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Crop breeding must achieve higher rates of genetic gain in grain yield (GY) and yield stability to meet future food demands in a changing climate. Optimal contributions selection (OCS) based on an index of key economic traits should increase the rate of genetic gain while minimising population inbreeding. Here we apply OCS in a global spring oilseed rape (canola) breeding program during three cycles of S0,1 family selection in 2016, 2018, and 2020, with several field trials per cycle in Australia and Canada. Economic weights in the index promoted high GY, seed oil, protein in meal, and Phoma stem canker (blackleg) disease resistance while maintaining plant height, flowering time, oleic acid, and seed size and decreasing glucosinolate content. After factor analytic modelling of the genotype-by-environment interaction for the additive effects, the linear rate of genetic gain in GY across cycles was 0.059 or 0.087 t ha−1 y−1 (2.9% or 4.3% y−1) based on genotype scores for the first factor (f1) expressed in trait units or average predicted breeding values across environments, respectively. Both GY and yield stability, defined as the root-mean-square deviation from the regression line associated with f1, were predicted to improve in the next cycle with a low achieved mean parental coancestry (0.087). These methods achieved rapid genetic gain in GY and other traits and are predicted to improve yield stability across global spring canola environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a serious insect pest which attacks a large number of nightshades and cucurbits in Asian countries, Brazil and Australia. Prolonged application of traditional pesticides has caused environmental pollution and exerted deleterious effects on human health. Finding new approaches with high target specificity and low environmental contamination has become an urgent task. RNA interference (RNAi) induced by double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) is expected to be applicable to managing this pest. Here we evaluated the effects of Escherichia coli‐expressed dsRNAs targeting ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene via dietary delivery in laboratory and foliar spraying in a greenhouse. The target transcript was successfully knocked down when the 4th‐instar larvae had fed on potato foliage dipped with dsEcR in a laboratory bioassay. Around 85% of the HvEcR RNAi larvae remained as prepupae or became abnormal pupae, and failed to emerge into adults. Ingestion of dsEcR‐immersed foliage by the 3rd‐instar larvae effectuated a comparable RNAi response and brought about more severe defects: all the resultant larvae arrested development, remained as prepupae and finally died. For assay in the greenhouse, a dsEcR‐contained E. coli suspension was directly sprayed to the foliage of greenhouse‐growing potato plants and the 3rd‐ and 4th‐instar larvae were transferred to the leaves. High RNAi efficacy was obtained and identical RNAi phenotypes were observed in treated larvae. In addition, spraying dsEcR reduced leaf damage. Our results indicate a possibility of practical application of dsEcR as an environmentally friendly RNA pesticide to control H. vigintioctopunctata larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous mathematical models have been developed to estimate diffuse and direct irradiance components based on global irradiation measurements. The Boland–Ridley–Lauret (BRL) model consists of a single set of parameters for all global locations. There is scope to improve the BRL model to better match local climatic conditions. In this research, the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system is considered to develop a set of adjusted BRL models for Australian conditions. Ground-based and satellite-based irradiation data derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology are used to tune and test new BRL models developed at a national level and for each climate zone. Irradiation data are processed through a rigorous quality control procedure before parameter tuning. For ground-based data, a new national model results in an improvement in 96% of statistical indicators over the original BRL model while Köppen-Geiger zone adjusted models show improvement over the new national model in 72% of the statistics. For satellite-based global irradiation estimates, a new national BRL model also results in observed improvements, however, no discernible improvement is observed for Köppen-Geiger zone models. ● Adjustment of BRL diffuse irradiation model for Australia based on Köppen-Geiger climate zones. ● Rigorous data quality control procedures are applied to develop new diffuse irradiation models. ● Statistical indicators are applied to validate the performance of the models. ● Köppen-Geiger zone models are found to perform well for ground-based data. ● For satellite data, a new national model performs best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nelson Bay orthoreovirus (NBV) was first isolated over 40 years ago from a fruit bat in Australia. Normally, NBV does not cause human diseases, but recently several NBV strains have been associated with human respiratory tract infections, thus attracting clinical attention. