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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding glycerol at different levels (T1 = control treatment without glycerol, T2 = 75 ml and T3 = 150 ml glycerol) on daily milk yield, milk components and some blood parameters of Holstein cows during the period of 60 days. Milk yield increased significantly (P≤0.05) at 15th day of the experiment, and highly significant (P≤0.01) at 30th and 60th days of the experiment in T3 group. Percentage of milk protein and lactose increased (P≤0.01) in T2 and T3 groups and the percentage of milk fat in the T3 group decreased at day 60 of the experiment. The blood glucose concentration increased (P≤0.01) in T2 and T3 groups at 30 and 60 days of the experiment. Triglyceride concentration increased (P≤0.01) in the blood of T2 and T3 treated cows at day 60. The concentration of cholesterol, NEFA and BHBA decreased (P≤0.01) in T3 treated cows at day 60 of the experiment. The concentration of phosphorous and magnesium were also affected as a result of glycerol treatment. It can be concluded that the addition of dietary glycerol 150 ml / day enhanced milk yield, protein and lactose percentage, and improved blood parameters by increasing blood glucose and reducing NEFA and BHBA concentrations of Holstein cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The productivity and survival of females in the rabbit industry depends largely on the correct management of their body reserves. This management includes both their body condition and the mobilization of their body reserves during high energy demand or critical moments for reproduction, such as mating, gestation, or delivery. In this work, a study of body weight, perirenal fat thickness, non-esterified fatty acid concentration, and leptin concentration at these key moments, when a semi-intensive reproductive rhythm is applied, is carried out. This detailed knowledge is decisive to optimising the productivity of females. The aim of this work is to study changes in body weight, perirenal fat thickness (PFT), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and leptin concentrations throughout the reproductive life of the rabbit female and their correlations when a semi-intensive reproductive rhythm is applied. A total of 46 lactating females were used. Body weight, PFT, and NEFA and leptin concentration were recorded at 12 weeks of age, at first mating and delivery, and at second, third, and fourth mating, 12th d of gestation, and delivery. The highest body weight was detected on the 12th d of any gestation, around 4280 g, and the lowest weight was at delivery, around 4030 g. PFT increased until third mating. NEFA and leptin concentration showed a cyclical pattern throughout the reproductive lifespan of the females. NEFAs presented the highest concentration at delivery within each reproductive cycle and levels decreased over the course of the deliveries (0.423 mmol/L at first delivery, 0.406 mmol/L at second delivery, 0.371 mmol/L at third delivery, and 0.309 mmol/L at fourth delivery). Similar NEFA concentrations at mating and on the 12th d of gestation were obtained. Leptin showed the highest concentrations at mating within each reproductive cycle. Leptin decreased between mating and delivery in all reproductive cycles and it was close to 1 ng/mL HE. Low or null correlations were shown between body weight, PFT, and NEFA and leptin concentration at mating, 12th d of gestation, and delivery. In conclusion, females are able to maintain a semi-intensive reproductive rhythm across four parities weighing around 4 kg from first mating. Females had an increased perirenal fat thickness until third delivery, and their NEFA concentration was maximum at delivery and leptin concentration was maximum at mating. Body weight, PFT, and NEFA and leptin concentration should be measured during critical moments of reproductive life in order to determine body condition and energy mobilization, due to their low or null correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The associations between early lactation changes in the body condition score (BCS) and mid‐lactation levels of blood insulin‐like Growth Factor‐I (IGF‐1), prolactin, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), milk production and some reproductive indices were investigated. Monthly milk yield and BCS were recorded. Blood samples were collected on days 60, 90, and 120 (±5 days) of lactation. Twelve and 17 cows showed BCS losses ≤0.75 and >0.75 on day 60, respectively. BCS losses ≤0.75 till day 60 after calving enhanced the IGF‐I concentration on day 90 (57.8 ± 10.7 vs. 35.6 ± 17.8 ng/mL; p =.001). The differences in blood metabolites were prominent on day 90. Trends of insulin changes between day 60 BCS (p =.04) groups were different. Inverse correlations were detected between IGF‐I and NEFA (−0.6, p =.001), IGF‐I and milk production (−0.4, p =.05), NEFA and prolactin (−0.8, p <.001) on day 90. Higher percentages of cows with BCS loss >0.75 (day 60) showed their first heat after day 40 postpartum. In conclusion, irrespective of BCS at the time of breeding, the level of BCS loss during the first 60 days of lactation may affect further reproductive performance due to prolonged alterations of IGF‐I, NEFA, prolactin and insulin levels. The extent of postpartum BCS loss may be a predictor of the metabolic status of cows during