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Introduction: Access to after‐hours care (AHC) is an important aspect of general practice service provision. Objective: To establish the prevalence and associations of early‐career GPs' provision of AHC. Design: An analysis of data from the New alumni Experiences of Training and independent Unsupervised Practice (NEXT‐UP) cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based study. Participants were early‐career GPs (6‐month to 2‐year post‐Fellowship) following the completion of GP vocational training in NSW, the ACT, Victoria or Tasmania. The outcome factor was 'current provision of after‐hours care'. Associations of the outcome were established using multivariable logistic regression. Findings: Three hundred and fifty‐four early‐career GPs participated (response rate 28%). Of these, 322 had responses available for analysis of currently performing AHC. Of these observations, 128 (40%) reported current provision of AHC (55% of rural participants and 32% of urban participants). On multivariable analysis, participants who provided any AHC during training were more likely to be providing AHC (odds ratio (OR) 5.51, [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.80–10.80], p < 0.001). Current rural location and in‐training rural experience were strongly associated with currently providing AHC in univariable but not multivariable analysis. Discussion: Early‐career GPs who provided AHC during training, compared with those who did not, were more than five times more likely to provide after‐hours care in their first 2 years after gaining Fellowship, suggesting participation in AHC during training may have a role in preparing registrars to provide AHC as independent practitioners. Conclusion: These findings may inform future GP vocational training policy and practice concerning registrars' provision of AHC during training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Policy makers and health system managers are seeking evidence on the risks involved for patients associated with after‐hours care. This study of approximately 1 million patients who were admitted to the 25 largest public hospitals in Queensland Australia sought to quantify mortality and readmission differences associated with after‐hours hospital admission. Methods: Logistic regression was used to assess whether there were any differences in mortality and readmissions based on the time inpatients were admitted to hospital (after‐hours versus within hours). Patient and staffing data, including the variation in physician and nursing staff numbers and seniority were included as explicit predictors within patient outcome models. Results: After adjusting for case‐mix confounding, statistically significant higher mortality was observed for patients admitted on weekends via the hospital's emergency department compared to within hours. This finding of elevated mortality risk after‐hours held true in sensitivity analyses which explored broader definitions of after‐hours care: an "Extended" definition comprising a weekend extending into Friday night and early Monday morning; and a "Twilight" definition comprising weekends and weeknights. There were no significant differences in 30‐day readmissions for emergency or elective patients admitted after‐hours. Increased mortality risks for elective patients was found to be an evening/weekend effect rather than a day‐of‐week effect. Workforce metrics that played a role in observed outcome differences within hours/after‐hours were more a time of day rather than day of week effect, i.e. staffing impacts differ more between day and night than the weekday versus weekend. Conclusion: Patients admitted after‐hours have significantly higher mortality than patients admitted within hours. This study confirms an association between mortality differences and the time patients were admitted to hospital, and identifies characteristics of patients and staffing that affect those outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Almost half of Australian after-hours emergency department (ED) presentations are rated as 'non-urgent' by clinicians and are suggested to be managed by community-based services, such as general practice (GP). This paper reports patient reasons for presenting for medical care after hours, and reasons for selection of specific services across a health system. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted across the Australian Capital Territory. Patients voluntarily completed questionnaires in waiting rooms during the after-hours periods of one weekday and one weekend in 2019 at 28/51 extended hours GPs, 3/3 medical deputising services (MDS), 3/3 nurse-led walk-in-clinics (WICs), and 2/2 public emergency departments (EDs). Results: Of 3371 presentations, 1992 patients completed a survey, with 58% from GPs (n = 1149), 16% from WIC (n = 317), 10% from MDS (n = 193), and 17% from EDs (n = 333). Most patients presented with self-rated new issues (n = 987, 49.5%) and were uncertain of the urgency of their issues (n = 723, 36.7%). Common reasons for presenting to WIC, MDS, and EDs included the problem occurring after hours, and patients concern about the issue. Common reasons for presenting to GP were related to personal preference for after-hours care. Conclusions: Patients present to after-hours medical services for both perceived need and convenience. Most patients appear to be self-selecting after-hours services appropriately aligned with advertised services; except for GP patients who were attending after hours for care that is often non-urgent and could be seen in usual working hours. This study should be replicated to account for local health systems, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related changes to health care. Almost half of Australian after-hours emergency department (ED) presentations are rated as 'non-urgent' by clinicians and are suggested to be managed by community-based services, such as general practice (GP). Our survey shows that patient-perceived urgency and need for care are drivers towards ED