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The article highlights the importance of point-of-care testing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) as a vital step towards achieving elimination goals. Topics discussed include the effectiveness of combined point-of-care antibody and HCV RNA testing in improving testing and treatment rates, the implementation of successful testing programs in diverse settings, and the necessity for research and investment in testing strategies for enhanced accessibility.

Introduction: Gout management remains suboptimal despite safe and effective urate‐lowering therapy. Self‐monitoring of urate may improve gout management, however, the acceptability of urate self‐monitoring by people with gout is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of urate self‐monitoring in people with gout. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with people taking urate‐lowering therapy (N = 30) in a 12‐month trial of urate self‐monitoring in rural and urban Australia. Interviews covered the experience of monitoring and its effect on gout self‐management. Deidentified transcripts were analysed thematically. Results: Participants valued the ability to self‐monitor and gain more understanding of urate control compared with the annual monitoring ordered by their doctors. Participants indicated that self‐monitoring at home was easy, convenient and informed gout self‐management behaviours such as dietary modifications, hydration, exercise and medication routines. Many participants self‐monitored to understand urate concentration changes in response to feeling a gout flare was imminent or whether their behaviours, for example, alcohol intake, increased the risk of a gout flare. Urate concentrations were shared with doctors mainly when they were above target to seek management support, and this led to allopurinol dose increases in some cases. Conclusion: Urate self‐monitoring was viewed by people with gout as convenient and useful for independent management of gout. They believed self‐monitoring achieved better gout control with a less restricted lifestyle. Urate data was shared with doctors at the patient's discretion and helped inform clinical decisions, such as allopurinol dose changes. Further research on implementing urate self‐monitoring in routine care would enable an evaluation of its impact on medication adherence and clinical outcomes, as well as inform gout management guidelines. Patient or Public Contribution: One person with gout, who was not a participant, was involved in the study design by providing feedback and pilot testing the semistructured interview guide. In response to their feedback, subsequent modifications to the interview guide were made to improve the understandability of the questions from a patient perspective. No additional questions were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous culture‐based diagnostics are available on the Australian and international markets for on‐farm detection of bacterial pathogens in milk. Use of such diagnostics may provide an opportunity to improve the prudent use of antimicrobials in udder health management. Farms are low‐resource settings in terms of diagnostic microbiology capacity. The World Health Organisation has identified criteria for the evaluation of diagnostic tests in low resource settings based on Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, User‐friendliness, being Rapid or Robust, Equipment‐free and being Deliverable (ASSURED). Here, we review how those criteria can be interpreted in the context of microbiological diagnosis of mastitis pathogens, and how on‐farm diagnostics that are currently available in Australia perform relative to ASSURED criteria. This evaluation identifies multiple trade‐offs, both with regard to scientific criteria and with regards to convenience criteria. More importantly, the purpose of testing may differ between farms, and test performance should be evaluated relative to its intended use. The ability of on‐farm mastitis diagnostics to inform mastitis treatment decision‐making in a timely and cost‐effective manner depends not just on test characteristics but also on farm‐specific pathogen prevalence, and on the farm enterprise's priorities and the farm manager's potential courses of action. With most assay evaluations to date conducted in professional laboratories, there is a surprising dearth of information on how well any of the diagnostic tests perform on‐farm and, indeed, of the on‐farm decision‐making processes that they aim to inform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) has become more common for rapid evaluation. Applications are limited by lack of training of users, difficulty maintaining ultrasound competencies, access to equipment for optimal imaging, and limitations in quality control. Such barriers exist in low-resource, underserved health care settings. Objective: The aim was to explore the use of POCUS in under-resourced health care settings, such as rural and remote locations in Australia and other countries. Key variables include health outcomes, quality of care, service availability, examinations types performed, equipment used, who performs the examinations, and the ultrasound training received. Methods: Literature was identified via CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science, plus grey literature. Recommended guidelines were followed, and only research-based articles were included, with searches limited to English language and 2010–present. Results: After screening, 23 articles were reviewed. No studies had low risk of bias and, overall, the quality was poor and only two studies used random sampling. The majority were from developing countries, with only one performed in Australia. Echocardiographic screening in schools was common. Others included emergency department (ED) patients, abdominal aorta screening, obstetric scans, and intensive care unit (ICU) management. Operators included ED doctors, medical students, nurses, community healthcare workers and general practitioners, who received limited training in protocol-driven scanning, often monitored by experts. In comparison to clinical assessment, standard ultrasound or other imaging, accuracy was of the order of 70– 95%, depending on the condition, with high efficacy in improving patient care. Conclusion: Lack of studies of POCUS in Australia and other developed countries suggests a need for further research. Current evidence supports use of limited ultrasound using portable machines in locations with limited access to diagnostic ultrasound performed by sonographers, which has the potential to improve health outcomes in under-resourced communities in Australia and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of illicit substance use among patients presenting to one ED with acute behavioural disturbance using point‐of‐care saliva testing. