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Background: There is limited evidence on the epidemiology and time trend analysis of incidence rates of gynecological cancer in Asia as a whole. We conducted this study to demonstrate breast and gynecological cancers incidence and trends in selected Asian populations. Method: We conducted this ecological study using cancer and population data from cancer incidence in five continents (CI5). We extracted the data of breast, uterine, cervix and ovary cancers in selected Asian populations from 1998 to 2012 from CI5plus. We used Joinpoint regression model (version 4.8.0.1) to evaluate the annual percentage change (APC), which characterizes trends in cancer rates over time, and the average annual percent changes (AAPCs), which describes the average APCs over a period of multiple years. Results were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results: Between breast and gynecological cancers, breast cancer has the highest incidence rates among women in Asia. The time trend of the incidence rates showed a constant growth in breast, ovary and corpus uteri cancers. This rising trend was obviously sharper for uterine cancer (AAPC 95% CI = 3.4 [3.0, 3.7]) followed by breast [AAPC 95% CI = 2.1 (2.0, 2.2)] and ovarian cancers (AAPC 95% CI = 0.5 [-0.4, 1.3]). The age-adjusted incidence rate (ASR) of cervical cancer displayed a declining trend from 1998 to 2012 (AAPC 95% CI = -1.4 [-2.4, -0.5]). Conclusion: Incidence rates of breast and gynecological cancers have a rising trend in Asian countries. However, breast and gynecological cancers have different patterns of time trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Germline mutations of the TP53 tumour suppressor gene are the only known cause of the hereditary autosomal disorder called Li‐Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). However, little information is available about TP53 pathogenic variants in Asian LFS patients, making it difficult to provide precise genetic counselling with regard to long‐term cancer risk. We conducted a systematic review to gather relevant case–control studies exploring the association between TP53 polymorphisms and the incidence of cancer belonging to the LFS spectrum in Asian populations. Method: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. The odds ratio was used as a summary effect measure to quantify the strength of the association between TP53 polymorphisms and cancer risk by means of random‐effects meta‐analysis. Results: In total, 16 studies were included in this systematic review, with 13 studies (involving 10,645 cases and 28,288 controls) that enabled meta‐analysis. The majority of the studies focused on a single‐nucleotide variation at codon 72 in exon 4 (c.215C>G, p.Arg72Pro, rs1042522). Therefore, we tested either dominant, co‐dominant, recessive, or heterozygous models and found that the p.Arg72Pro was not significantly associated with increased cancer risk in any of the models. Conclusion: We found the number of studies on cancers belonging to the LFS spectrum in Asia is very small. Thus, at the present time a meta‐analysis approach is somewhat useful to identify germline TP53 mutations as potential markers of hereditary cancer associated with LFS in Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence and incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have been rapidly increasing in Western countries. It is thought to be more common among Caucasians than other racial or ethnic groups, but epidemiological studies have not been fully evaluated in Asian populations, and its clinical manifestation is rarely documented. In this review, recent reports regarding EoE in Asian countries have been collected, and differences in the clinical features, including symptoms and endoscopic findings, between Asian and Western populations have been evaluated. In Asia, EoE is still much less prevalent than in Western countries. Baseline values for average age, male/female ratio, and personal history of allergic disease were comparable to those in Western populations. Predominant symptoms were dysphagia, and food impaction was extremely rare among Asian patients. Although the frequency of abnormal endoscopic findings varies among studies, over 90% of patients with EoE have shown abnormal findings such as linear furrow, which is the most common findings, in recent prospective studies in Asia. There are few reports regarding the treatment of EoE and no prospective studies evaluating drugs or elimination diet in patient with EoE have been reported in Asia. Overall, EoE had similar clinical characteristics in Asian populations. Because the incidence of EoE could increase in the future with the increase in allergic disorders in Asian countries, large-scale, nationwide prospective studies should be performed to more fully understand the epidemiology and pathophysiology of EoE in Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marma, Tripura, and Chakma are tribal populations of South Asian countries such as Bangladesh. The populations are thought to be immigrants who started moving from their original home in the Far East toward the west and south. We randomly selected 80 Marma, 53 Tripura, and 43 Chakma to determine acetylation capacity and acetylator phenotype. The mean acetylation capacities were 63% in the Marma, 65% in the Tripura, and 70% in the Chakma. The acetylator phenotype was bimodally distributed as fast and slow acetylator. The frequencies of fast acetylator were 83% in the Marma, 89% in the Tripura, and 88% in the Chakma. According to acetylation capacity, the tribes are different from the founder nontribal populations of Bangladesh. They identify themselves as having a separate single population origin. The frequency of fast acetylator predicted served as the acetylator status of the Far East Asian population. The segregation of populations by acetylator phenotype on geographic longitude