and other community services. In contrast, most patients chose after-hours GP for convenience. Public messaging could be adapted to encourage appropriate and timely access to care after hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate whether practice rurality and rural training pathway are associated with general practitioner registrars' participation in their practice's after‐hours care roster. Design: A cross‐sectional analysis of data (2017‐2019) from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training study, an ongoing inception cohort study of Australian general practitioner registrars. The principal analyses used logistic regression. Setting: Three national general practitioner regional training organisations across 3 Australian states. Participants: General practitioner registrars in training within regional training organisations. Main outcome measure: Involvement in practice after‐hours care was indicated by a dichotomous response on a 6‐monthly Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training study questionnaire item. Results: 1576 registrars provided 3158 observations (response rate 90.3%). Of these, 1574 (48.6% [95% confidence interval: 46.8‐50.3]) involved registrars contributing to their practice's after‐hours roster. In major cities, 40% of registrar terms involved contribution to their practice's after‐hours roster; in regional and remote practices, 62% contributed to the after‐hours roster. On multivariable analysis, both level of rurality of practice (odds ratio(OR) 1.75, P =.007; and OR 1.74, P =.026 for inner regional and outer regional/remote locations, respectively, versus major city) and rural training pathway of registrar (OR 1.65, P =.008) were significantly associated with more after‐hours roster contribution. Other associations were registrars' later training stage, larger practices and practices not routinely bulk billing. Significant regional variability in after‐hours care was identified (after adjusting for rurality). Conclusion: These findings suggest that registrars working rurally and those training on the rural pathway are more often participating in practice after‐hours rosters. This has workforce implications, and implications for the educational richness of registrars' training environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the variability of allied health services on weekends, relative to weekdays, throughout Australian and New Zealand hospitals. Methods: A prospective, cross‐sectional observational study embedded within a cluster randomised control trial. Allied health managers provided administrative data relating to allied health service events. Results: In one month, there were a total of 243 549 allied health service events recorded from 91 sampled hospitals. The mean difference between weekday and weekend allied health service events (daily, per ward) for physiotherapy was 6.52 (95% CI 5.65 to 7.40), acute wards 12.03 (95% CI 10.25 to 13.82) and for metropolitan hospitals 14.47 (95% CI 12.22 to 16.73), revealing more allied health service events of longer duration on weekdays compared to weekends. Conclusions: This research is the first of its kind to describe variation in allied health service provision and potential research to practice gaps across weekday and weekend days in various inpatient settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a deficiency in the evidence from rural and regional centres in Australia on the weekend effect following presentation with acute stroke., Objective: To estimate the association between admission over a weekend/holiday and all-cause mortality 3-day, 7-day, 14-day, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month following acute stroke., Methods: The records of stroke patients admitted to a main regional hospital in Australia from 2010 to 2020 were linked with the National Death Index. Time to death following ischaemic, haemorrhagic, and total stroke at different time points was modelled using Weibull, Exponential, or Gompertz regression based on best model fit determined by Akaike's information criterion., Results: Of 1669 patients, 1273 (76.3%) were admitted on a weekday, and 396 (23.7%) on a weekend/ or holiday. After adjusting for age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, stroke type and country of birth, admissions over a weekend/holiday following total stroke were significantly associated with an increased risk of dying within three days from admission [hazard ratio (HR): 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.50]. In haemorrhagic stroke, increased risk of death was significantly higher at three days (HR: 2.19, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-4.08), 14 days (HR: 1.73, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.93), and 1 month (HR: 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-3.03) following admission on the weekend/ or holiday compared to those admitted during the weekdays., Conclusions: This study reports a short-term adverse weekend/holiday effect following admission for haemorrhagic stroke or total stroke. No significant weekend/holiday effect was found in ischaemic stroke., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

