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The article discusses the results of a study conducted from January 2009 to December 2012 to determine the neutropenic fever (NF) incidents and hospitalization rates of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and docetaxel in Australia. Topics covered include analysis of electronic medical records, provision of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment regimen, and the reduction of risk to NF.

Objectives: To review the outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) outside clinical trials., Study Design: Retrospective observational study; review of patient records in fifteen Australian institutions., Setting, Participants: All Australian adults with locally advanced or metastatic CSCC not amenable to curative surgery or radiotherapy treated with ICIs, 5 May 2017 - 23 May 2022, through a cemiplimab compassionate access scheme (Therapeutic Goods Administration Special Access Scheme) or who personally covered the cost of pembrolizumab prior to the start of the access scheme., Main Outcome Measures: Best overall response rate (ORR) according to standardised assessment criteria using the hierarchy: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1), the modified World Health Organization clinical response criteria, and the Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria (PERCIST 1.0); overall and progression-free survival., Results: A total of 286 people with advanced CSCC received ICI therapy during May 2017 - May 2022 (cemiplimab, 270; pembrolizumab, 16). Their median age was 75.2 years (range, 39.3-97.5 years) and 232 were men (81%); median follow-up time was 12.2 months (interquartile range, 5.5-20.5 months). Eighty-eight people (31%) were immunocompromised, 27 had autoimmune disease, and 59 of 277 (21%) had ECOG performance scores of 2 or 3. The ORR was 60% (166 of 278 evaluable patients): complete responses were recorded for 74 (27%) and partial responses for 92 patients (33%). Twelve-month overall survival was 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72-83%); progression-free survival was 65% (95% CI, 58-70%). Poorer ECOG performance status was associated with poorer overall survival (per unit: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.0; 95% CI, 2.0-4.3) and progression-free survival (aHR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.8-3.3), as was being immunocompromised (overall: aHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.0; progression-free: aHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7). Fifty-five people (19%) reported immune-related adverse events of grade 2 or higher; there were no treatment-related deaths., Conclusion: In our retrospective study, the effectiveness and toxicity of ICI therapy were similar to those determined in clinical trials. Our findings suggest that ICIs could be effective and well tolerated by people with advanced CSCC who are ineligible for clinical trials., (© 2024 The Authors. Medical Journal of Australia published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of AMPCo Pty Ltd.)

Background: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have a unique place in Australia as the original inhabitants of the land. Similar to other First Nations people globally, they experience a disproportionate burden of injury and chronic health conditions. Discharge planning ensures ongoing care to avoid complications and achieve better health outcomes. Analysing discharge interventions that have been implemented and evaluated globally for First Nations people with an injury or chronic conditions can inform the implementation of strategies to ensure optimal ongoing care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people., Methods: A systematic review was conducted to analyse discharge interventions conducted globally among First Nations people who sustained an injury or suffered from a chronic condition. We included documents published in English between January 2010 and July 2022. We followed the reporting guidelines and criteria set in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA). Two independent reviewers screened the articles and extracted data from eligible papers. A quality appraisal of the studies was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and the CONSIDER statement., Results: Four quantitative and one qualitative study out of 4504 records met inclusion criteria. Three studies used interventions involving trained health professionals coordinating follow-up appointments, linkage with community care services and patient training. One study used 48-hour post discharge telephone follow-up and the other text messages with prompts to attend check-ups. The studies that included health professional coordination of follow-up, linkage with community care and patient education resulted in decreased readmissions, emergency presentations, hospital length of stay and unattended appointments., Conclusion: Further research on the field is needed to inform the design and delivery of effective programs to ensure quality health aftercare for First Nations people. We observed that discharge interventions in line with the principal domains of First Nations models of care including First Nations health workforce, accessible health services, holistic care, and self-determination were associated with better health outcomes., Registration: This study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42021254718)., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women deserve improved smoking cessation support. Aboriginal health workers (AHW) and practitioners (AHP) can be central to the provision of culturally safe smoking cessation care (SCC). The objective of this study is to explore attitudes and the perceived role of AHWs/AHPs toward providing SCC to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander pregnant women., Method: A mixed-method study using quantitative and qualitative data was conducted among AHW/AHPs in 2021 across Australia. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to characterise AHWs'/AHPs' attitudes towards SCC and to evaluate the factors associated with perceptions of who is best placed to provide SCC., Results: From the total AHW/AHP workforce, 21.2% (223) completed the survey. Less than half (48.4%) believed that AHW/AHP were best placed to provide SCC for pregnant women. The majority believed that group-based supports (82.5%) and cultural support programs (63.7%) were the best strategies to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander pregnant women to quit smoking., Conclusion: This study highlights the need to enhance SCC offered to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander pregnant women. A targeted workforce dedicated to smoking cessation should be resourced, including funding, standardised training, and ongoing SCC support tailored to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander pregnant women.