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotic cells, degrades intracellular substrates, participates in multiple physiological processes, and maintains cellular homeostasis. In addition, autophagy is intimately involved in viral infection. Methods: A new strain of NBV, isolated from a patient with a respiratory tract infection who returned to Japan from Bali, Indonesia, in 2007, was used in this study. NBV was rescued using a reverse genetics system involving cotransfection of BHK cells with 11 plasmids (pT7-L1 MB, pT7-L2 MB, pT7-L3 MB, pT7-M1 MB, pT7-M2 MB, pT7-M3 MB, pT7-S1 MB, pT7-S2 MB, pT7-S3 MB, pT7-S4 MB, and pcDNA3.1-T7), yielding NBV-MB. Recovered viruses were confirmed by immunofluorescence. The effect of NBV-MB on autophagy was evaluated by measuring the LC3-I/II proteins by immunoblot analysis after infection of BHK cells. Furthermore, after treatment with rapamycin (RAPA), 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine (CQ), or plasmid (GFP-LC3) transfection, the changes in expression of the LC3 gene and the amount of LC3-I/II protein were examined. In addition, variations in viral titer were assayed after treatment of BHK cells with drugs or after transfection with plasmids pCAGM3 and pCAGS3, which encode virus nonstructural proteins μNS and σNS, respectively. Results: NBV-MB infection induced autophagy in host cells; however, the level of induction was dependent on viral replication. Induction of autophagy increased viral replication. By contrast, inhibiting autophagy suppressed NBV replication, albeit not significantly. The NBV-MB nonstructural protein μNS was involved in the induction of autophagy with viral infection. Conclusions: NBV-MB infection triggered autophagy. Also, the NBV nonstructural protein μNS may contribute to augmentation of autophagy upon viral infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deprescribing opportunities may differ across health care systems, nursing home settings, and prescribing cultures. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of STOPPFrail medications according to frailty status among residents of nursing homes in Australia, China, Japan, and Spain. Secondary cross-sectional analyses of data from 4 cohort studies. A total of 1142 residents in 31 nursing homes. Medication data were extracted from resident records. Frailty was assessed using the FRAIL-NH scale (non-frail 0–2; frail 3–6; most-frail 7–14). Chi-square tests and prevalence ratios (PRs) were used to compare STOPPFrail medication use across cohorts. In total, 84.7% of non-frail, 95.6% of frail, and 90.6% of most-frail residents received ≥1 STOPPFrail medication. Overall, the most prevalent STOPPFrail medications were antihypertensives (53.0% in China to 73.3% in Australia, P <.001), vitamin D (nil in China to 52.7% in Australia, P <.001), lipid-lowering therapies (11.1% in Japan to 38.9% in Australia, P <.001), aspirin (13.5% in Japan to 26.2% in China, P <.001), proton pump inhibitors (2.1% in Japan to 32.0% in Australia, P <.001), and antidiabetic medications (12.3% in Japan to 23.5% in China, P =.010). Overall use of antihypertensives (PR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06–1.25), lipid-lowering therapies (PR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.45–2.18), aspirin (PR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04–1.64), and antidiabetic medications (PR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.00–1.72) were more prevalent among non-frail and frail residents compared with most-frail residents. Antihypertensive use was more prevalent with increasing frailty in China and Japan, but less prevalent with increasing frailty in Australia. Antidiabetic medication use was less prevalent with increasing frailty in China and Spain but was consistent across frailty groups in Australia and Japan. There were overall and frailty-specific variations in prevalence of different STOPPFrail medications across cohorts. This may reflect differences in prescribing cultures, application of clinical practice guidelines in the nursing home setting, and clinician or resident attitudes toward deprescribing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fertigation at EC 1.8 provides higher eggplant yield and reduced greenhouse operational costs. • The choice of EC levels influences the profitability of high-tech glasshouse operations. • Wholesale price and eggplant yield pose most impact on economic benefits. • Greenhouse eggplant production requires 6 – 9 years payback period from EC adjustment. Greenhouse horticulture, a sustainable alternative to conventional horticulture, maximises resource use and return for vegetable production. This study evaluated the impact of varying nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) levels (EC 1.8, 2.8, and 3.8) on eggplant cultivars (Solanum melongena L. cv. Lydia, and Tracey) performance and economic viability in high-tech glasshouses. We found that morphological traits such as plant height and leaf number were consistent across EC