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Cave crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) are insects of an ancient and wingless lineage within Orthoptera that are distributed worldwide except in Antarctica, and each subfamily has a high level of endemicity. Here, we show the comprehensive phylogeny of cave crickets using multi-gene datasets from mitochondrial and nuclear loci, including all extant subfamilies for the first time. We reveal phylogenetic relationships between subfamilies, including the sister relationship between Anoplophilinae and Gammarotettiginae, based on which we suggest new synapomorphies. Through biogeographic analyses based on divergence time estimations and ancestral range reconstruction, we propose novel hypotheses regarding the biogeographic history of cave crickets. We suggest that Gammarotettiginae in California originated from the Asian lineage when Asia and the Americas were connected by the Bering land bridge, and the opening of the western interior seaway affected the division of Ceuthophilinae from Tropidischiinae in North America. We estimate that Rhaphidophoridae originated at 138 Mya throughout Pangea. We further hypothesize that the loss of wings in Rhaphidophoridae could be the result of their adaptation to low temperatures in the Mesozoic era., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Little is known about how the relative treatment effect of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) on clinical outcomes in ostial or shaft left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease has evolved over time., Methods: This study included 2,112 patients with ostial or shaft LMCA disease from IRIS-MAIN registry who underwent PCI (n = 1,329) or CABG (n = 783). Patients were stratified by time period based on stent type availability: wave 1 (1995-2002, bare-metal stent [BMS] era); wave 2 (2003-2006, first-generation drug-eluting stent [DES] era); and wave 3 (2007-2014, second-generation DES era)., Results: Compared to CABG, PCI has been used more frequently from wave 1 to wave 3. PCI showed substantial improvements over time with respect to death (P for trend = 0.012); the composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke (P for trend = 0.047); repeat revascularization (P for trend < 0.001); and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE; a composite of death, MI, stroke, or repeat revascularization) (P for trend < 0.001). By contrast, outcomes of CABG remained relatively stable over time. The gap between the treatment effects of CABG vs PCI for MACCE has narrowed over time; the adjusted hazard ratios for CABG compared to PCI during wave 1, 2, and 3 were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22-0.76), 0.47 (95% CI: 0.31-0.71), and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.50-1.20), respectively., Conclusions: In patients with ostial or shaft LMCA disease, significant improvements in PCI outcomes resulted in a progressive decline in the gap between the outcomes of CABG and PCI., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)