After-hours general practitioner (GP) services can reduce emergency department demand, which is currently increasing in Australia. Understanding GP after-hours care may assist in service planning. From April 2014 to March 2015, 986 GPs recorded 38 275 consultations with start and finish times in the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) study, a national, cross-sectional, representative study of GP activity. GP and patient characteristics and the content of encounters in usual-hours and after-hours were compared. Significantly more after-hours than usual-hours encounters were with: GPs aged 60+ years; in metropolitan practices; and practices with 10+ GPs. Patients seen after-hours were more often: male; aged 15–64 years; new to practice; and less likely to hold a Commonwealth Concession Card. They were more likely to be prescribed antibiotics and less likely to: have chronic problems managed; be referred; receive psycholeptic or psychoanaleptic prescription; and undergo a procedure. Throat symptoms, fever and injury were more common reasons for encounter, while infections and injury were more frequently managed problems after-hours. The patient mix, GP characteristics, problems managed and management actions in after-hours care differ from those in usual-hours care in Australia. This greater understanding of after-hours care is the first step to informed resource allocation to improve the delivery of after-hours primary care. This study aimed to understand what happens at after-hours general practitioner services as it has been shown that these after-hours services can reduce emergency department demand. The patient mix, GP characteristics, problems managed and management actions in after-hours care differ significantly from those in usual-hours care in Australia. This greater understanding of after-hours care is the first step to informed resource allocation to improve the delivery of after-hours primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background and Purpose: The impact of staffing model providing weekend physiotherapy rehabilitation has not been evaluated. This study aims to determine the impact of staffing a weekend rehabilitation service with physiotherapists currently working in rehabilitation compared to acute hospital physiotherapists, on length of stay (LOS), functional independence and gait and balance, and to determine the impact on neurological, orthopaedic, and reconditioning diagnostic groups. Methods: A prospective cohort study with historical control was completed in a private, metropolitan Australian rehabilitation unit. All participants admitted to the rehabilitation unit over two, 20‐week periods in 2011 and 2012 were included. Weekend physiotherapy was provided by physiotherapists working in rehabilitation in 2012 (intervention) and physiotherapists working in the acute wards in 2011 (control). Outcomes included LOS, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and gait and balance measures. Results: Overall, there were 504 participants; 234 in 2012 and 270 in 2011. No difference was found in LOS between staffing models (mean difference−1.5 days, 95%CI −4.4 to 1.3). Greater FIM change (mean difference 3.5, 95%CI 0.3 to 6.7) and efficiency (FIM change/LOS: mean difference 0.3, 95%CI 0.1 to 0.5) were found with rehabilitation compared to acute staffing. There was no between‐group difference in gait or balance performance. When diagnostic groups were compared, no difference in LOS was found between staffing models. Participants with an orthopaedic diagnosis had a significantly greater FIM change (mean difference 3.8, 95%CI 0.4 to 7.1), whereas FIM efficiency was improved in neurological (mean difference 0.4, 95%CI 0.1 to 0.7) and orthopaedic populations (mean difference 0.3, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.5) with rehabilitation staffing. Discussion: Staffing a weekend rehabilitation service with physiotherapists currently working in rehabilitation influences functional independence. Different diagnostic groups appear to respond differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses doctors' supply of after-hours care (AHC), and how it is affected by personal and family circumstances as well as the earnings structure. We use detailed survey data from a large sample of Australian General Practitioners (GPs) to estimate a structural, discrete choice model of labour supply and AHC. This allows us to jointly model GPs' decisions on the number of daytime-weekday working hours and the probability of providing AHC. We simulate GPs' labour supply responses to an increase in hourly earnings, both in a daytime-weekday setting and for AHC. GPs increase their daytime-weekday working hours if their hourly earnings in this setting increase, but only to a very small extent. GPs are somewhat more likely to provide AHC if their hourly earnings in that setting increase, but again, the effect is very small and only evident in some subgroups. Moreover, higher earnings in weekday-daytime practice reduce the probability of providing AHC, particularly for men. Increasing GPs' earnings appears to be at best relatively ineffective in encouraging increased provision of AHC and may even prove harmful if incentives are not well targeted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: There are limited data on emergency catheter ablation (CA) for ventricular arrhythmia (VA) storm. We describe the feasibility and safety of performing emergency CA in an out-of-hours setting for VA storm refractory to medical therapy at 2 tertiary hospitals., Methods and Results: Twenty-five consecutive patients underwent out-of-hours (5pm-8am [weekday] or Friday 5pm-Monday 8am [weekend]) CA for VA storm refractory to anti-arrhythmic drugs and sedation. Baseline and procedural characteristics along with outcomes were compared to 91 consecutive patients undergoing weekday daytime-hours (8am-5pm) CA for VA storm. More patients undergoing out-of-hours CA had a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% (68% vs. 42%, P = 0.022), chronic kidney disease (60% vs. 20%, P < 0.001), and presented following a resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (56% vs. 5%, P < 0.001), compared to the daytime-hours group. During median follow-up (377 [interquartile range 138-826] days), both groups experienced similar survival free from recurrent VA and VA storm. Survival free from cardiac transplant and/or mortality was lower in the out-of-hours group (44% vs. 81%, P = 0.007), but out-of-hours CA was not independently associated with increased cardiac transplant and/or mortality (hazard ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval 0.61-2.96, P = 0.47). Of the 11 patients in the out-of-hours group who survived follow-up, VA-free survival was 91% and VA storm-free survival was 100% at 1-year after CA., Conclusion: Out-of-hours CA may occasionally be required to control VA storm and can be safe and efficacious