Severe injury and chronic conditions require long-term management by multidisciplinary teams. Appropriate discharge planning ensures ongoing care to mitigate the long-term impact of injuries and chronic conditions. However, First Nations peoples in Australia face ongoing barriers to aftercare. This systematic review will locate and analyse global evidence of discharge interventions that have been implemented to improve aftercare and enhance health outcomes among First Nations people with an injury or chronic condition. A systematic search will be conducted using five databases, Google, and Google scholar. Global studies published in English will be included. We will analyse aftercare interventions implemented and the health outcomes associated. Two independent reviewers will screen and select studies and then extract and analyse the data. Quality appraisal of the included studies will be conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and the CONSIDER statement. The proposed study will analyse global evidence on discharge interventions that have been implemented for First Nations people with an injury or chronic conditions and their associated health outcomes. Our findings will guide healthcare quality improvement to ensure Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have ongoing access to culturally safe aftercare services.

Background: This multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase II/III trial aimed to evaluate an oral THC:CBD (tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol) cannabis extract for prevention of refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Here we report the phase II component results., Patients and Methods: Eligible patients experienced CINV during moderate-to-high emetogenic intravenous chemotherapy despite guideline-consistent antiemetic prophylaxis. Study treatment consisted of one cycle of 1-4 self-titrated capsules of oral THC 2.5 mg/CBD 2.5 mg (TN-TC11M) three times daily, from days -1 to 5, and 1 cycle of matching placebo in a crossover design, then blinded patient preference for a third cycle. The primary end point was the proportion of participants with complete response during 0-120 h from chemotherapy. A total of 80 participants provided 80% power to detect a 20% absolute improvement with a two-sided P value of 0.1., Results: A total of 81 participants were randomised; 72 completing two cycles were included in the efficacy analyses and 78 not withdrawing consent were included in safety analyses. Median age was 55 years (range 29-80 years); 78% were female. Complete response was improved with THC:CBD from 14% to 25% (relative risk 1.77, 90% confidence interval 1.12-2.79, P = 0.041), with similar effects on absence of emesis, use of rescue medications, absence of significant nausea, and summary scores for the Functional Living Index-Emesis (FLIE). Thirty-one percent experienced moderate or severe cannabinoid-related adverse events such as sedation, dizziness, or disorientation, but 83% of participants preferred cannabis to placebo. No serious adverse events were attributed to THC:CBD., Conclusion: The addition of oral THC:CBD to standard antiemetics was associated with less nausea and vomiting but additional side-effects. Most participants preferred THC:CBD to placebo. Based on these promising results, we plan to recruit an additional 170 participants to complete accrual for the definitive, phase III, parallel group analysis., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616001036404; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370473&isReview=true., Competing Interests: Disclosure PG: Research funding to institution—ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Boston Biomedical (Inst), Eisai (Inst), Eisai (Inst), Five Prime (Inst), Genentech (Inst), Gilead Sciences (Inst), Halozyme (Inst), Medimmune, MSD (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Specialised Therapeutics, Tigermed (Inst), Tilray (Inst), Zucero. MS: Research funding to institution—Amgen (Inst), Astellas Pharma (Inst), AstraZeneca (Inst), Bayer (Inst), Bionomics (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), Celgene (Inst), Medivation (Inst), Merck Sharp & Dohme (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Roche (Inst), Sanofi (Inst), Tilray (Inst); Travel, Accommodations, Expenses—Medivation/Pfizer. NL: Consulting or Advisory Role—Camurus, Indivior, Mundipharma; Speakers' Bureau—PCM Healthcare Ltd; Research funding to institution—Camurus (Inst). AM: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses—Roche. AT: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses—Ipsen. JS: Research funding to institution—AbbVie (Inst), Amgen (Inst), Astellas Pharma (Inst), AstraZeneca (Inst), Bayer (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), Merck Serono (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Roche (Inst). RM: Research funding to institution—Edwards Life Sciences (Inst). IO: Consulting or Advisory Role—Aucentra, Con Ca Pty Ltd, VieCure; Speakers' Bureau—Pierre Fabre (Inst). IM: Honoraria—Janssen; Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property—Kinoxis Therapeutics. CG: Honoraria—Novotech; Consulting or Advisory Role—AbbVie (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), Ipsen (Inst), Merck Sharp & Dohme (Inst), Novotech, Pfizer (Inst); Research funding to institution—Amgen (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), Merck Sharp & Dohme (Inst); Travel, Accommodations, Expenses—Astellas Pharma, Astellas Pharma, Merck Sharp & Dohme. SC: Employment—GenesisCare; Stock and Other Ownership Interests—GenesisCare; Honoraria—Tetra Health; Consulting or Advisory Role—All Vascular, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer, Ipsen, Merck; Speakers' Bureau—Merck, Novartis/Ipsen; Travel, Accommodations, Expenses—Bristol-Myers Squibb, MedLab. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is a strong unmet need to improve systemic therapy in mesothelioma. Chemotherapy with cisplatin and pemetrexed improves survival in malignant pleural mesothelioma, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are an emerging treatment in this disease. We aimed to evaluate the activity of durvalumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, given during and after first-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and pemetrexed in patients with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma., Methods: DREAM was a multicentre, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial done in nine hospitals in Australia. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older and had histologically confirmed malignant pleural mesothelioma considered unsuitable for cancer-directed surgery, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, and measurable disease as per the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.0 (mRECIST) for mesothelioma that was previously untreated with systemic therapy. All histological subtypes were eligible. The first six participants were treated for two cycles in a safety run-in. All participants received cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 , pemetrexed 500 mg/m 2 , and durvalumab 1125 mg intravenously on day 1 of a 3-weekly schedule for a maximum of six cycles. Change from cisplatin to carboplatin with an area under the curve of 5 was permitted. Durvalumab was continued for a maximum of 12 months. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 6 months, measured according to mRECIST for malignant pleural mesothelioma and analysed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety analyses included all participants who receive at least one dose of any study drug. This study is registered with the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12616001170415., Findings: Between Dec 28, 2016, and Sept 27, 2017, 55 participants were enrolled. 54 patients were eligible and were followed up for a median of 28·2 months (IQR 26·5-30·2). 31 (57%; 95% CI 44-70) of 54 patients were alive and progression-free at 6 months. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (seven [13%] patients), nausea (six [11%]), and anaemia (four [7%]). A total of 60 serious adverse events occurred in 29 participants, five of which were considered possibly related to durvalumab. Five patients died during the study treatment; none of these five deaths were attributed to study treatment., Interpretation: The combination of durvalumab, cisplatin, and pemetrexed has promising activity and an acceptable safety profile that warrants further investigation in a randomised phase 3 trial., Funding: AstraZeneca., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To undertake a descriptive analysis of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Worker workforce to quantify the changes from 2006-2016., Method: We analysed data on Indigenous Health Workers from three waves of Australian Census: 2006, 2011 and 2016. We described the workforce by gender, age and state/territory., Results: There has been overall growth in the number of Indigenous Health Workers (from 1,009 in 2006 to 1,347 in 2016), but this is not commensurate with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population growth (221 Indigenous Health Workers per 100,000 people in 2006 to 207 Indigenous Health Workers per 100,000 people in 2016). The growth is in Indigenous Health Workers aged ≥45 years, with declines in the proportion of Indigenous Health Workers aged ≤44 years. There was growth in workers in two states only, Queensland (increase 4.2 percentage points) and New South Wales (increase 6.6 percentage points)., Conclusion: There are pressing concerns regarding the lack of growth and the ageing workforce of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workers. We remain concerned that little is being done to increase the retention and recruitment of this workforce. Implications for public health: Greater effort is needed to improve the recruitment and retention of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workers, particularly for younger age groups and males. A National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workforce Strategy needs to be implemented., (© 2019 National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Health Worker Association.)

