci) and colony counting. Taking samples, transport and storage were done according to ISO 5667. Also surface water of the river were analysed for heavy metals: Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, As, Ni, Zn (by the EPA Method No. 1637 and flame atomic absorption spectrometric method) in 3 sampling stations, Teater Kame station SS1, Ura e Beshirit station SS2, Ura e Shijakut station SS3. From the results it can be seen that the entire surfaces of this area over the length of the Erzeni River are agricultural lands with constant agricultural activity. Besides the pollution from the sewage that flows untreated directly into the river, the urban and industrial wastes of Tirana and a good part of Durrës on the banks of this river are also discharged. The water quality is based on the parameters of the standards, also Cd and Cu concentration ranges at Erzeni River are at the same level as reported. The heavy metals, Pb and Ni in some stations are found in higher levels than the values allowed by the EU and pose a potential health risk to humans and the aquatic life of the river's ecosystem. It is necessary to conduct further analysis for the water quality of the river as the main irrigation source for agriculture. In Albania there is a lack of knowledge and precautions about the water used for irrigation and it is possible that their contamination at such high levels has a consequence of great impact on public health. The users of this water should be aware of the consequences and the risks for the public health that come with irrigation using polluted water. The heavy metals value is lower than the EU levels but is necessary to monitor and prevent the potential health risk to humans and the aquatic life of the river's ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-cultural differences in romantic attitudes are often taken for granted and accepted. However, very little research has been conducted to clearly state how much and how different Albanian and American college students are in the way they love. Results indicate that Americans are more romantic than Albanians. In addition, Americans are more verbally-oriented in expressing their love, whereas Albanians are more behaviorally-oriented.

Albania is a country rich in water reserves such as rivers and lakes. The Shkumbin River is one of the main rivers with a length of 181 km. The watershed of this river (2445 km), includes the eastern and central part of Albania, and is characterized by forested areas. Part of the water is collected from deforested areas with high erosion. Natural factors (erosion) are dominant in the upper stream of the river, contributing to the values of TSS and different metals. But the anthropogenic factor, which is related to urban emissions and industrial activities, has a big impact. This happens in the middle stream of the river flow (Elbasan field). For this purpose, the water quality of the Shkumbini river was monitored for 4 years (2017-2020) in two stations (Labinot and Paper). Ten physico-chemical parameters. pH, Total hardness (TH), Nitrite (NO-2), Nitrate (NO-3), Chloride (Cl-), Alkalinity, TSS and TDS, DO and Conductivity (EC) were analyzed and compared with WHO standard values and NIVA classification. The evaluation shows that we have an impact of human and industrial activity on the river waters. Determining the level of anthropogenic pollution is very important since about 28,000 ha of agricultural land is irrigated by this river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cirsium is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. The extracts from the anthers of the thistle flowering plant (Cirsium sp.) are used since long time ago by the local population at the central Albania in the coagulation of cheese as a substitute for animal-derived rennet in the cheese manufacture. This approach and practice is traditionally applied on small scale farming systems. Floral extract coagulated milk within a suitable time for use on an industrial scale, while the yield of cheese obtained was similar to that achieved with chymosine. The aim of this research was to evaluate the coagulation capacity of the thistle enzymatic aqueous extract, and to study of proteolytic biochemical changes of cheese produced with this extract, for a maturation period of 15 days. Evaluation of the thistle enzymatic aqueous extract coagulation capacity was performed with Optigraph. The extract was analyzed for protein content, which resulted in a concentration of 296 ug/mL aqueous extract. Coagulation properties were evaluated for volumes 1,000, 500, and 100 μL extract. The cheese produced from this extract was analyzed for physicochemical properties total protein (AOAC Method 920.123 (Kjeldahl), moisture (AOAC Method 926.08), pH, NaCl (IDF Standard 88A:1988) and acidity (by potentiometric titration), and proteolytic activity by determining the content of soluble nitrogen in citrate, acetic acid trichloride at pH 4.6, and the content of free amino acids in cheese (Cadmium-ninhydrin method) for both 3rd and 15th day of maturation period. The results showed that coagulation properties appeared for the amount of 100 μL of coagulant extract, increasing the volume of the extract (enzyme concentration) did not improve the coagulation process. The total protein content, in dry weight, resulted 80 and 82 gr in 100 gr cheeses, respectively on the 3rd and 15th day of analysis, typical for hard cheeses. The free amino acid content in cheese was 4.9 and 14.7 mg in 100 gr cheeses, respectively after 3 and 15 days. The free amino acid content for the two maturation periods indicates a slow proteolysis. Based on our data it can be concluded that the cheeses coagulated with plant extract of Cirsium sp., turn out to have high protein content, low proteolytic activity and require in a relatively long time to achieve a standard cutting strength (K20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the establishment of the communist regime in Albania, many Albanian students, mainly males, went to study in the Mecca of Revolution—the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Many of them fell in love there and married Soviet girls who returned with them to the tiny Balkan country to build socialism with their Albanian husbands. These women were considered as missionaries who were helping Albania to build a communist future. In 1960, however, their position changed when the Albanian leadership refused de-Stalinization and denounced the Soviet Union as an imperialist power. After Enver Hoxha's split with Khrushchev, many Soviet women left Albania, but others decided to remain with their husbands in that country. Albanian authorities, considering Soviet women spies of the KGB (The Soviet Committee of State Security), persecuted many of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in many parts of the world, the Covid-19 sanitary pandemic has hit very hard the economies of the countries of the Western Balkans. The economy faced a "shock" both on the supply and on the