mid‐lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketosis is a major metabolic disorder that can lead to huge economic losses in postpartum dairy cows by influencing milk production and reproduction performance. Therefore, it is very important to understand the characteristics and significance of plasma GH levels and dynamic changes in postpartum dairy cows for finding pathogenesis of subclinical ketosis (SK). The present study aimed to determine the role of growth hormone (GH) from the onset of SK to the fifth week postpartum and to explain the variations in GH, and metabolic markers namely, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose (GLU) at early and later SK stages in postpartum Holstein cows. A 5-wk test and an intraday 12-h test were conducted in postpartum Holstein cows. Both tests were carried out every three hours from 10:00–22:00 for 7–14 days postpartum (12-h test: n = 16) to determine plasma concentrations of GH, BHBA, NEFA and GLU. The 5-wk test results showed that GH, BHBA and NEFA concentrations were significantly higher in the SK group during the five-weeks postpartum (p < 0.01); GLU concentration was significantly lower in the SK group (p < 0.01). Intraday 12-h test results revealed that the feeding time affected the plasma concentrations of GH, BHBA, NEFA and GLU. After 1-h of feeding time, GH concentrations decreased, while BHBA, NEFA and GLU concentrations increased. After 4-h of feeding time GH, BHBA and NEFA had the highest plasma concentrations, and GLU the lowest. In both experiments, GH was positively correlated with BHBA, NEFA, and negatively correlated with GLU. It can be suggested that GH has a potential role in development and aetiology of subclinical ketosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the purpose of this research is to determine the metabolic profile of the Gurcu goat during the feeding period in local conditions. In this research, 30 Gurcu goats, which are kept in the Kafkas University Veterinary Faculty farm, were used. During the grass and pasture feeding, the animals were fed by grazing in the natural meadows and pasture. And also before and after the grass and pasture, they were fed with grasses that were dried by mowing from these area. Crucial metabolic values were measured by taking blood samples from goats before grass and pasture feeding, during grass and pasture feeding, and post grass and pasture feeding. When the results from collected samples during these different feeding intervals are analyzed, significant differences in NEFA, BHBA, total cholesterol, and urea were observed (P <0.01). However, there were no significant differences in albumin and globulin values (P> 0.05). With this research, it has been concluded that depending on the nutritional conditions, changes may occur in the metabolic profile of the Gurcu goat depending on the nutritional conditions. It is also concluded that the data obtained from this research can be used as a reference work for the breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on Production diseases assessment in Indian dairy cattle is less. The objective of this study was to assess the Nonesterified fatty acids level in three different small holder farms of Cauvery Delta region of Tamilnadu. Sixty cross bred dairy cattle were selected at different levels of lactation in the three farms. Serum samples were analyzed for non esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Mean ± standard deviations of the values were arrived and the data were statistically analyzed. NEFA values of early, mid, late lactation, Far off dry and close up dry cows were 0.39±0.09, 0.24±0.03, 0.19±0.03, 0.18±0.03 and 0.23±0.03mmol/L, respectively. No significant variations were recorded in between the farms. Cows at early lactation had higher NEFA concentrations where as lowest concentrations was observed in Far off Dry cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is a possible therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and improve metabolic homeostasis in obesity. Recent studies have revealed novel interactions between BAT and circulating lipid species—in particular, the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and oxylipin lipid classes. This study aimed to identify individual lipid species that may be associated with cold-stimulated BAT activity in humans. A panel of 44 NEFA and 41 oxylipin species were measured using mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics in the plasma of fourteen healthy male participants before and after 90 min of mild cold exposure. Lipid measures were correlated with BAT activity measured via 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), along with norepinephrine (NE) concentration (a surrogate marker of sympathetic activity). The study identified a significant increase in total NEFA concentration following cold exposure that was positively associated with NE concentration change. Individually, 33 NEFA and 11 oxylipin species increased significantly in response to cold exposure. The concentration of the omega-3 NEFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at baseline was significantly associated with BAT activity, and the cold-induced change in 18 NEFA species was significantly associated with BAT activity. No significant associations were identified between BAT activity and oxylipins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]