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The article focuses on the 16th and 17th century political, commercial and territorial structure of the Itza nation in Yucatan, Mexico. The author cites the Prehispanic background of the Maya Itza Indians, discusses their independence from Spanish rule until the end of the 17th century and explores their commercial and political networks during the early Spanish colonial period. He also considers their control of the trading of various goods such as cocoa, vanilla and cotton and comments on the relations between the Itzas and other Indian groups under Spanish rule.