demand. Most economic sectors were paralyzed. One of these sectors is the insurance market, which represents a relatively important weight for the economic and financial sector. The purpose of this article is to analyse the impact of Covid-19 on the insurance market in the three countries of the Western Balkans: Albania, Serbia and North Macedonia. Based on the specifics of this crisis and particularly that of the insurance sector, the purpose of this article is to verify the impact of Covid-19 on the insurance market and specifically, on the volumes of gross annual premiums. To verify it, we have analyzed the annual data of this sector, before the pandemic and throughout the pandemic. The results show that the Covid-19 pandemic for Albania and North Macedonia has had a negative impact on the market of this sector, while for Serbia we have an increase in the annual data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The M w 6.4 26 November 2019, earthquake has been the strongest in the last decades in Albania, causing damages of intensity VIII to IX EMS in the epicentral region around Durres. The region north of Durres has experienced a maximum uplift of ca. 11 cm, based on SAR interferometry, which represents the main environmental effect induced by the earthquake. Other coseismic environmental effects were liquefaction mostly in the coastal area north and south of Durres, lateral spread in the Erzen river banks and possibly minor rock falls. As a whole, the observed effects are indicative of an intensity VIII to IX in the ESI scale. The rupture parameters that best fits the earthquake data (seismic moment, hypocentre depth, GPS data, deformation field from SAR interferometry), based on Coulomb modelling, show a reverse slip of 0.6 m on a NW–SE trending plane dipping 25° northeast, 20 km long and ca. 12 km wide, from 19.5 to ca. 15 km deep. The surface projection of the upper tip of the rupture is on the coast north of Durres. The inferred Coulomb stress change does not impose any significant load on the surrounding major faults, that is Kruja thrust, Lezha transfer fault, and the offshore thrust fault responsible for the 1979 M w 7.1 Montenegro earthquake. The historical earthquakes and the regional tectonic setting, dominated by plate collision and important transfer fault zones suggest that the last earthquake might not be representative of the actual maximum seismic and surface faulting hazards in northwestern Albania, a region of fast industrial and touristic growth. This calls for detailed active tectonics studies with a palaeoseismological perspective in the region surrounding the epicentral area, where the two main towns in Albania lie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance is a major matter of public health concern. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance of E.Coli in fecal flora of healthy children in Tirana – Albania. Samples were taken from about 342 children (excluding all subjects who have been ill / taken antibiotics for the last two weeks) from the kindergartens / schools of Tirana aged 1 year to 10 years (average age 5,24 ± 1,44). Rectal swab were plated on MacConkey agar with 10 mg/l ampicillin. Isolated resistant colonies Lac+ were identified like E. Coli (or coli - shape) and were studied further. Antibiotic resistant Escherichia Coli was present in 81 (%) per cent of children studied, and 32 (%) per cent resistance was transferable. 49 % of children that not used antibiotic (with no history of antibiotic consumption) during last year, carried resistant E. Coli and transferable R plasmids were present in 28% of them. 46 % of children that not frequent day/care center carried antibiotic E. Coli and transferable R plasmid were present in 20 % of them. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age, fathers education’s, mothers education’s sex and number of children in family could be identified as an independent risk factor for the emergence of resistance in the population studies. Normal fecal flora in the population we studied seems to play an important role as reservoir of antibiotic resistance gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of studying the mass wasting in Republic of Albania and their geomorphological activity is considered as a largely historical and difficult phenomenon. The morphological evolution of the sloping processes where they are formed requires detailed study of the sedimentological and chronostratigraphic data of the territory.The problems of hillside instability are among the most destructive natural hazards of territory of Albania, which represents one of the greatest threats to the life and material goods of the population. Landslides, landslides, flows and complex movements occur day by day around landscapes of Albania. Each year these disasters cause many victims, injured and injured, as well as large economic losses. The impact that this type of danger causes is of greater magnitude in low-income countries due to its high degree of vulnerability. To prevent future disasters associated with hillside instability, it is of the utmost importance that all members of the population know this phenomenon and remain attentive to the manifestations that prey on it and the factors that generate it. The study of these dangers related to hillside instability involves the participation of interdisciplinary groups of specialists, who analyze not only the process as such, but also the resulting socio-economic effects. The first step to reduce the harmful effects caused by these natural phenomena is to spread knowledge and foster culture among the inhabitants of a territory about them. Many of the slopes are in a potentially unstable condition, so that movements can start easily. This is due to different factors. On the one hand, the forming thermal materials may be poorly resistant or be characterized by the presence of weakness systems such as diaclases, fractures, failures. etc, which implies latent instability, or the slopes may be exposed to external factors, such as erosion, that play a very important role in their imbalance. The presence of excessive rains and intense tremors are the main detonating mechanisms of instability in the context of natural disasters. Do not cut trees or destroy the natural vegetation of the region and do not dig the hillsides in the form of cuts and terraces without authorization. Where the surface of the natural terrain is inclined, it is important to don't allow water from household drains to infiltrate the terrain. It must give immediate notice to the civil protection, so that they are responsible for expediting the repair work, so that the ground does not soften. It is very important that you are attentive to the indications of the civil protection authorities of your community, especially during the rainy season. If infractructure of settlements are located on the side of a hills, should constantly check the walls and ceilings for cracks or subsidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albania has