Background: We sought to determine whether the substantial benefits of topical nitroglycerin with first-line, platinum-based, doublet chemotherapy in advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) seen in a phase II trial could be corroborated in a rigorous, multicenter, phase III trial., Patients and Methods: Patients starting one of five, prespecified, platinum-based doublets as first-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC were randomly allocated treatment with or without nitroglycerin 25 mg patches for 2 days before, the day of, and 2 days after, each chemotherapy infusion. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary end point., Results: Accrual was stopped after the first interim analysis of 270 events. Chemotherapy was predominantly with carboplatin and gemcitabine (79%) or carboplatin and paclitaxel (18%). The final analysis included 345 events in 372 participants with a median follow-up of 33 months. Topical nitroglycerin had no demonstrable effect on PFS [median 5.0 versus 4.8 months, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-1.32, P = 0.55], overall survival (median 11.0 versus 10.3 months, HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.79-1.24, P = 0.94), or objective tumor response (31% versus 30%, relative risk = 1.03, 95% CI 0.82-1.29, P = 0.81). Headache, hypotension, syncope, diarrhea, dizziness, and anorexia were more frequent in those allocated nitroglycerin., Conclusion: The addition of topical nitroglycerin to carboplatin-based, doublet chemotherapy in NSCLC had no demonstrable benefit and should not be used or pursued further., Clinical Trials Number: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number ACTRN12608000588392., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)