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There is little research to understand reasons for suboptimal influenza vaccination uptake among Aboriginal people of different ages in Australia. This study aimed to better understand the communication needs and preferences of Aboriginal families (Phase 2) in New South Wales, Australia, and their health service providers (Phase 1), to inform future interventions to improve influenza immunisation coverage in Aboriginal communities. This paper reports from Phase 1 of the study. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal researchers designed and conducted the study, with cultural governance provided by Aboriginal health care professionals and other community members working within health departments or community healthcare settings across Australia. In Phase 1 we conducted interviews and focus groups with 18 Aboriginal immunisation providers and mainstream immunisation co-ordinators from three geographic areas in New South Wales. We used group-based thematic analysis with a cultural lens and sought participants' feedback prior to finalising results. We identified four themes, framed as opportunities for improvement: better supporting Aboriginal Medical Services as providers of influenza vaccinations; improving the accessibility and appropriateness of mainstream services for Aboriginal families; improving health providers' knowledge of Aboriginal people' influenza risk and their willingness to recommend vaccination; and engaging communities to design influenza vaccination resources. To achieve optimal influenza vaccination coverage, all health services must take responsibility for providing culturally responsive clinical care to Aboriginal families. We suggest that, where possible, mainstream services incorporate elements of the family-centred and broader model of health used by Aboriginal Medical Services. This includes creating a welcoming environment, appropriately identifying and getting to know Aboriginal patients, taking a preventative approach, and opportunistically offering and strongly encouraging influenza vaccination to the individual and their family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has globally caused widespread disruption, morbidity and mortality. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccination is critical for minimising further impacts of the pandemic. Health and aged care workers (HACWs) play a central role in public confidence in vaccines and are one of the priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination in Australia. Qualitative phone interviews with 19 HACWs aged 21-50 years old from New South Wales, Australia, were conducted, and the data were analysed thematically in order to understand the factors influencing HACWs' acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. We found that HACWs reported a continuum of COVID-19 vaccination intentions with 12 enthusiastically accepting and 7 hesitant. Using the Behavioral and Social Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination (BeSD) Framework, we found that participants' acceptance of vaccination was primarily driven by their perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination (such as safety, risk and benefits) and by the information sources, people and norms they trusted. Informed by study findings, we propose several communication strategies which may be helpful in addressing HACWs vaccination acceptance. We note however that as the pandemic continues, further studies with HACWs from diverse backgrounds are needed in order to provide accurate data on diverse motivational and practical drivers of evolving perceptions and attitudes towards vaccination.