might be appropriate for geonational identification of Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent study demonstrated that M55V variant in SUMO4 at IDDM5 was associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Subsequent studies, however, showed inconsistency in the association. To clarify the population-wide effect on the association of SUMO4 with type 1 diabetes, we have performed meta-analysis including our own data in Asian populations, which confirmed a highly significant association in Asian populations (summary odds ratio [OR]: 1.29, P= 7.0 × 10−6), but indicated significant heterogeneity in the genetic effect of the SUMO4 gene on type 1 diabetes among diverse ethnic groups. These observations indicated the association of SUMO4 with type 1 diabetes in Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate whether an association existed between green tea consumption and the risk for liver cancer in prospective cohort studies in Asian populations., Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and the Chinese Bio-medicine Database published before April 2015. Study-specific risk estimates for the highest versus non- or lowest and increment of daily cup of green tea consumption levels were combined based on fixed- or random-effects models. STATA 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) software was used for statistical analysis., Results: Nine prospective cohort articles involving 465,274 participants and 3694 cases of liver cancer from China, Japan, and Singapore were included. The summary relative risk (RR) indicated a significant association between the highest green tea consumption and reduced risk for liver cancer (summary RR, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-0.97). However, no statistically significant association was observed when analyzing daily consumption of one cup (summary RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-1.00). When stratified by sex, the protective effect of green tea consumption on risk for liver cancer was observed only in the group of women (summary RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.96), but not in men (summary RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.79-1.00)., Conclusions: The present analysis indicated the preventive effects of green tea intake on the risk for liver cancer in female Asian populations. However, additional studies are needed to make a convincing case for this association., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: This review investigated the population impact of major modifiable type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk factors, with special focus on native Asian Indians, to estimate population attributable risks (PARs) and compare them with estimates from Chinese and Japanese populations., Methods: Information was obtained on risk factors in 21,041 Asian Indian, 17,774 Chinese and 17,986 Japanese populations from multiple, large, cross-sectional studies (the DECODA project) of T2D. Crude and adjusted PARs were estimated for the major T2D risk factors., Results: Age had the highest crude and adjusted PARs among Asian Indians and Chinese in contrast to waist-hip ratio among Japanese. After adjusting for age, the PAR for body mass index (BMI) in Asian Indians (41.4% [95% CI: 37.2%; 45.4%]) was second only to triglycerides (46.4% [95% CI: 39.5%; 52.8%]) compared with 35.8% [95% CI: 29.9%; 41.4%] in Japanese and 38.4% [95% CI: 33.5%; 43.2%] in Chinese people. The PAR for BMI adjusted for age, LDL and triglycerides (39.7% [95% CI: 31.6%; 47.2%]) was higher than for any other factor in Asian Indians, and was much higher than in the Chinese (16.8% [95% CI: 3.0%; 30.9%]) and Japanese (30.4% [95% CI: 17.5%; 42.2%]) populations., Conclusion: This review provides estimates of the association between major risk factors and prevalences of T2D among Asian populations by examining their PARs from large population-based samples. From a public-health point of view, the importance of BMI in Asian Indians is especially highlighted in comparison to the other Asian populations. Given these results and other recent findings on the causality link between BMI and T2D, it can be postulated that obesity may be involved in the aetiology of T2D through interaction with ethnic-specific genetic factors, although ethnicity itself is not a direct risk factor for T2D as people of all ethnic backgrounds develop diabetes., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To investigate associations between the IL-17 rs2275913 G>A and rs763780 T>C polymorphisms and susceptibility to gastric cancer in Asian populations., Methods: We reviewed studies published up to 2014 on IL-17 polymorphisms with gastric cancer susceptibility systematically. Relevant articles were identified in the MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Current Contents Index databases. We used version 12.0 STATA statistical software to evaluate the statistical data. Two reviewers abstracted the data independently. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated., Results: Seven independent, case-control studies were chosen for the meta-analysis, which included 3210 gastric cancer patients and 3889 healthy controls. The overall estimation showed a positive association between the IL-17 rs2275913 G>A polymorphism and the occurrence of gastric cancer for five genetic models (all P < 0.05) and similar results were observed for the IL-17 rs763780 T>C variation with four genetic models (all P < 0.05), but not for the dominant model (P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis by country revealed that the rs2275913 G>A and rs763780 T>C polymorphisms may be the main risk factor for gastric cancer in Chinese and Japanese populations., Conclusion: The IL-17 gene may be significantly correlated with gastric cancer risk in Asian populations, especially those carrying the rs2275913 G>A and rs763780 T>C polymorphisms.