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This work investigated how to minimize minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and functional group losses during the processing of Vernonia amygdalina leaf as a functional food ingredient. Fresh V. amygdalina leaf was subjected to hot oil‐aqueous mixtures (soybean oil: water and palm oil: water) treatments at 1:40 and 1:30 (v/v), respectively. Results showed that V. amygdalina treated with hot‐soybean oil: water had retention rates of 45.39%–96.91% for mineral contents, pyridoxine (97.73%–98.24%), total phenolic (84.30%–92.87%), DPPH (89.56%–98.18%). Hot‐palm oil: water had retention rates of 33.33%–89.21% for mineral, pyridoxine (75.82%–80.35%), total phenolic (82.0%–88.11%), and DPPH (74.12%–92.69%). Hot‐water had retention rates of 28.37%–71.69% for mineral, pyridoxine (30.23%), total phenolic (63.06%), and DPPH (56.29%). Amide functional group decreased by 21.09%–44.48%, 37.53%–41.23%, and 70.61% for hot‐soybean oil: water, hot‐palm oil: water, and hot‐water, respectively. Hot‐soybean oil: water mixture is a good alternative for the processing of V. amygdalina as a functional food ingredient. The process is scalable and could be employed for domestic and industrial utilization. Practical Application: In tropical Africa and Asia, Vernonia amygdalina is one of the potential nutritional and functional plants. Saponins, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids are only a few of the secondary metabolites found in V. amygdalina leaf extracts. Its anti‐diabetic, anti‐microbial, anti‐allergic, anti‐malaria, anti‐fungal, anti‐cancer, antileukemia activities, and hypolipidemic physiological properties may be attributed to these phytochemicals. With such potential as an active ingredient, functional meals can be developed domestically and industrially to treat a wide range of illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, psychiatrists across geographical regions and from various international organizations need to collaborate to promote global health and wellness. A necessary step is for nations of the world to develop combined teaching initiatives and curricula to ensure best practices are shared globally. In no field of medicine is this more pressing than in psychiatry - especially psychopharmacology given the recent advances in the field. This paper highlights the need to work collaboratively in developing teaching curricula in psychopharmacology in order to incorporate pedagogy and content from international partners-here from Asia and America., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)