in this scenario. During follow-up, cardiac transplant and/or mortality is common but undergoing out-of-hours CA was not predictive of this composite endpoint., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: S.K. is supported by the NSW early-mid Career Fellowship. S.K. has received research grants from Abbott Medical and Biotronik; he has received honoraria from Biosense Webster, Abbott Medical, Biotronik, and Sanofi Aventis. All other authors have reported no other relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Introduction: Patients with severe burns (≥20 % total body surface area [TBSA]) have specific and time sensitive needs on arrival to the burn centre. Burn care systems in Australia and New Zealand are organised differently during weekday business hours compared to overnight and weekends. The aims of this study were to compare the profile of adult patients with severe burns admitted during business hours with patients admitted out of hours and to quantify the association between time of admission and in-hospital outcomes in the Australian and New Zealand context., Methods: Data were extracted from the Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand for adults (≥18 years) with severe burns admitted to Australian or New Zealand burn centres between July 2016 and June 2020. Differences in patient profiles, clinical management, and in-hospital outcomes were investigated. Univariable and multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to quantify associations between time of admission and in-hospital outcomes of interest., Results: We found 623 patients eligible for inclusion. Most patients were admitted out of hours (69.2 %), their median age was 42 years, and most were male (78 %). The median size burn was 30 % TBSA and 32 % of patients had an inhalation injury. A greater proportion of patients admitted out of hours had alcohol and/or drugs involved with injury compared to patients admitted during business hours. No other differences between groups were observed. Patients in both groups had similar odds of dying in hospital (Odds Ratio [OR], 95 % Confidence Interval [95 %CI] 1.49 [0.64, 3.48]), developing acute kidney injury within 72 h (OR, 95 %CI 0.58 [0.32, 1.07]), or sepsis (OR, 95 %CI 1.04 [0.46, 2.35]). No association was found between time of admission and hospital (%, 95 %CI 1.00 [0.82, 1.23]) nor intensive care length of stay (%, 95 %CI 0.97 [0.73, 1.27])., Discussion: In this first Australian and/or New Zealand study to explore the association between time of admission and burn patient in-hospital outcomes, out of hours admission was not associated with patient outcomes of interest., Conclusion: These findings support current models of care in Australian and New Zealand burn centres, however further investigation is required. Nonetheless, given most severe burns patients arrive out of hours to burn the centre, it is plausible that out of hours availability of senior burn clinicians will improve patient care and safety resilience within burn care systems., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement The authors declare they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 International Society of Burns Injuries. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Demand for after-hours radiology services across Australia has been rapidly increasing for many years. Public hospital radiology departments are generally staffed by trainees after hours, often 1-2 doctors. This study reviewed 1 year of after-hours data at a tertiary hospital in Sydney, to determine overall discrepancy rates and factors which influenced the rate of discrepancy after hours. Overall radiology and after-hours case volumes are increasing, and the goal was to ensure that our department practices are within safe limits at current staffing levels., Methods: After-hours computed tomography scan reports issued by registrars were reviewed over 1 year between 01 January 2019 and 01 January 2020. Data recorded included overall case numbers on each shift, discrepancy rates and rates of clinically significant discrepancy. Caseload was measured by equivalent ascribed reporting time as described by Pitman et al. (2018)., Results: There were 10,886 cases reported after hours during the study period and 1,412 discrepancies (13% cases). Of these, 300 (3.7%) were clinically significant. Factors that increased the rate of significant discrepancy included shifts with caseloads greater than 3 h of equivalent consultant reporting time per 8-h shift and the radiology trainee's level of training. The frequency of discrepancy for trauma cases was similar to non-trauma after adjusting for study type; however, the frequency of significant discrepancy was higher., Conclusion: In all instances, the rates of discrepancy and clinically significant discrepancy remained well within ranges previously described., (© 2022 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Background and Purpose Physiotherapy services provided outside of business hours may improve patient and hospital outcomes, but there is limited understanding of what services are provided. This study described current services provided outside of business hours across Australian hospitals. Methods Design Descriptive, cross-sectional, Web-based survey. Participants A random sample of Australian hospitals from the public or private sector located in either metropolitan or rural/regional areas. Results A total of 112 completed surveys were submitted. The most common service outside of business hours was a Saturday service, provided by 61% of participating hospitals with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 1.0 hour (0.0 and 3.4) of physiotherapy per 30 beds. Sunday services were provided by 43% of hospitals, and services provided outside of business hours from Monday to Friday were provided by 14% of hospitals. More private hospitals provided some form of physiotherapy service outside of business hours (91%) than public hospitals (48%). More metropolitan hospitals provided some form of physiotherapy service outside of