historically been known to have an active but challenging drilling activity that demands the most innovative technology to develop, predominantly, medium-heavy oil reservoirs. Although recent efforts have been made by the government to stimulate and expand the largest onshore European oilfield, technical and economical obstacles are prevalent. These obstacles make it difficult to fully develop reliable and profitable hydrocarbon bearing zones in a downturn economy, especially since Albanian oil can be costly to produce and refine. Due to these typical issues that affect many local energy sectors, many developed countries diversify their energy production to avoid strict dependency on crude oil. An emblematic and modern option that is extensively gaining popularity in Europe focuses on renewable energy from sophisticated recycling programs. Although Albania is a relatively "green" country when it pertains to its electricity production (97% hydropower and 3% fossil fuels), it has yet to develop energy-recycling programs that it can salvage for self-sustainable energy sources. The past years have seen a conscious revitalization and stimulation in the mentality of green economy in Albania. But, in comparison to the rest of "western Europe" that are leading world examples in efficient recycling, it is significantly lagging with initial strides just now focusing on aligning national legislations with current EU models. Furthermore, two crucial reasons that should motivate Albania to investigate new applications for energy recycling are: (1) alternatives to crude oil and petroleum products that can be supplemental and provide stable access to fossil fuels; (2) industrial and municipal recycling via waste management to reprocess waste and produce industrial raw material-spawning the emergence of a "circular economy" to develop the backbone needed to strengthen the industrial and manufacturing markets for a self-sustaining economy. Accordingly, in this paper, the topic that will be addressed, given the recent decrease in oil & gas prices, focuses on the Albanian energy sector's capability to sustain and develop a supplementary recycling program via "waste-to-fuel" (WTF) technology (biofuels and/or inorganic waste). With the intent that it could function cooperatively with Albania's active drilling program to mitigate dependency on a single fuel source and produce enough fossil fuel in an effective and sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to study, geomorphology closely related to physico-geographical conditions and the main aspects of human development of the territory of the Republic of Albania. We have mainly focused on the detailed analysis of morphology and morphogenesis, drawing on the stages of its morphotectonic and morphoclimatic evolution. The diversity of the natural environment and the scientific problems that the relief presents for solutions and direct practical values, promote the necessity of undertaking a study at the contemporary geomorphological level. The field expeditions have analyzed in detail the factors and causes of the formation of the simplest relief forms to the most complex and complex ones, illustrating each morphogenic phenomenon by geographical distribution. From field expeditions, measurements and observations have been made of the diverse geomorphological, hydrological, pedological, plant phenomena and processes and of the effects of human intervention. Some detailed factual data for the analysis of external morphogenic phenomena are still missing as they are difficult to observe directly and consequently they are supplemented with information provided by local residents. New data have been presented in the terrain genetic framework, serving as a support for the further deepening of studies in the field of geomorphology, physical geography and the natural environment as a whole, serving as the basis for the analysis of specific geomorphological units of our country. The realization of this study is based on a long years of field research, using simultaneously the data of geology, physical geography, climatology, hydrography, pedology, vegetation and environment. Theoretical preparation, associated with rich information from the field, has enabled the implementation of the above work, which synthesizes current geomorphological research with related sciences. Complex analysis of geomorphological problems, as one of the main priorities is placed at the center of the study, alongside physico-geographical ones, closely related to natural resources, environmental degradation and territory regulation. Geomorphological features and physico-geographical elements should be put in place for the organization and regulation of rural space, contributing to a fuller understanding of morphological phenomena and explaining the causes and consequences of some human factors in the development of external terrain modeling processes. The fullest determination of the geomorphological features of the relief of Albania will require the realization of proper geomorphological regionalization by applying contemporary criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the article is to identify the role of social and political movements and non-political forms of participating within a democratic system. Albania as a young democracy had been under organizational fragmentation. Albania has a stable political party system, but its society faces a chaotic development towards the democratization process. In this paper the main aim is to explain the role of social cleavages and social movements in a young democracy like Albania. The relationship between social movements and the political party system will be viewed from two perspectives: a) the relative openness or closure of the institutionalized political system; and b) how non-conventional forms of participation, such as a protest, can be part of policy-making. The paper is structured into two main parts, the first one deals with the theoretical approaches towards social movements and social cleavages and the second one relates to the Albanian perspective and its socio-political background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of geological composition, the territory of Albania closely depends on the geographic position. The presence of our country in the alpine-Mediterranean fold belt and the geological structures, called Albanide, have determined the intense development of the internal tectonic processes, as well as the external processes. The tectonic regime of the geological structures during the Miocene epoch to the Quaternary period, was accompanied by reverse faults and thrust faults one over the other of the tectonic areas of Albania. The morphologic and morphogenetic complex of the relief was created during the tectogenic period, especially during the tectoorogenesis, where as consequence diverse magmatic. terrigenous and carbonates rocks were created. The highly pronounced character of the differential tectonic movements during morphotectonic evolution, especially