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Based on a variety of evidence (photographs, feces, specimens), three previously unsuspected caviomorph rodents are reported from Argentina: (1) a spiny rat (Echimyidae) probably belonging to the genus Phyllomys, in northern Misiones Province near Iguazú National Park; (2) an undetermined octodontid (Octodontidae) in western Chacoan Córdoba Province; and (3) the octodontid Spalacopus (Octodontidae), in high-Andean ranges of San Juan Province. The latter constitutes the first record of the genus for Argentina, and all the three findings highlight the necessity to increase collecting efforts in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]