business hours (90%) than rural/regional hospitals (28%). Few of the hospitals providing sub-acute services had weekend physiotherapy (30%), but the majority of highly acute wards provided weekend physiotherapy (81%). Highly acute wards also provided more hours of service on a Saturday (median 8.1 hours per 30 beds, IQR 0.6-22.5) compared with acute wards (median 0.8 hours per 30 beds, IQR 0.0-2.8). Conclusion There is limited availability of physiotherapy services in Australian hospitals outside of business hours. There are inequalities in physiotherapy services provided outside of business hours, with public, rural/regional and sub-acute facilities receiving fewer services outside of business hours than private, metropolitan and highly acute facilities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes patient characteristics and presentations to community-based primary care medical services in the after-hours period. A cross-sectional survey completed by practitioners was voluntarily conducted over one weeknight and weekend in 2019 at 31 of 51 extended hours general practices (GP), three of three medical deputising services and three of three nurse-led walk-in clinics (WICs). Of 3371 community-based after-hours presentations, 934 consultation records were obtained (overall response: 28%). Emergency departments reported 524 triage code 4 and 5 patients within the study period. Problems managed in community-based after-hours services were most often rated as non-urgent (n = 482; 51.6%) and new (n = 606; 64.9%). The most common community-based after-hours presentations were diagnostic or disease related (e.g. infections or injury; n = 667; 59.5%). The most common body systems impacted were respiratory (n = 329; 29.6%), skin (n = 164; 16.4%) and general/unspecified (e.g. fever; n = 164; 16.4%). Community-based after-hours services reported different types of presentations, with medical deputising services reporting more urgent presentations, GPs reporting more procedural presentations and walk-in clinics reporting more skin-related issues (e.g. wound care). Community-based after-hours medical services contribute significantly to after-hours medical care in the ACT. Patients are self-selecting community-based after-hours medical services appropriately based on problems managed by practitioners.

Rationale, aims and objectives Occupational violence is increasingly recognized as a problem in general practice, and has been suggested as adversely affecting general practitioners’ (GPs) provision of services to patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of experiences of violence and perceptions of risk of violence with provision of after-hours GP care and home visits. Method A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of GPs in three Australian Urban Divisions of General Practice was used. Results Five hundred and twenty-eight GPs completed the survey (response rate 49%). Of the GPs surveyed, 63.7% were subjected to some form of violence in the previous 12 months. Risk of violence influenced 10.2% of GPs’ delivery of in-hours home visits and 22.0% of GPs’ delivery of after-hours home visits. A further 4.7% of GPs reported not performing after-hours home visits at all during the previous 12 months because of safety concerns. On logistic regression, gender, location of practice and country of medical qualification were significantly associated with provision of in-hours and after-hours home visits. Experience of violence during the previous 12 months was not significantly associated with provision of home visits. Conclusions This study’s finding of GPs’ self-reported restriction of practice and withdrawal from home visits and after-hours calls in response to risk of violence represents a significant primary health care issue. GPs’ decision to provide after-hours calls and home visits is complex, and the finding of lack of significant association of experiences of violence with provision of home visits and after-hours calls is likely to be due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data from multiple surgical studies and settings have reported an increase in adverse events in patients admitted or treated on weekends. The aim of this study was to investigate short-term outcomes for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in Australia and New Zealand based on the day of surgery., Methods: This is a retrospective observational cohort study. Analysis of 7,857 CEAs recorded for more than 4 years in the Australasian Vascular Audit database was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare the following outcomes between CEAs performed during the week and on the weekend: (1) in-hospital stroke and/or death; (2) other postoperative complications; and (3) shorter (2 days or less) length of stay (LOS)., Results: A total of 7,857 CEAs were recorded, with significantly more procedures performed during the week (n = 7,333, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of stroke and/or death or other complications between CEAs performed during the week or on the weekend (P = 0.294 and P = 0.806, respectively). However, there was a significant difference in LOS for procedures performed during the weekend, with more of these patients being discharged within 2 days compared with procedures performed during the week (56.8% vs. 51.5%; P = 0.003). Multivariable logistic regression found no effect of day of the week on the odds of postoperative stroke and/or death (P = 0.685). Day of surgery was also not associated with greater odds of other complications (P = 0.925). However, CEAs performed by nonconsultants had significantly lower adjusted odds of other complications (3.1% vs. 4.1%; P = 0.033). The adjusted odds of having a shorter LOS were significantly greater for operations taking place on the weekend (P = 0.003)., Conclusions: In Australia and New Zealand, there appears to be no disadvantage to performing CEA on the weekend, in terms of stroke and/or death. Level of experience of the primary operator does not affect rates of stroke and/or death after CEA. Weekend CEA