during the plio-quaternary period, has created the actual morphological features of the relief of Albania. The migration of orogenesis from east to west is conditioned by the dominance of mountainous ranges and ridges in the eastern and central parts, as well as in the fields and lowlands of the western part of Albania. The relief is distinguished by its diversified morphogenetic traits, due to the highly complex morphotectonic evolution, a large number of carbonate, terrigenous and magmatic rocks, as well as the significant influence of the outward processes. Due to the existence of composition of the large number of tectonic faults as well as the high values of tectonic uplift and downlift, the genetic composition of the structural relief was also created. Each of the sub-types within the structural relief is closely related to the presence of complex geological structures such as anticlinal, synclinal, monoclinal and aclinal structures. An important role have the structural landforms formed in the structures of faulting type, thus in the horst and graben structures, which are associated with very large morphological contrasts of the relief. A part of the horst and graben structures during the last period of pliocene and during the quaternary was involved by intense tectonic lifting movements, resulting to a fragmentation of flat bottom of ex-former depressions, and consequently they were transformed into depressions with fragmented bottom. A large part of structural relief landforms, such as structural benches, flat surfaces formed in the aclinal structure, structural surfaces, denudational surfaces and concave fragment of front of the cuestas, have been used for the construction of rural and urban settlements, for the road infrastructure network, the construction of human buildings, as well farmlands for the country's economy. The detailed analysis of the structural relief features, based on the characteristics of geological construction, enables prospects for taking measures against geomorphological, seismic and hydrological hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a total of five market samples and one sample from a credible beekeeper were analyzed to evaluate the quality of honey in Albania. The physicochemical parameters analyzed included: moisture, pH, free acidity, ash content, insoluble matter and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The results obtained were compared with Albanian Standard of Honey (Directive No. 21, Date 25.11.2010). Based on the results it was observed that values of pH, free acidity, ash content and insoluble matter were within the limits for all samples analyzed. Only sample MS4 exceeded the moisture level of 20% set in the standard. Four out of five market samples (MS): MS2, MS3, MS4 and MS5 recorded an amount of HMF between 59.65 - 285.75 mg/kg (maximum limit in the standard is 40 mg/kg), compared with sample B1 (beekeeper's sample), where the HMF amount was very low, 1.047 mg/kg. High values of HMF indicate that honey had undergone excessive heat treatment during processing and/or inadequate storing conditions, which can affect honey quality. HMF parameter is very important because it evaluates honey freshness and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender equality is a cornerstone in the process of Albania's integration into the European Union. Although gender equality terminology was once considered impossible, progressive steps have now been taken to increase female involvement at the top of public office, decision-making, and local government. The continuous political changes of our country have created a huge legal gap over the role of women in society. Political and economic reforms after the 1990s aimed to create an equitable system of benefits between women and men, concerning their freedoms and personal rights. It is very important to emphasize that gender equality policies have an impact on improving the welfare of society by creating a parity that aims to flourish in a modern state. Reforming the legal framework on gender equality policies in Albania is a challenge, but its implementation is a considerable legal treasure trove for human rights. The same treatment of both genders will lead to the national restructuring of the monetary and human resources which will be governed by the treaties ratified by our state in creating a very good legal guide to the implementation of European standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of hurdle technology even more is getting a special attention from food scientist and producers, due to its economical convenience, simplicity and flexibility in use. In Albania fig fruit is widespread, usually sold in summer in local markets as fresh fruit, and during the year could be found as dried figs, which is traditionally sun-dried, and a small amount is preserved with addition of sugar. A big challenge still facing rural areas in Albania is the lack of preservation methods and capacities, the high perishable nature of fig and the supply of local markets with imported fig products, which could lead in a stock creation of country produce. So the application of hurdle technology was the aim of this work, as a novel approach to new dietary dried fig-based products development, with the attempt to minimize stock creation of dried figs produce, and market diversification with a range of products competing imported fig products. This study may serve as suggestions for further development of dried fig-based products, also may have an impact for rural areas development in Albania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The analysis presented here aims to establish the role of self-organized groups in the Albanian democratization process, and to understand their implications, based on the concepts of political opportunities and non-conventional forms of participation in decision-making. The relationship between the concept of "self-organized groups" and the political opportunity system will be viewed from two perspectives -- the relative openness or closure of the institutionalized political system and how non-conventional forms of participation, such as protest, can be part of policy-making. The features of self-organized groups will be treated firstly in this paper followed by focusing on the main question: "Are the self-organized groups helped or not helped by the political opportunity system in the Albanian case?" A comparison with other young democracies of Eastern Europe will cast further light on this analysis. In the analysis of how self-organized groups work, act, and cooperate in young democracies like Albania, it is shown that different financial, human, technical, and political factors determine to what degree the self-organized groups are dependent on the political opportunity system in order to achieve their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine the influence that a project manager's experience has on project success. This paper was part of a doctoral study. A survey of actual or former