levels, while fruit weight, length, and width are significantly higher at the lowest EC (1.8). Photosynthetic rates increased significantly with rising EC levels, while other gas exchange parameters such as stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, and vapour pressure deficit were similar for all EC levels tested. Yield analysis revealed a negative correlation between eggplant yield and increasing EC levels, with optimal yields in both eggplant varieties (0.81 and 1.14 kg m−2 week−1 in Lydia and Tracey, respectively) achieved at the lowest EC. Economic analysis highlighted that lower EC levels lead to lower operational costs and higher net profit values (NPV). Sensitivity analysis underscored the importance of wholesale price and crop yield in determining NPV, with lower EC levels offering a shorter payback period of approximately 6 years in Australia and China and higher economic returns. The study highlights the significance of optimizing EC levels for achieving more resource-sustainable and profitable eggplant production in greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older people in the nursing home environment are much less mobile and capable of taking care of themselves as they age, and most of them face the plight of loneliness, which seriously affects the quality of life of older people in their later years., Aims: A systematic review and synthesis of older people's experiences of loneliness in nursing homes., Design: Following ENTREQ, do a systematic evaluation and synthesis of qualitative investigations., Methods: A search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, the Chinese biomedical literature service system, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Wanfang Database and the Wipu Database for qualitative studies of older people's experiences of loneliness in nursing homes was conducted with a search time frame of March 2023. Evaluation of the quality of the literature using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Australian Centre for Evidence-Based Health Care Quality Assessment Criteria for Qualitative Research, And the data were synthesised using Thomas and Harden's method of thematic and content analysis., Results: A total of 13 papers were included, and 36 research findings were distilled and integrated into three themes: causes of loneliness; feelings of loneliness; coping with loneliness; and seven sub-themes: aging and loss; environmental transformation; loneliness is a pain; loneliness is a choice; participation; strengthening social ties; and diverting attention., Conclusions: Older people in nursing homes face varying degrees of loneliness, which is a subjective feeling influenced by the interplay between personal awareness and the external environment, so future care interventions should be developed in a comprehensive manner, taking into account the characteristics of the older people themselves and their external environment., No Patient or Public Contribution: This study is a meta-synthesis and does not require relevant contributions from patients or the public., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Clinical Nursing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Importance: A better understanding of the psychosocial health of resettled child and adolescent refugees and associated premigration and postmigration factors may help this population integrate effectively., Objective: To estimate the associations of premigration and postmigration multidomain factors with psychosocial health after resettlement among young refugees of different ages., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used wave 3 data from the Building a New Life in Australia (BNLA) cohort study, as they represented the first time a BNLA study included a child module targeting children and adolescents in the migrating unit as a nested component of the broader study. The study population consisted of children aged 5 to 10 years and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. The caregivers of the children, the adolescents themselves, and the adolescents' caregivers were invited to complete the child module. Wave 3 data were collected from October 1, 2015, to February 29, 2016. Statistical analysis was performed from May 10 to September 21, 2022., Exposures: Premigration and postmigration multidomain factors, including individual (child and caregiver), family, school, and community levels, were measured., Main Outcomes and Measures: Social and emotional adjustment and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were the dependent variables measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and an 8-item PTSD scale. Weighted multilevel linear or logistic regression models were used., Results: Of the 220 children aged 5 to 10 years (mean [SD] age, 7.4 [2.0] years), 117 (53.2%) were boys; of the 412 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (mean [SD] age, 14.1 [2.0] years), 215 (52.2%) were boys. Among the children, compared with no exposure, exposure to premigration traumatic events (β = 2.68 [95% CI, 0.51-4.85]) and having family conflicts after resettlement (β = 6.30 [95% CI, 