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The authors compare pretend play and executive function both in preschool children with an acquired brain injury and in neurotypical preschool children. They find the ability to produce logical, sequenced pretend play actions and object substitutions in play correlates strongly with executive function ability in both groups, and working memory emerges in their study as the most reliable predictor of pretend play in both groups of children. Their investigation highlights the need to include pretend play in rehabilitating children with brain injuries and the importance of pretend play for developing executive function in all children.

Human perception responds primarily to sound character rather than sound level. Wind farms are unique sound sources and exhibit special audible and inaudible characteristics that can be described as modulating sound or as a tonal complex. Wind farm compliance measures based on a specified noise number alone will fail to address problems with noise nuisance. The character of wind farm sound, noise emissions from wind farms, noise prediction at residences, and systemic failures in assessment processes are examined. Human perception of wind farm sound is compared with noise assessment measures and complaint histories. The adverse effects on health of persons susceptible to noise from wind farms are examined and a hypothesis, the concept of heightened noise zones (pressure variations), as a marker for cause and effect is advanced. A sound level of LAeq 32 dB outside a residence and above an individual's threshold of hearing inside the home are identified as markers for serious adverse health effects affecting susceptible individuals. The article is referenced to the author's research, measurements, and observations at different wind farms in New Zealand and Victoria, Australia. (Contains 4 tables, 12 figures, 4 photos, and 13 plates.)

The recent national focus on family violence has had an impact on many areas within the Australian community. The setting up of a Royal Commission into Family Violence in Victoria is just one of these responses and in turn the recommendations of this Royal Commission have implications for government, the courts as well as a range of State and Territory organisations. While issues affecting courts, police and social services provision have received significant media attention, the role of clinical forensic medical services is less well known. While only one of the Royal Commission’s recommendations specifically refers to clinical forensic medicine, a review of the report indicates that almost 30 recommendations have relevance to the practice of clinical forensic medicine. These recommendations deal with areas such as data collection, including information sharing and analysis, education, the development of specialist family violence service models, integration with family violence agencies and service providers, and the importance of research. A striking feature of the provision of services to those involved as parties to family violence, particularly victims, is the relative lack of engagement of clinical forensic medicine services in providing both medical support and evidential medical assessment. Greater utilisation of clinical forensic medical services has the potential to improve the utilisation and effectiveness of courts in addressing some of the issues arising out of family violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-grade iron ore of the 4EE orebody of the 4E deposit (>200 Mt at 63.5 wt % Fe) occurs as a southerly dipping sheet within banded iron formation (BIF) of the Paleoproterozoic Dales Gorge and Joffre members of the Brockman Iron Formation. Structural reconstruction of the 4E deposit shows that reactivation of the 18E fault and development of the NW-striking, steeply SW dipping 4E and 4EE normal faults resulted in preservation of the 4EE orebody below the 4E deposit, and 400 m below the modern topographic surface. Three hypogene alteration zones between low-grade BIF and high-grade iron ore are observed: (1) distal magnetite-quartz-dolomite-stilpnomelane-hematite ± pyrite, (2) intermediate magnetite-dolomite-hematite-chlorite-quartz-stilpnomelane, and (3) proximal hematite-dolomite-chlorite ± pyrite ± magnetite. Hydrothermal alteration is temporally and spatially constrained by NW-trending dolerite dikes that intruded the 4E and 4EE faults prior to hypogene alteration. Six vein types (V1-V6) are recognized at the 4E deposit. The veins both cut and parallel the primary BIF layers and were emplaced contemporaneously with the hydrothermal alteration zones that record the transformation of low-grade BIF to high-grade iron ore. Our integrated structural-hydrothermal alteration and fluid flow model proposes that during early stage la, hypogene fluid flow in the 4E orebody occurred during a period of continental extension and enhanced heat flow within sedimentary basins to the south of the Paraburdoo Range. Heated basinal brines were focused by the NW-striking, steeply SW dipping 4E and 4EE normal faults and reacted with BIF of the Dales Gorge and Joffre members. The warm to hot (160° -255°C), Ca-rich (26.6-31.9 equiv wt % CaCl2) basinal brine interacted with magnetite-chert layers, transforming them into magnetite-quartz-dolomite-stilpnomelane-hematite-pyrite BIF. The iron-rich brine (up to 2.8 wt % Fe) likely originated from evaporated seawater that had lost Mg and Na and gained Li and Ca through fluid-rock reactions with volcaniclastic rocks and carbonate successions within the Wittenoom Formation. The first incursion of deeply circulating, low-salinity (5.8-9.5 wt % NaCl equiv), heated (106°-201°C) modified meteoric water is recorded in late stage la minerals. This modified meteoric water had lost some of its Na through wall rock interaction with plagioclase, possibly by interaction with dolerite of the Weeli Wooli Formation that directly overlies the Joffre and Dales Gorge members. Stage lb involved continuing reactions between the hydrothennalfluidsandthemagnetite-quartz-dolomite-stilp-nomelane-hematite-pyrite BIF, and produced both the intermediate magnetite-dolomite-hematite-chlorite-pyrite and the proximal hematite-dolomite-magnetite-stilpnomelane alteration assemblages. Microplaty (10-80 μm), platy (100-250, μm), and anhedral hematite increasingly replace magnetite in the intermediate alteration zone, forming the proximal alteration zones that consist of microplaty, platy, anhedral hematite and magnetite. The intermediate and proximal alteration zones represent the mixing of a hot (250°-400°C), high-salinity, Ca-rich (30-40 wt % CaCla2 equiv), Sr-rich basinal brine with low-temperature and low-salinity (~5 wt % NaCl equiv) modified meteoric water that was heated (~100°-200°C) during its descent into the upper crust. Heterogeneous mixing of the two end-member fluids resulted in the trapping of primary fluid inclusion assemblages containing a wide range of trapping temperatures (up to 200°C) and salinities (up to 25 wt % NaCl equiv). Stage 1c of the hypogene hydrothermal fluid is characterized by low-temperature (<110°C), low-salinity (~5 wt % NaCl) meteoric water that interacted with the proximal hematite-dolomite-magnetite-stilpnomelane-altered BIF, leaving a porous, hematite-apatite high-grade ore. Supergene alteration affected the orebody since the Cretaceous and produced a hematite-goethite alteration assemblage, resulting in destruction of the hypogene alteration zones that are only preserved below the depth of modem weathering. Discovery of the concealed 4EE orebody of the 4E deposit demonstrates that structural geology plays a critical role in the exploration for high-grade iron orebodies. Structural reconstruction should be considered a critical exploration activity in structurally complex terranes where concealed orebodies may exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]