project managers working in Albania and Kosovo who were LinkedIn members was conducted. A total of 138 participants responded, however, only 108 participants completed all the questions. Regression analysis was performed to understand the relationship between a project manager's experience and project success. Project managers' work experience did not predict project success. While the results of this study might not have shown a statistically significant effect of project manager's experience to project success for an alfa level of 0.05, the literature review includes a high number of studies emphasizing the effect of project managers' experience in overall project success. The coefficient of determination, R² value, is 0.01. This means that 1% of the variation in the dependent variable project success is a result of the independent variable project manager's experience. The limited sample size of participants and younger population of these two countries might have been a constraint. Further research with a larger population and in different countries is needed. This paper extends the research by analyzing critical success factors for project success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the safety attitudes of specialist physicians (SPs), general physicians (GPs), and nurses in primary care in Albania. Design The study was cross-sectional. It involved the SPs, GPs, and nurses from five districts in Albania. A demographic questionnaire and the adapted Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ)-Long Ambulatory Version A was used to gather critical information regarding the participant's profile, perception of management, working conditions, job satisfaction, stress recognition, safety climate, and perceived teamwork. Methods The onsite data collectors distributed questionnaires at the primary care clinics and then collected them. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the responses. The significance of mean difference among SPs, GPs, and nurses was tested using analysis of variance. Findings Five hundred twenty-three questionnaires were completed. The concept of patient safety in relation to job satisfaction received the highest ratings. Stress recognition had low ratings. There was a high level of teamwork in SPs, GPs, and nurses. Healthcare staff agreed that it was difficult to discuss errors in their primary healthcare center. Physicians in contrast to nurses were most likely to affirm that they do not make errors in hostile situations. Conclusions Errors are difficult to discuss. It was clear that primary care staff, such as physicians, never considered the likelihood of errors occurring during tense situations. Clinical Relevance Staff at primary healthcare centers are used to adverse events and errors. Despite the demand for safety improvement and the existing evidence on the epidemiology of outpatient medical errors, most research has only been conducted in hospital settings. Many patients are put at risk and some are harmed as a result of adverse events in primary care. Adequate communication and technical skills should be utilized by primary care providers (PCPs) for improvement of patient safety. The patient safety measures should include assessment of the safety attitudes of PCPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The new Chewing Function Questionnaire (CFQ) was lately developed in Croatia to measure the chewing ability in prosthodontic patients, as a one-dimensional instrument consisting of 10-items. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop an Albanian version of the CFQ questionnaire and to test its psychometric properties in a new typical environment among the Kosovo population.Materials and Methods: The original version of CFQ questionnaire was translated and cross-culturally adapted from the English language into Albanian in accordance with international guidelines. Its validity (construct, convergent and discriminative) and internal consistency (reliability) were tested in 205 participants. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 61 subjects with natural teeth, and responsiveness was evaluated in 51 prosthodontic patients with treatment needs.Results: Internal consistency of CFQ-ALB indicated excellent agreement, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.974 and average inter-item correlation of 0.792. Intraclass correlation coeficinets for test-retest were found without significant differences by 95 % of confidence intervals (p > 0.05). Construct validity was supported by a single factor that accounted for 81.711 % of the variance observed. Convergent validity was supported by the association between self-reported general satisfactions with chewing and CFQ summary scores. Discriminat validity was supported as statistically significant differences were observed between pre-defined groups. Responsiveness was confirmed by the significant difference between baseline summary scores and the after treatment scores; the mean change was 15.57 (SD =2.49) (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The obtained results suggest excellent psychometric properties of the CFQ-ALB questionnaire for determining chewing function in the Republic of Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to adapt the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) and to test psychometric properties of the Albanian language version in the cultural environment of the Republic of Kosovo. Methods: The OES questionnaire was translated from the original English version according to the accepted techniques. The reliability (internal consistency), and validity (construct, convergent and discriminative) were tested in 169 subjects, test-retest in 61 dental students (DS), and responsiveness in 51 prosthodontic patients with treatment needs (PPTN). Results: The corrected item correlation coefficients of OES-ALB ranged from 0.686 to 0.909. The inter-item correlation coefficient ranged between 0.572 and 0.919. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.961 and IIC 0.758. Test- retest was confirmed by good ICCs and by no significant differences of the OES scores through the period of 14 days without any orofacial changes (p > 0.05). Construct validity was proved by the presence of one-factor composition that assumed 79.079 % of the variance. Convergent validity showed significant correlation between one general question about satisfaction with orofacial esthetics and the OES summary score, as well as between the sum of the 3 OHIP-ALB49 questions related to orofacial aesthetics and the OES summary score. Discriminative validity was confirmed with statistically significant differences between DS, prosthodontic patients without treatment need and PPTN (p < 0.01). Responsiveness was confirmed by a significant increase of OES scores after PPTN patients received new fixed partial or removable dentures (P< 0.001). Conclusion: The results proved excellent psychometric properties of the OES-ALB questionnaire in the Republic of Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researching the problem solving abilities of the college students in Albania and Turkey by various variances is the general purpose of this research. Within the frame of this general purpose, "are the sub-dimensions of the problem solving inventory of the students of Epoka University of Albania and Selcuk University of Turkey differentiating and according to variances of gender, age and university department?" were researhed. 