1. Dietary adequacy and dietary quality of Inuit in the Canadian Arctic who smoke and the potential implications for chronic disease.
- Author
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Rittmueller SE, Roache C, Sharma S, Rittmueller, Stacey E, Roache, Cindy, and Sharma, Sangita
- Subjects
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CHRONIC diseases , *DIET , *DIETARY supplements , *DIETARY fiber , *FOOD habits , *FRUIT , *INUIT , *OMEGA-3 fatty acids , *SEX distribution , *SMOKING , *VEGETABLES , *VITAMINS , *DISEASE prevalence , *CROSS-sectional method , *NUTRITIONAL status - Abstract
Objective: To compare dietary intake and quality among adult Inuit by smoking status.Design: A cross-sectional study using data from a validated quantitative FFQ.Setting: Three isolated communities in Nunavut, Canada.Subjects: Adult Inuit (n 208), aged between 19 and 79 years, from randomly selected households.Results: Average energy intake did not differ between male smokers (n 22) and non-smokers (n 14; 16 235 kJ and 13 503 kJ; P = 0·18), but was higher among female smokers (n 126) compared with non-smokers (n 46; 12 704 kJ and 8552 kJ; P < 0·0001). Average daily nutrient intakes were similar among men and higher among female smokers compared with non-smokers for all nutrients (P ≤ 0·05) except n-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D and Se. Female smokers had lower intake densities of thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, Mg, Na (P ≤ 0·05), protein, n-3 fatty acids, cholesterol, Fe (P ≤ 0·01), vitamin B12 and Se (P ≤ 0·001). Between 20 % and 50 % of male and female smokers were below the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Ca, folate, Mg and vitamins A and K, and more than 50 % were below the DRI for fibre and vitamin E. The proportion of smokers below the DRI was lower for all nutrients, except fibre and folate among men. Among smokers, non-nutrient-dense foods and traditional foods contributed less to energy (-2·1 % and -2·0 %, respectively).Conclusions: Adult smokers consumed fewer nutrient-dense, traditional foods, but had increased energy intake, which likely contributed to fewer dietary inadequacies compared with non-smokers. Promoting traditional food consumption supplemented with market-bought fruits and vegetables is important to improve dietary quality, especially among smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
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