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Schistosomiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease that is endemic in Asia. Macrophages are mainly involved in the inflammatory response of late schistosoma infection. Our previous study found that C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression is significantly increased, and M2 macrophages are activated in schistosome‐induced liver fibrosis mice. However, the role of CHOP in the regulation of macrophage polarization remains to be further studied. Western blotting or quantitative PCR revealed that IL‐4 increased the expression of arginase‐1, macrophage mannose receptor 1, phosphorylation signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (p‐STAT6), Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4), CHOP, and IL‐13 receptor alpha (IL‐13Rα) and induced M2 polarization in RAW264.7 as measured by flow cytometry. Inhibiting STAT6 phosphorylation (AS1517499) reduced the IL‐4‐induced expression of KLF4, CHOP, and IL‐13Rα and also the number of M2 macrophages. The overexpression of CHOP stimulated M2 polarization, but AS1517499 inhibited this effect. CHOP increased the protein expression of KLF4 but did not change the expression of p‐STAT6. Soluble egg antigen (SEA) could promote the IL‐4‐induced protein expression of p‐STAT6, CHOP, and KLF4. Overall, the findings show that SEA can promote the activation of M2 macrophages by causing increased CHOP‐induced KLF4 levels and activation of STAT6 phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Paleozoic–Mesozoic tectonic evolution in the northeastern (NE) Asian continental margin has been a controversial issue. Accretionary complexes (ACs) and sedimentary formations, as the direct material records of the reconstruction of plate subduction history and surface response, respectively, are the categorically ideal indicators to explore tectonic evolution of the NE Asian continental margin. This study reviews recent geological and geophysical advances about the crustal structures beneath the massifs and ACs such as the Yuejinshan and Raohe ACs and conducts a detailed dissection on lithology, degree of metamorphism and deformation, deep crustal structure, and formation time of these fossil ACs. These results, together with the coeval sedimentary formations and igneous rock associations, provide new insights for Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic tectonic evolution of NE Asian continental margin, i.e., the NE Asian continental margin experienced the evolution of two tectonic regimes during the Late Paleozoic–Mesozoic: 1) the stage of the Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic regime, including a passive continental margin in the early stage of the Late Paleozoic, an active continental margin in the early Permian, and tectonic transition in the Triassic. A paleo-ocean occurred between the Jiamusi Massif and an unnamed massif during the Late Devonian–late Permian; and 2) the stage of the Paleo-Pacific tectonic regime, including the subduction onset of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath Eurasia in the Early Jurassic, the accretion and emplacement of the Jurassic ACs during the Late Jurassic–early Early Cretaceous, and the continuous westward subduction during the Late Mesozoic. The Yuejinshan AC was the product of the Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic regime and formed during the Late Devonian–early Permian. Its final emplacement occurred in the late Permian. The Raohe AC was the product of the Paleo-Pacific tectonic regime and experienced the following stages: 1) the formation of seamounts and deposition of the terrigenous clastic sediments in the Middle–Late Jurassic; 2) the seamount–Eurasia collision in the Late Jurassic; 3) the northward migration of the embryo of the Raohe AC during the Late Jurassic–early Early Cretaceous (160–140 Ma); 4) the deposition of the early Early Cretaceous sediments; and 5) the final emplacement of the Raohe AC in the late Early Cretaceous (140–130 Ma). • Sedimentary strata and accretionary complex reveal the evolution of the NE Asia. • NE Asia was in a passive continental margin setting in the early Late Paleozoic. • E Asia was an active continental margin setting in the early Permian. • The subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath Eurasia began in the Early Jurassic. • The Yuejinshan and Raohe accretionary complexes formed in different tectonic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently the outbreak of major social incidents has put the airline industry in the forefront of the debate. However, studies related to the social dimension of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards in aviation are limited. To fill the gap, this study explored the social themes of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices between European and Asia-Pacific based airlines. Quantitative content analysis is employed for comparing the social topics in CSR reports of 20 top airlines from Asia-Pacific and European regions over a 3-year period. It concludes that both regions focused more on labor management relations and supplier assessment. The Asia-Pacific airlines have placed special attention to adequacy of social information provided in their CSR reports while the European airlines kept reporting with a comprehensive method. This paper informs both academics and practitioners on the differences of the social dimension of sustainability between the European and Asia-Pacific aviation industry., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.