526 randomly selected undergraduates from the Business, International Relations, Computer Engineering and Civil Engineering departments of the Epoka and Selcuk Universities constituted the sample of the study. Epoka University of Albania was added to the research population with Selcuk University of Turkey because of the fact that the students of it were graduated from Turkish High Schools and they could talk, understand, read and write in Turkish language. The "Problem Solving Inventory" adapted to Turkish by Sahin, Sahin and Heppner (1993) was used in the collection of data. In the study it was determined that the students of Epoka University exhibit more positive problem solving approaches in terms of impatient, avoidant and self-confident approaches than the students attending to Selcuk University. It was also determined that the total problem solving inventory points of the students of the both universities did not differentiate in terms of gender and the departments they attend to, but exhibited a significant difference in terms of the variable of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health institutions in Albania have recently reported an increase in antibiotic misuse and microbial resistance. Until now, there have been no comprehensive studies that analyzed the overall use of antibiotics in Albania. The aim of this study was to analyze the overall antibiotic use in Albania between 2011 and 2012, using standardized methodology of measurement, based on World Health Organization guidelines. Methodology: Data from 2011 and 2012 on antibiotic use from ambulatory and hospital sector were examined. Antibiotics were divided based on anatomic therapeutic chemical classification. Defined daily dose (DDD) for each drug was assigned, and DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) was used as a measurement unit. In cases of antibiotic combinations for which DDD were not available, unit doses were assigned. Results: In 2011-2012, total antibiotic use decreased from 24.25 to 20.66 DID. Penicillin's were the most used antibiotic class, with 10.62 DID (2011) and 10.51 DID (2012). Tetracycline use decreased from 5.45 DID (2011) to 0.98 DID (2012). Macrolides increased from 1.36 to 1.88 DID, quinolones from 1.72 to 2.51 DID. The overall antibiotic use was significantly higher than the reimbursed antibiotic use - 3.17 DID (2011) and 2.79 DID (2012) - based on the official data for the same period. Conclusions: This study enables policymakers to further analyze the quality of antibiotic prescriptions and draw comparisons to other countries. The analyzed data suggest there are different factors influencing out-of-pocket use of antibiotics and wrongly prescribed antibiotics. Further studies are necessary to evaluate these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development aid is a financial aid given by governments, NGOs, global and regional unions, or private entities to support the development of developing countries, as a consequence also of Albania as one of them. Its main reason is decreasing poverty and encouraging development. Many literatures reveal evidences of the impact these financial aids have on the economic growth of a country. This paper creates a link between the research done and the practice by making a detailed description of the phenomena and making clear how the effects are derived. It further analyzes the economic development of Albania in terms of net income during the last 30 years, and the corresponding financial aid allocation for each year. Starting with the interpretation of the financial aid amount allocated each year; this research paper also extends the information regarding the fields of economy where this aid is invested. The descriptive statistics shows that financial aid has noticeably increased from year to year and its impact on the economy as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme) and leaves of different trees (Pinus Nigra) were collected, in February 2014, in different stations in Albania for determination of airborne for some VOCs levels. This study proves that these bioindicators were suitable in the monitoring of the different classes of organic pollutants such are volatile organic compounds (VOC), organochlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), etc. Five stations were in Tirana city, two in Durres, one in Kavaja, one in Elbasan and two in Fieri city. The analyses of organic pollutants in air samples are limited for many laboratories because of the lack of materials for the sampling of air samples. Another limitation is that data obtained from air samples represent of-the-moment data because of vertical and horizontal air current, temperature, humidity, etc. Mosses, tree leaves and lichens are probably the most widely used plant group in relation to the assessment of airborne organic compounds. The quantitative analysis of VOC was performed by the gas chromatography method by using a flame ionization detector (FID). The column used was a VF-1ms capillary column (30 m x 0.33 mm x 0.25 µm). The total of PCB concentration in mosses ranges between 5 and 26 µg/g fresh weight sample. Benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene were detected at higher levels than other VOC compounds obtained in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article represents some data concerning the usage of the ozone depleting substances in Albania. These data are the result of a monitoring of the usage of the HCFCs from the year 2006 and on. The study is carried on based on the guide about "The Compilation of the Program for addition of the Ozone Secretariat" (UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/54/53, 7 March 2008), the EU directives, the Albanian legislation, and the experience of the EU countries. The main use sectors of the HCFCs in Albania are cooling and refrigeration equipments. The reckoning method of the HCFCs consumption includes: a. Getting of the official importing quantities of the HCFCs and the respective equipments and b. The distribution data of the ozone depleting substances from the trade suppliers. According to the data of the year 2006-2009 the consumption of the HCFC (including both mixed and pure) is in constant increase as follows: 40tons in 2006; 46,34tons in 2007; 74,5tons in 2008 and 97,37tons in 2009. The whole consumption of the ozone depleting substances refers totally to the import data since Albania has never produced HCFCs substances. In our country no plastic foams, solvents and medical products based on HCFCs are ever produced. HCFCs used in Albania are