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The widespread use of highly complex synthetic dyes like reactive dyes in the textile industry has some adverse environmental impacts and deserves close attention. Biological treatment of these effluents utilizing various species of bacteria with remarkable efficiency in dye removal is still considered promising. Our current study deals with immobilizing an isolated bacterial strain into calcium alginate (Ca/Alg) gel beads and using it to treat pernicious pollutants like synthetic dyes. A potential Reactive Blue 19 (RB19)‐degrading Enterobacter cloacae strain A1 was isolated from the Kashan textile industry and was characterized by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The decolorization ability of strain A1 was assessed by time‐based studies using free bacterial cells/immobilized in Ca/Alg. Based on the results of the 16S rDNA gene sequencing, it appears that strain A1 belonged to E. cloacae, with a 99.74% similarity. The findings suggest that immobilized strain A1 accomplished maximum decolorization activity compared with the free cells. The immobilized strain could utterly decompose and decolorize 0.05 mg/mL of RB19 within 48 h, while the free bacterial strain decolorized RB19 within 5 days. Moreover, Ca/Alg gel beads can maintain their efficiency for over three decolorization cycles. Further infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC/MS) investigation declared complete RB19 decomposition on reaction products. Artemia salina was used to investigate the toxicity of dye and its degraded metabolites. The LC50 values signified the pure dye as very toxic with 0.01 mg/mL concentration, while after‐treatment products showed no toxic effect on larvae. This immobilization technique increased the applicability of bacterial strain for dye removal. It was beneficial for the decolorization of RB19 from textile wastewater due to a remarkable reduction in time. Notably, strain A1‐immobilized beads can maintain their activity for three consecutive decolorization cycles without a considerable decrease in efficiency. Practitioner Points: The remarkable capacity of immobilized Enterobacter cloacae strain A1 for Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) removalImmobilized A1 strain showed two‐fold higher removal than free one over 48 hA promising method for enhancing RB19 decolorizationDecolorization was due to degradation based on UV–Vis, FTIR, and GC/MS analysisNon‐toxic posttreatment products for Artemia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the lactoferrin (LF) that had been extracted from camel milk (through ion-exchange chromatography) has been loaded onto hydrogel particles of calcium alginate (Alg), while its effects on osteoblast cells line MG63 have been thoroughly evaluated. The extracted LF has been purified by the application of HPLC and SDS-PAGE techniques. Subsequent to being exposed to Alg (two concentrations of 0.2% and 0.5% in three pHs 6, 7, and 8), the interactions between LF and Alg have been studied by multiple spectroscopic as well as the zeta potential, and DLS particle size distribution. Fluorescence spectroscopy results have displayed the quenched emissions of proteins upon their interactions with Alg. In accordance with the obtained results, the zeta potential value of LF has faced a decrease through the formation of LF–Alg complex. Moreover, an outcome of 89.9% of loading has been perceived in both concentrations of Alg that the utilization of SEM electron microscopy. Once the loading had been confirmed, the effect of the particles that have been loaded on the MG63 cell line was put under investigation through the employment of MTT test. Taken together, it has been indicated by the achieved results that LF and Alg alone cannot cause any toxicity on the MG63 cells, while significantly increase their growth by being added to the cell culture media. The results have suggested that throughout all of the samples with evident increased cell growth, the highest interaction between LF and Alg has been observed to be at pH 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]