2.97-9.64]) were positively associated with SDQ total difficulties score; school achievement was negatively associated with SDQ total difficulties score (β = -5.02 [95% CI, -9.17 to -0.87]). Among the adolescents, being treated unfairly (β = 3.32 [95% CI, 1.41-5.22]) and parenting harshness after resettlement (β = 0.25 [95% CI, 0.11-0.40]) were positively associated with SDQ total difficulties score; engagement in extracurricular activities (β = -3.67 [95% CI, -6.83 to -0.50]) was negatively associated with SDQ total difficulties score. Exposure to premigration traumatic events (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.49 [95% CI, 1.10-5.63]), being treated unfairly (aOR, 3.77 [95% CI, 1.60-8.91]), and facing English language barriers (aOR, 6.41 [95% CI, 1.98-20.79]) after resettlement were positively associated with the presence of PTSD., Conclusions and Relevance: In this study of refugee children and adolescents, apart from premigration traumatic experiences, several postmigration family- and school-related factors and social integration factors were associated with psychosocial health after resettlement. The findings suggest that family- and school-centered psychosocial care and social integration programs targeting related stressors merit increased attention for improving the psychosocial health of refugee children and adolescents after resettlement.

Despite the positive relationship between anthocyanin-rich foods and cognitive health, a dietary deficit exists in older adults. Effective interventions require an understanding of people's dietary behaviors situated in social and cultural contexts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore older adults' perceptions about increasing their consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods for cognitive health. Following an educational session and the provision of a recipe and information book, an online survey and focus groups with Australian adults aged 65 years or older ( n = 20) explored the barriers and enablers towards eating more anthocyanin-rich foods and potential strategies to achieve dietary change. An iterative, qualitative analysis identified the themes and classified the barriers, enablers and strategies onto the Social-Ecological model levels of influence (individual, interpersonal, community, society). Enabling factors included a desire to eat healthily, taste preference and familiarity of anthocyanin-rich foods (individual), social support (community), and the availability of some anthocyanin-rich foods (society). The barriers included budget, dietary preferences and motivation (individual), household influences (interpersonal), limited availability and access to some anthocyanin-rich foods (community) and the cost and the seasonal variability (society). The strategies included increasing individual-level knowledge, skills, and confidence in utilizing anthocyanin-rich foods, educational initiatives about the potential cognitive benefits, and advocating to increase access to anthocyanin-rich foods in the food supply. This study provides for the first time, insight into the various levels of influence impacting older adults' ability to consume an anthocyanin-rich diet for cognitive health. Future interventions should be tailored to reflect the barriers and enablers and to provide targeted education about anthocyanin-rich foods.

The concentrations of dissolved yttrium and rare earth elements (REY) in sediment pore water provide important geochemical information. However, due to the low REY concentration, complex matrix, and limited sample volume (often only a few milliliters), analysis of the REY in pore water often is highly challenging. In this study, a method was established to determine the dissolved REY in pore water of marine sediments using an offline preconcentration step with the ethylenediaminetriacetate chelating resin, followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In addition, using a commercially available automated trace-element preconcentration system, the preconcentration step can be fully automated, saving labor and providing a better control of the final elution volume. The experimental conditions (pH, elution volume, elution acid concentration, and organic complexation effect) were assessed, and the optimal conditions were chosen. In particular, the organic complexation effect was found to be negligible. The procedure blank and limit of detection were satisfactory for studying REY in pore water of marine sediments, and the method also yielded satisfactory recoveries for the REY elements (83-110%). The method was then applied to analyze the dissolved REY concentrations of pore water samples collected in a sediment core (~ 30 cm) in the central Indian Ocean. The vertical distribution, dissolved REY concentration, and the average Post Archean Australian Shale-normalized pattern of the REY showed similarities to the previously published pore water REY data. This method provides an accurate yet facile approach for the analysis of all 15 REY in marine pore water samples using the sample volume of only ~ 5 mL., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.)