R22, R402B, R402A, R406A and R502 which are the substituent of the CFCs. The consumption of the HCFCS in the used equipments working with HCFCs is cheaper. This study helped in preparing of a mini archive of the consuming equipments of the HCFCs and the compilation of an imported plan of the HCFCs in Albania. The study represents a valuable contribution on the environmental policy of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demands in the hydrocarbon market which have shown a continuous increase, as well as sensitivity of society to the environmental issues, in Albania, in past years have dictated improvement of national standards to the fossil fuels. In this situation, a special importance has taken the control on the quality parameters for the fossil fuels, with focus monitoring of sulfur content on fuels of domestic production and the negative proved impacts of this commodities in the environment. The consumed diesel during last decade is mainly furnished by the import and only a small proportion (25-30%) has been of domestic origin. For Albanian crude oils is characteristic High sulfur content up to 6.5%, hence it is reflected on the by-products, especially to the diesel, mazut and solar and heavy oil by-product fractions. The national Standard (S SH 31:1997) with object on total sulfur content in diesel with time limit until 31/12/2009 has imposed to the market shifting of the diesel consumption with up to 2000 ppm total sulfur content. Aim of this study is analyzing of the evolution trends on the quality standards in the diesel commodity during last decade, and its environmental effects on the SO2 emissions. It has analyzed improvements by time that have accompanied the environmental issues linked to the hydrocarbon market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To translate into the Albanian language the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) Questionnaire (short version) and to measure its psychometric properties. Methods: The OHIP14 questionnaire was translated from the original English version, into Albanian (OHIP -ALB14), according to the accepted techniques of forward-backward translation. The psychometric properties of the OHIP- ALB14 were then tested. The convergent validity was tested in 450 subjects [general population (n=125), removable prosthodontic patients (n=275) and students (n=50)]. The discriminative validity was tested between edentulous patients wearing dentures (CDWs) (n=233) and edentulous patients without any dentures (n=42). The test-retest reliability was tested on 50 dental students who completed the questionnaire twice within at least 2-weeks interval, without any oral problems in the meantime. The internal consistency was tested in 450 subjects by calculating Cronbach alfa coefficient. The responsiveness was tested in a group of 42 patients with a treatment demand who completed the OHIP- ALB14 before treatment and one month after receiving their new dentures. Results: The convergent validity was confirmed by significant association between the OHIP scores and the self-reported oral health (p<0.01). The discriminative validity was confirmed by significantly higher OHIP scores in edentulous subjects without any dentures compared to those wearing complete dentures (p<0.01), as predicted. The test-retest reliability was confirmed by high interclass correlation coefficients and no significant differences between the two administrations of the OHIP- ALB14 questionnaire (p>0.05) to dental students, who had no orofacial problems during the observed period. The internal consistency was confirmed by a high Cronbach's alpha coefficient in general population (0.86), in prosthodontic patients (0.81), as well as in the student group (0.89). The responsiveness was confirmed by a statistically significant difference between the mean OHIP baseline score and the mean OHIP follow- up score (p<0.001) in patients who received new complete dentures, and by the high effect size (1.72 for the OHIP Score). Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the OHIPALB14 proved that the instrument is appropriate for the assessment of the Oral Health Related Quality of Life in Kosovo and the Albanian language speaking countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediterranean scrublands occur naturally in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biomes, located in the five Mediterranean climate regions of the world. The Albania National Forest Inventory has identified two distinctive categories of shrub forest in Albania, respectively Mediterranean macchia (220'000 ha) and Maquis and garigue (139'000 ha). Management of scrub needs careful planning, especially where it has to be integrated with other habitats and features of interest. Management planning ensures that decisions are based on a full audit and evaluation of all management issues, including the conservation interest, landscape, economic benefits and traditional uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sweet waters is one of the most important assets of our country. Therefore we must protect it and use it with care. But what is happening today with the sweet waters in our country? Who handles the studies and the use of the waters (in a comprehensive manner at national level) in order to get the best of them? Who deals with their administration and their protection? The authors deal with these questions and many others in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu–Fe sulphides with minor Zn, Au and Ag occur as massive, disseminated and vein mineralizations in volcanosedimentary rocks, volcanics and occasionally associated intrusions of a sheeted dyke complex in ophiolites in Albania. The ophiolites form two sub-parallel units, the Western Ophiolite and Eastern Ophiolite Belts, stretching across the country from north-west to south-east, and have mid-ocean ridge and island arc (boninite supra-subduction type) affinities, respectively. The ores have been extensively prospected and were mined until the 1990s. The Western Ophiolite Belt comprises a volcanosedimentary series, pillow basalts, ultramafic rocks, gabbros and plagiogranites. The most significant orebodies are in volcanosedimentary rocks at Rubik, Palaj-Karme and Porave. The orebodies with massive chalcopyrite–pyrite ores vary in shape occurring between hematised radiolarian chert and tholeiitic basalt pillow lavas. Mapping the shape of the main orebody at Rubik shows a series of mounds comparable to the collapse of 'black smoker' chimneys. Massive and disseminated sulphides are hosted by MORB affinity basalts at Kachinar, Derven and Rehova. A geophysical induced polarisation survey has indicated further resources at depth at West Kachinar. The Eastern Ophiolite Belt consists of a basalt–andesite–rhyolite series cut by a sheeted dyke complex and underlain by quartz diorite–plagiogranite, gabbro, gabbronorite and harzburgite. It includes a 25-km long belt of a significant longitudinal continuity of mineralization between Chafe Mal and Reps. Massive