is associated with a shorter hospital LOS., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: There is reliance on radiology registrar reporting of after-hours CT scans in many public hospitals across Australia and New Zealand. This study evaluates the extent and nature of CT reporting discrepancies after-hours by comparing trainee preliminary reports with consultant finalised reports., Methods: A retrospective review of all after-hours CT scans between January and December 2014 by radiology trainees at a level 1 trauma centre was performed. Discrepancies were classified as major or minor, by year level of trainee, time of report and scan type (Trauma vs. Non-Trauma). Major discrepancies were investigated to assess if they led to increased morbidity, mortality or a change in treatment., Results: 17,948 after-hours CT scans were performed. A total of 1235 preliminary reports required addendums (discrepancy rate of 6.9%). There were 630 Trauma and 605 Non-Trauma studies. There were 56 major (0.3%) and 1179 minor (6.6%) discrepancies. Of the 56 major discrepancies there were 12 (0.3%) in the Trauma and 44 (6.6%) in the Non-Trauma groups. There were no adverse patient outcomes due to any major discrepancy. There were more minor discrepancies in reports of Trauma CTs compared to Non-Trauma (P ≤ 0.0001). No relationship between the time of report issued and discrepancy rate (P = 0.811) was observed. There was a lower discrepancy rate the more experienced the registrar from year 2 to advanced fellowship (P = 0.003)., Conclusion: The discrepancy rates of after-hours CT trainee reports were lower at this institution compared to international literature (6.9% vs. 7.7%). The majority of preliminary trainee reports were accurate with no increased morbidity or mortality resulting from major discrepancies., (© 2019 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Introduction: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common reason for admission to an intensive care unit for intubation and mechanical ventilation, and results in high morbidity and mortality. The primary aim of the study was to investigate availability and provision of respiratory physiotherapy, outside of normal business hours, for intubated and mechanically ventilated adults with CAP in Australian hospitals., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed methods online survey was conducted. Participants were senior intensive care unit physiotherapists from 88 public and private hospitals. Main outcome measures included presence and nature of an after-hours physiotherapy service and factors perceived to influence the need for after-hours respiratory physiotherapy intervention, when the service was available, for intubated adult patients with CAP. Data were also collected regarding respiratory intervention provided after-hours by other ICU professionals., Results: Response rate was 72% (n=75). An after-hours physiotherapy service was provided by n=31 (46%) hospitals and onsite after-hours physiotherapy presence was limited (22%), with a combination of onsite and on-call service reported by 19%. Treatment response (83%) was the most frequent factor for referring patients with CAP for after-hours physiotherapy intervention by the treating day-time physiotherapist. Nurses performing respiratory intervention (77%) was significantly associated with no available after-hours physiotherapy service (p=0.04)., Discussion: Physiotherapy after-hours service in Australia is limited, therefore it is common for intubated patients with CAP not to receive any respiratory physiotherapy intervention outside of normal business hours. In the absence of an after-hours physiotherapist, nurses were most likely to perform after-hours respiratory intervention to intubated patients with CAP., Conclusion: Further research is required to determine whether the frequency of respiratory physiotherapy intervention, including after-hours provision of treatment, influences outcomes for ICU patients intubated with pneumonia., (Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Increasing mortality for patients admitted to hospitals during the weekend is a contentious but well described phenomenon. However, it remains uncertain whether adverse outcomes, including prolonged hospital length-of-stay (LOS), may also occur after patients undergoing major planned surgery are admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) out-of-office-hours, either during weeknights (after 18:00) or on weekends., Methods: All planned surgical admissions requiring admission to one of 183 ICUs across Australia and New Zealand between 2006 and 2016 were included in this retrospective population-based cohort study. Primary outcomes were hospital LOS and hospital mortality., Results: Of the total 504 713 planned postoperative ICU admissions, 33.6% occurred during out-of-office-hours. After adjusting for available risk factors, out-of-office-hours ICU admissions were associated with a significant increase in hospital LOS [+2.6 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5-2.6], mortality [odd ratio (OR) 1.5, 95%CI 1.4-1.6], and a reduced chance of being directly discharged home (OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.8-0.8). The strongest association for adverse outcomes occurred with weekend ICU admissions (hospital LOS: +3.0 days, 95%CI 3.2-3.6; hospital mortality: OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.6-1.8). Clustering of adverse outcomes by hospitals was not observed in the generalised estimating equation analyses., Conclusions: Despite a greater clinical staff availability and higher monitoring levels, planned surgery requiring anticipated out-of-office-hours ICU admission was associated with a prolonged hospital LOS, reduced discharge directly home, and increased mortality compared with in-office-hours admissions. Our findings have potential clinical, economic and health policy implications on how complex planned surgery should be planned and managed., (Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia. All rights reserved.)