Moral vitalism refers to a tendency to view good and evil as actual forces that can influence people and events. The Moral Vitalism Scale had been designed to assess moral vitalism in a brief survey form. Previous studies established the reliability and validity of the scale in US-American and Australian samples. In this study, the cross-cultural comparability of the scale was tested across 28 different cultural groups worldwide through measurement invariance tests. A series of exact invariance tests marginally supported partial metric invariance, however, an approximate invariance approach provided evidence of partial scalar invariance for a 5-item measure. The established level of measurement invariance allows for comparisons of latent means across cultures. We conclude that the brief measure of moral vitalism is invariant across 28 cultures and can be used to estimate levels of moral vitalism with the same precision across very different cultural settings., Competing Interests: One of the authors, José Luis Castellanos Guevara was affiliated with a commercial institution “ConSol” and received support in the form of salary from “ConSol”. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.

Contemporary group (CG) estimates of different phenotypes have not been widely explored for pigs. The objective of this study was to extend the traits used to derive environmental descriptors of the growing pig, to include CG estimates of early growth between birth and start of feed intake test (EADG), growth during feed intake test (TADG), lifetime growth (ADG), daily feed intake (DFI), backfat (BF) and muscle depth (MD). Pedigree and performance records (n = 7,746) from a commercial Australian piggery were used to derive environmental descriptors based on CG estimates of these six traits. The CG estimates of growth traits described different aspects of the environment from the CG estimates of carcass traits (r < 0.10). These definitions of the environment then were used in reaction norm analysis of growth, to evaluate sire-by-environment interaction (Sire × E) for growth. The most appropriate reaction norm model to evaluate Sire × E for growth was dependent on the environmental descriptor used. If the trait used to derive an environmental descriptor was distinctly different from growth (e.g., BF and MD), CG as an additional random effect was required in the model. If not included, inflated common litter effect and sire intercept variance suggest there was unaccounted environmental variability. There was no significant Sire × E using any of the definitions of the environment, with estimated variance in sire slopes largest when environments were defined by BF ( σ ^ bi 2  = 97 ± 83 (g/day) 2 ), followed by environments defined by DFI ( σ ^ bi 2  = 39 ± 101 (g/day) 2 ). While there appears to be differences in ability to detect Sire × E, improved data structure is required to better assess these environmental descriptors based on alternative traits. The ideal trait, or combination of traits, used to derive environmental descriptors may be unique for individual herds. Therefore, multiple phenotypes should be further explored for the evaluation of Sire × E for growth in the pig., (© 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

Disease resilience is the ability to maintain performance and health, despite infection challenges in the environment. The evaluation of disease resilience requires measures of environment infection challenges, along with other environmental challenges. The overall objective of this study was to define disease resilience using pedigree, production, and medication records from an Australian herd of Large White pigs. The extent to which the infection challenges were captured by environmental descriptors based on contemporary group (CG) estimates of growth was assessed (n = 8,835). There were moderately negative linear relationships (r = -0.29, p = 0.08) between CG estimates (39 CGs) of growth and the frequency of medicated pigs (n = 812 medicated pigs). This suggests that CG estimates of growth partly capture health challenges. However, because the health challenges were not of the pathogenic nature for this herd, these environmental descriptors may not be appropriate for the evaluation of disease resilience. Subsequently, an alternative approach to select for health was provided, where health was defined as a binary outcome of medication status, fitted in a generalized linear mixed sire model. Two health-trait definitions were explored, which differed in the number of control (nonmedicated) pigs per litter. The 'reduced-control' health trait had a representative sample of littermates with available performance records, and the 'full-control' health trait included all piglets weaned per litter (i.e., performance-tested and non-performance-tested pigs). All 812 medicated pigs had performance records available. The