sulphide ores underlain by disseminated veins and stockworks are hosted by a Middle–Upper Jurassic lower basalt–andesite succession at Reps, Spach, Maja e Made, Tuch, Lak Rosch, Paluce and Fushe Arres. Alteration includes chloritization, epidotization, silicification, argillisation, zeolitization and carbonatisation. The Upper Jurassic, upper dacite volcanoclastic, andesite–dacite, boninite succession hosts massive pyrite–chalcopyrite–sphalerite ore underlain by few or no disseminated veins or stockworks at Gurth Spach, Munelle and Chafe Bar. At Perlat, massive ores are in an andesite pillow lava. Induced polarisation anomalies indicate further orebodies at depth in this highly thrusted area. Sulphide veins and other quartz–lode sulphides occur in some gabbros. An unusual orebody at Gjegjan occurs in a tectonic mélange of volcanics, greenschists and amphibolites. Similarities between Albania and other ophiolitehosted volcanogenic deposits at Cyprus and Oman include a clustering of orebodies along the general strike of the ophiolite, the occurrence of massive ores at successive horizons, and the presences of vein, stockwork and disseminated mineralization surrounding and beneath the massive sulphide zones; but, in Albania, ochres and umbers are not found, the age is older and the age-span greater. The Albanian orebodies range in size from 0·3–10·0 Mt. Those in the Western Ophiolite Belt are comparable in size to modern seafloor deposits at ocean ridges. Eastern Ophiolite Belt orebodies are similar in size to others interpreted as having formed in a suprasubduction environment. The Eastern Ophiolite Belt offers the greatest potential for locating future orebodies, possibly beneath thrust planes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to 1991 mineral commodities generated the main contribution to Albania's foreign-exchange earnings, but political upheaval marked the end for the state mining enterprises. The deposits of bauxite, chromite, copper, nickel and industrial and construction materials now offer opportunities for revival of the country's solid minerals industry with Western participation. The legislative framework for this was established by laws passed in 1991 and 1994, but attitudes inherited from the Communist regime need to change further to facilitate the entry of foreign developers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cysteinyl leukotrienes are proinflammatory mediators with a clinically established role in asthma and a human genetic and preclinical role in cardiovascular pathology. Given that cardiovascular disease has a critical inflammatory component, the aim of this work was to conduct an observational study to verify whether the use of a cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist, namely, montelukast, may protect asthmatic patients from a major cardiovascular event and, therefore, represent an innovative adjunct therapy to target an inflammatory component in cardiovascular disease. We performed an observational retrospective 3-year study on eight hundred adult asthmatic patients 18 years or older in Albania, equally distributed into two cohorts, exposed or nonexposed to montelukast usage, matched by age and gender according to information reported in the data collection. Patients with a previous history of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke were excluded. In summary, 37 (4.6%) of the asthmatic patients, 32 nonexposed, and five exposed to montelukast suffered a major cardiovascular event during the 3-year observation period. All the cardiovascular events, in either group, occurred among patients with an increased cardiovascular risk. Our analyses demonstrate that, independent from gender, exposure to montelukast remained a significant protective factor for incident ischemic events (78% or 76% risk reduction depending on type of analysis). The event-free Kaplan–Meier survival curves confirmed the lower cardiovascular event incidence in patients exposed to montelukast. Our data suggest that there is a potential preventative role of montelukast for incident cardiac ischemic events in the older asthmatic population, indicating a comorbidity benefit of montelukast usage in asthmatics by targeting cysteinyl leukotriene-driven cardiac disease inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-cultural differences in romantic attitudes are often taken for granted and accepted. However, very little research has been conducted to clearly state how much and how different Albanian and American college students are in the way they love. Results indicate that Americans are more romantic than Albanians. In addition, Americans are more verbally-oriented in expressing their love, whereas Albanians are more behaviorally-oriented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article characterizes the typical and atypical antipsychotics use in Albania from 2006-2012.

The article discusses why Albania is an attractive market for businesses and investors. Since 2008, Albania has been implementing a flat tax of 10%. In collaboration with the local banks, the Albanian tax administration is working to implement electronic payment (e-payment). The e-payment will enable taxpayers to save on time. The tax system in the country also does not discriminate foreign investors. The government also streamlined the licensing procedures for businesses.

The article discusses developments in the field of taxation in Albania. It claims that the efforts to consolidate free competition regulations in the market, as well as fight fiscal evasion are helped by the setting up of cash registers. The installation of the fiscal devices was in accordance with the Tax Procedures Law dated May 19, 2008. Based on the law, the cash registers are continuously connected on-line with the General Tax Department to check and monitor each transaction. The Council of Ministers authorizes the technical and functional characteristics of the fiscal devices, among others.

The article deals with the enforcement of and coverage of modified excise law in Albania. It states that the taxation law defines the general policies on manufacturing, holding, storage, movement and management of products goods entered into force on October 1 2012. According to the author, the new regulation also implements specific regulations on excise duties that are applicable to the utilization of energy products, alcohol and alcoholic drinks, tobacco as well as companies' other by-products.

The article presents guidelines about tax deductible expenses in Albania, based on the country's Corporate Income Tax Law. Some of conditions wherein expenses will be tax deductible include if the expenses are incurred in generating profits, if they are reflected in accounting books by reducing the net assets, and if they relate to the ordinary course of business. Mandatory social security and health insurance charges, and remunerations of employees are some of deductible expenses. Depreciation could be calculated by the straight line method or the pooling system.