Background: It is widely acknowledged that health policy and practice do not always reflect current research evidence. Whether knowledge transfer from research to practice is more successful when specific implementation approaches are used remains unclear. A model to assist engagement of allied health managers and clinicians with research implementation could involve disseminating evidence-based policy recommendations, along with the use of knowledge brokers. We developed such a model to aid decision-making for the provision of weekend allied health services. This protocol outlines the design and methods for a multi-centre cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the success of research implementation strategies to promote evidence-informed weekend allied health resource allocation decisions, especially in hospital managers., Methods: This multi-centre study will be a three-group parallel cluster randomised controlled trial. Allied health managers from Australian and New Zealand hospitals will be randomised to receive either (1) an evidence-based policy recommendation document to guide weekend allied health resource allocation decisions, (2) the same policy recommendation document with support from a knowledge broker to help implement weekend allied health policy recommendations, or (3) a usual practice control group. The primary outcome will be alignment of weekend allied health service provision with policy recommendations. This will be measured by the number of allied health service events (occasions of service) occurring on weekends as a proportion of total allied health service events for the relevant hospital wards at baseline and 12-month follow-up., Discussion: Evidence-based policy recommendation documents communicate key research findings in an accessible format. This comparatively low-cost research implementation strategy could be combined with using a knowledge broker to work collaboratively with decision-makers to promote knowledge transfer. The results will assist managers to make decisions on resource allocation, based on evidence. More generally, the findings will inform the development of an allied health model for translating research into practice., Trial Registration: This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ( ACTRN12618000029291 ). Universal Trial Number (UTN): U1111-1205-2621.

Rationale: Previous studies suggested an association between after-hours intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and increased hospital mortality. Their retrospective design and lack of correction for patient factors present at the time of discharge make this association problematic., Objectives: To determine factors independently associated with mortality after ICU discharge., Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, binational observational study involving 40 ICUs in Australia and New Zealand. Participants were consecutive adult patients discharged alive from the ICU between September 2009 and February 2010., Measurements and Main Results: We studied 10,211 patients discharged alive from the ICU. Median age was 63 years (interquartile range, 49-74), 6,224 (61%) were male, 5,707 (56%) required mechanical ventilation, and their median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III risk of death was 9% (interquartile range, 3-25%). A total of 8,539 (83.6%) patients were discharged in-hours (06:00-18:00) and 1,672 (16.4%) after-hours (18:00-06:00). Of these, 408 (4.8%) and 124 (7.4%), respectively, subsequently died in hospital (P < 0.001). After risk adjustment for markers of illness severity at time of ICU discharge including limitations of medical therapy (LOMT) orders, the time of discharge was no longer a significant predictor of mortality. The presence of a LOMT order was the strongest predictor of death (odds ratio, 35.4; 95% confidence interval, 27.5-45.6)., Conclusions: In this large, prospective, multicenter, binational observational study, we found that patient status at ICU discharge, particularly the presence of LOMT orders, was the chief predictor of hospital survival. In contrast to previous studies, the timing of discharge did not have an independent association with mortality.

Background: The acute surgical unit (ASU) model of care is a new paradigm shift in the provision of emergency surgery. Clinical and non-clinical outcomes have been described after the introduction of the ASU model in Australia and New Zealand. This paper reviews and analyses the current published literature and methods of implementation of contemporary ASU models., Method: We conducted a comprehensive database search to identify all relevant published papers pertaining to the ASU. Included papers compared ASU models to emergency surgery's traditional model of care. Relevant clinical and non-clinical end points were extracted for analysis., Results: Seven papers and two abstracts published data assessing clinical and non-clinical end points within the ASU. Four out of six studies reported a reduction in hospital length of stay. Two out of three studies showed reduction in mean time to emergency department review and two out of four studies reported a reduction in time to surgery. Additionally, four out of five studies showed a reduction in after hours operating with an ASU model., Conclusion: Trends in clinical outcomes are seen including reduced length of stay, time to emergency department assessment and surgery, supplemented by non-clinical outcomes including reduced after hours operating and the potential for increased training opportunities. The published data presents certain weaknesses and further information is required to appreciate the applicability of certain aspects of the ASU model to smaller centres., (© 2013 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.)

