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Background: The brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the most destructive agricultural pests in Asia. RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated pest management has been under development for years, and the selection of appropriate target genes is important for pest‐targeted RNAi. C‐type lectins (CTLs) are a class of genes that perform a variety of functions, such as the regulation of growth and development. Results: A CTL‐S protein named Nllet1, containing a single calcium ion (Ca2+)‐dependent carbohydrate‐binding domain (CRD) with a conserved triplet motif QPD was identified and functionally characterized in BPH. Expression profiles at both the transcriptional and translational levels show that Nllet1 accumulates during the serosal cuticle (SC) formation period. Immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling further demonstrated that Nllet1 is located in the serosal endocuticle (en‐SC). Maternal RNAi‐mediated silencing of Nllet1 disrupted the SC structure, accompanied by a loss of the outward barrier and 100% embryo mortality. Injection of 10 ng dsNllet1 or dsNllet1' per female adult BPH resulted in a total failure of egg hatching. Conclusion: Nllet1 is essential for SC formation and embryonic development in BPH, which helps us understand the important roles of CTL‐Ss. Additionally, BPH eggs show high sensitivity to the depletion of Nllet1. This study indicates that Nllet1 is a promising candidate gene that can be used to develop RNAi‐based control strategies at the BPH egg stage, and it can also be used as a target for developing novel ovicides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We studied the prevalence of inflammation and BPH in Asian and Caucasian men on prostate glands ( n = 320) obtained during autopsy in Moscow, Russia (Caucasian men, n = 220), and Tokyo, Japan (Asian men, n = 100). We correlated the presence and grade of acute inflammation (AI) or chronic inflammation (CI) and BPH. AI, CI, and histologic BPH were analyzed in a blinded fashion using a grading system (0–3). We used the Cochran-Armitage test for associations between the degree of BPH and clinical variables and proportional odds logistic regression models in multivariable analysis. Histologic BPH was observed in a similar proportion of Asian and Caucasian men ( p = 0.94). CI was found in > 70% of men in both the Asian and Caucasian groups ( p > 0.05). Higher BPH scores were associated with more CI ( p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, individuals with CI were 6.8 times more likely to have a higher BPH score than individuals without ( p < 0.0001). Men included in this study presented at the hospital and their symptomatic status was not known. The prevalence of CI and BPH on autopsy is similar in Asian and Caucasian men despite very different diet and lifestyle. CI is strongly associated in both groups with BPH. Patient summary In this study, we looked at the prevalence of inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on autopsy in Asian and Caucasian men. We found chronic inflammation in > 70% of men on autopsy. More chronic inflammation was associated with more BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To examine the characteristics, management practices and outcomes of patients presenting with symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Asia, with a focus on comorbidities and sexuality. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this multinational prospective observational registry, eligible patients with BPH attending a urology clinic for the first time were enrolled. Details of comorbidities, sexuality and symptoms of BPH were collected through the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Dysfunction-5 (IIEF-5) and the Danish Prostate Symptom Score (DAN-PSS-1) questionnaires. The follow-up was scheduled at 1–3 or 3–6 months, depending on the treatment. RESULTS In 994 men aged 40–88 years the most common comorbidities were hypertension (38%) and obesity (36%). Nocturia was the most common symptom for consultation. A previous episode of acute urinary retention (AUR) was recorded in 12%. About 90% of the men had moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and the severity increased with age. Sexual dysfunction was reported by 82%, and it correlated with the severity of LUTS. Of 918 sexually active men, only 20% had normal erectile function; 36%, 19% and 25% reported severe, moderate and mild erectile dysfunction (ED), respectively. BPH medication was started in 78%, 9% had surgery, and in 13% an approach of watchful waiting was adopted. In all, 89% of patients completed the follow-up. The symptoms of BPH resolved in 93% after surgery, in 83% on BPH medication and in 34% of those on ‘watchful waiting’. Surgery, which led to a mean reduction of 17.0 IPSS points, was the most effective in improving LUTS. Improvement on the DAN-PSS-1 items of reduced erection and reduced ejaculation was higher with medication, while surgery led to better outcomes on the DAN-PSS-1 item of pain/discomfort on ejaculation. For ED, from baseline to after treatment, the mean IIEF-5 scores changed from 19.1 to 18, from 14.2 to 14.8, and from 4.5 to 5.5 for those with mild, moderate and severe ED at baseline, respectively. Only 2.3% of patients had an episode of AUR while on treatment. About 5.5% of patients on BPH medication and 6% of surgical patients reported adverse events. CONCLUSION Asian patients with BPH usually present with LUTS; sexual dysfunction is also very common. BPH medication is the most frequent treatment approach, followed by watchful waiting and surgery. Medication and surgery resulted in a greater reduction of LUTS and improvement in sexual dysfunction than watchful waiting. As Asian men remain sexually active even at advanced ages, sexual function should be assessed and discussed with the patient before deciding the management strategy for LUTS associated with BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]