remaining 8,023 pigs in the reduced-control and 21,352 pigs in the full-control health traits were assumed to have not been medicated (controls). Male pigs from litters with a higher number of postweaning deaths were more likely to be medicated for both health traits. Heritability was consistent for both trait definitions, at 0.06 ± 0.04 (± SE) (reduced-control) and 0.04 ± 0.03 (full-control). While results may be specific for individual herds depending on health status, these estimates align with those presented in literature for other health traits. Together, these results demonstrate that routinely collected medication records may be useful for pig breeding programs and their economic importance and genetic background should be explored further., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Generic instruments for assessing health-related quality of life may lack the sensitivity to detect changes in health specific to certain conditions, such as dementia. The Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) is a widely used and well-validated condition-specific instrument for assessing health-related quality of life for people living with dementia, but it does not enable the calculation of quality-adjusted life years, the basis of cost utility analysis. This study will generate a preference-based scoring algorithm for a health state classification system -the Alzheimer's Disease Five Dimensions (AD-5D) derived from the QOL-AD., Methods and Analysis: Discrete choice experiments with duration (DCE TTO ) and best-worst scaling health state valuation tasks will be administered to a representative sample of 2000 members of the Australian general population via an online survey and to 250 dementia dyads (250 people with dementia and their carers) via face-to-face interview. A multinomial (conditional) logistic framework will be used to analyse responses and produce the utility algorithm for the AD-5D., Ethics and Dissemination: The algorithms developed will enable prospective and retrospective economic evaluation of any treatment or intervention targeting people with dementia where the QOL-AD has been administered and will be available online. Results will be disseminated through journals that publish health economics articles and through professional conferences. This study has ethical approval., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Chemical analysis of a marine-derived fungus, Chaunopycnis sp. (CMB-MF028), isolated from the inner tissue of a pulmonate false limpet Siphonaria sp., collected from rock surfaces in the intertidal zone of Moora Park, Shorncliffe, Queensland, yielded the tetramic acid F-14329 (1) and new analogues, chaunolidines A-C (2-4), together with the new pyridinone chaunolidone A (5), and pyridoxatin (6). Structures inclusive of absolute configurations were assigned to 1-6 on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallography, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), biosynthetic considerations and chemical interconversion. Chaunolidine C (4) exhibits modest Gram-positive antibacterial activity (IC50 5-10 μM), while chaunolidone A (5) is a selective and potent inhibitor (IC50 0.09 μM) of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (NCI-H460). Tetramic acids 1-4 form metal chelates with Fe(III), Al(III), Cu(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II).

Comparative genomic analyses among closely related species can greatly enhance our understanding of plant gene and genome evolution. We report de novo-assembled AA-genome sequences for Oryza nivara, Oryza glaberrima, Oryza barthii, Oryza glumaepatula, and Oryza meridionalis. Our analyses reveal massive levels of genomic structural variation, including segmental duplication and rapid gene family turnover, with particularly high instability in defense-related genes. We show, on a genomic scale, how lineage-specific expansion or contraction of gene families has led to their morphological and reproductive diversification, thus enlightening the evolutionary process of speciation and adaptation. Despite strong purifying selective pressures on most Oryza genes, we documented a large number of positively selected genes, especially those genes involved in flower development, reproduction, and resistance-related processes. These diversifying genes are expected to have played key roles in adaptations to their ecological niches in Asia, South America, Africa and Australia. Extensive variation in noncoding RNA gene numbers, function enrichment, and rates of sequence divergence might also help account for the different genetic adaptations of these rice species. Collectively, these resources provide new opportunities for evolutionary genomics, numerous insights into recent speciation, a valuable database of functional variation for crop improvement, and tools for efficient conservation of wild rice germplasm.