Recent literature from general and orthopaedic surgery as well as anaesthetic viewpoints has identified that operations performed outside normal work hours pose potential risks for both patients and healthcare workers. This is in contrast to the increasing pressure for 24h surgical availability for the public and the desire to reduce waiting times for patients. Further, there is evidence of the effects of fatigue on reducing performance. The authors aim to compare outcomes of maxillofacial trauma surgery performed in and out of normal work hours. Retrospective analysis was carried out on all maxillofacial trauma surgery under general anaesthesia at a tertiary referral hospital over a 14-month period. Outcomes of patient mortality, injury severity, patient demographics and operation duration were analysed with reference to two groups: in-hours (0800-1700 Monday to Friday) and out-of-hours (1700-0800 Monday to Friday as well as all operations performed Saturday and Sunday). 134 patients/procedures met the inclusion criteria, 53 out-of-hours and 81 in-hours. A statistically significant (p=0.05) higher complication rate (13%) was found in the out-of-hours cases compared to the in-hours cases (4%). The potential implications for this result on the need for increased availability of dedicated in-hours maxillofacial trauma operating lists at major hospitals are discussed., (Copyright © 2012 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate factors associated with the availability of same or next day appointments and after-hours access reported by Australian general practitioners (GPs)., Methods: Secondary analysis of a survey of primary care practitioners conducted by the Commonwealth Fund in 2009 in 11 countries. Analysis of factors likely to be associated with reported availability of same or next day appointments and after-hours access., Findings: Of 1016 Australian GPs, 78.8% reported that most patients in their practice had access to an appointment on the same or next day and 50% that their practice had arrangements for after-hours access. Access to same or next day care was better in practices where practitioners reported larger numbers of patients seen per GP per week and reviewed their performance against annual targets, but worse in rural areas and practices routinely reviewing outcomes data. Arrangements for after-hours care were more common among GPs who were planning to retire in the next 5 years; worked in practices with high electronic functioning information systems; and received and reviewed clinical outcome data and incentives for performance., Conclusions: Improving after-hours access requires a comprehensive approach which includes incentives, improvements to information management and organised systems of care with review of data on clinical outcomes.

Introduction and Aims: The provision of counselling and other health interventions over the Internet is an emerging treatment modality. In 2007, an evaluation of the first Australian pilot Web-based alcohol and other drug (AOD) counselling initiative, known as CounsellingOnline, was completed. This paper explores whether CounsellingOnline enhanced AOD service accessibility for clients., Design and Methods: Service utilisation data (n = 2004) and client survey data (n = 277) were collected and analysed to evaluate service responses, service impact, client characteristics and client satisfaction. Comparative client data were obtained from a state-wide conventional counselling dataset (Alcohol and Drug Information System; n = 19,283) and a statewide telephone counselling database (DirectLine; n = 59,863). Results. Service responses, such as fast counsellor connection speed, low client attrition and anonymous login, contributed to good service accessibility. CounsellingOnline clients differed from conventional and telephone counselling clients, representing much higher proportions of young, employed and female clients. Notably, the majority of CounsellingOnline sessions occurred outside standard business hours., Discussion and Conclusions: CounsellingOnline has showed enhanced AOD service accessibility through its service responsiveness, high level of after-hours service utilisation, and appeal to a client group that differs from those seen in conventional and telephone AOD counselling services. The capacity of Web-based services such as CounsellingOnline to enhance service accessibility is significant, particularly for clients whose access to conventional treatment services is limited.

Background: Workplace violence in general practice has been found to be an important problem in the United Kingdom. No research has been undertaken in this area in Australian urban practice., Method: Four focus groups involved 18 urban general practitioners and over 9 hours of taped responses were transcribed. The transcripts were coded and subjected to thematic analysis., Results: General practitioners expressed a wide range of risks relating to the provision of after hours care. This makes them apprehensive about participating in it. Those who had experienced violence, or perceived its risk, had limited their participation in after hours care; sometimes completely., Discussion: Structures may be needed to support provision of after hours general practice services.