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted. Acute behavioural disturbance was defined as any episode requiring a security response for unarmed threat (Code Grey). The setting was a single ED and tertiary referral centre located in metropolitan Australia. Participants were adults presenting to the ED requiring a Code Grey. Saliva was analysed for meth/amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opiates using a rapid point‐of‐care test. Self‐reported drug use was recorded at the time of saliva testing. Data collection occurred between August 2016 and March 2017. Results: There were 229 valid saliva samples. Participants were, on average, 35 years (range 18–72) and male (168/229; 73%). Forty percent (95% confidence interval 34–47) of samples tested positive, with 20% positive for two or more substances. Meth/amphetamines was detected in 92% of positive samples, 17% of samples tested positive for opiates, 8% for cannabis and 7% for cocaine. Among participants, 19% self‐reported current substance use and 20% reported using illicit substances within the past 24 h. Conclusions: The prevalence of illicit substance use among this cohort was 40%. Self‐reporting was unreliable. Point‐of‐care saliva testing is feasible. Early identification of harmful drug use may assist clinical decision making in selected or undifferentiated cases and provide an opportunity to implement harm minimisation strategies and make referrals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore nurses' perceptions of using point-of-care ultrasound for assessment and guided cannulation in the haemodialysis setting., Background: Cannulation of arteriovenous fistulae is necessary to perform haemodialysis. Damage to the arteriovenous fistula is a frequent complication, resulting in poor patient outcomes and increased healthcare costs. Point-of-care ultrasound-guided cannulation can reduce the risk of such damage and mitigate further vessel deterioration. Understanding nurses' perceptions of using this adjunct tool will inform its future implementation into haemodialysis practice., Design: Descriptive qualitative study., Methods: Registered nurses were recruited from one 16-chair regional Australian haemodialysis clinic. Eligible nurses were drawn from a larger study investigating the feasibility of implementing point-of-care ultrasound in haemodialysis. Participants attended a semistructured one-on-one interview where they were asked about their experiences with, and perceptions of, point-of-care ultrasound use in haemodialysis cannulation. Audio-recorded data were transcribed and inductively analysed., Findings: Seven of nine nurses who completed the larger study participated in a semistructured interview. All participants were female with a median age of 54 years (and had postgraduate renal qualifications. Themes identified were as follows: (1) barriers to use of ultrasound; (2) deficit and benefit recognition; (3) cognitive and psychomotor development; and (4) practice makes perfect. Information identified within these themes were that nurses perceived that their experience with point-of-care ultrasound was beneficial but recommended against its use for every cannulation. The more practice nurses had with point-of-care ultrasound, the more their confidence, dexterity and time management improved., Conclusions: Nurses perceived that using point-of-care ultrasound was a positive adjunct to their cannulation practice and provided beneficial outcomes for patients., Implications for the Profession And/or Patient Care: Haemodialysis clinics seeking to implement point-of-care ultrasound to help improve cannulation outcomes may draw on these findings when embarking on this practice change., Reporting Method: This study is reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ)., Patient or Public Contribution: Patients were not directly involved in this part of the study; however, they were involved in the implementation study., Trial and Protocol Registration: The larger study was registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12617001569392 (21/11/2017) https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373963&isReview=true., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Clinical Nursing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Schistosomiasis is a disease that significantly impacts human health in the developing world. Effective diagnostics are urgently needed for improved control of this disease. CRISPR-based technology has rapidly accelerated the development of a revolutionary and powerful diagnostics platform, resulting in the advancement of a class of ultrasensitive, specific, cost-effective and portable diagnostics, typified by applications in COVID-19/cancer diagnosis., Methods: We developed CRISPR-based diagnostic platform SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) for the detection of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni by combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with CRISPR-Cas13a detection, measured via fluorescent or colorimetric readouts. We evaluated SHERLOCK assays by using 150 faecal/serum samples collected from Schistosoma-infected ARC Swiss mice (female), and 189 human faecal/serum samples obtained from a S. japonicum-endemic area in the Philippines and a S. mansoni-endemic area in Uganda., Findings: The S. japonicum SHERLOCK assay achieved 93-100% concordance with gold-standard qPCR detection across all the samples. The S. mansoni SHERLOCK assay demonstrated higher sensitivity than qPCR and was able to detect infection in mouse serum as early as 3 weeks post-infection. In human samples, S. mansoni SHERLOCK had 100% sensitivity when compared to qPCR of faecal and serum samples., Interpretation: These schistosomiasis diagnostic assays demonstrate the potential of SHERLOCK/CRISPR-based diagnostics to provide highly accurate and field-friendly point-of-care tests that could provide the next generation of diagnostic and surveillance tools for parasitic neglected tropical diseases., Funding: Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre seed grant (2022) and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (APP1194462, APP2008433)., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The cost and complexity of current approaches to therapeutic drug monitoring during tuberculosis (TB) therapy limits widespread use in areas of greatest need. We sought to determine whether urine colorimetry could have a novel application as a form of therapeutic drug monitoring during anti-TB therapy.Methods: Among healthy volunteers, we evaluated 3 dose sizes of rifampin (150 mg, 300 mg, and 600 mg), performed intensive pharmacokinetic sampling, and collected a timed urine void at 4 h post-dosing. The absorbance peak at 475 nm was measured after rifamycin extraction. The optimal cutoff was evaluated in a study of 39 HIV/TB patients undergoing TB treatment in Botswana.Results: In the derivation study, a urine colorimetric assay value of 4.0 × 10(-2) Abs, using a timed void 4 h after dosing, demonstrated a sensitivity of 92 % and specificity of 60 % to detect a peak rifampin concentration (Cmax) under 8 mg/L, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.92. In the validation study, this cutoff was specific (100 %) but insensitive (28 %). We observed similar test characteristics for a target Cmax target of 6.6 mg/L, and a target area under the drug concentration-versus-time curve (AUC0-8) target of 24.1 mg•hour/L.Conclusions: The urine colorimetric assay was specific but insensitive to detect low rifampin serum concentrations among HIV/TB patients. In future work we will attempt to optimize sampling times and assay performance, with the goal of delivering a method that can translate into a point-of-care assessment of rifampin exposure during anti-TB therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this project was to assess whether rural pharmacist involvement in the management of patients receiving warfarin has the potential to lead to safer and more effective anticoagulation, and is valued and welcomed by patients and their general practitioners (GPs). A convenience sample of rural pharmacists was trained in the use of the CoaguChek S International Normalized Ratio (INR) monitor and then conducted pharmacy-based testing for approximately 3 months. Two types of testing were performed in the pharmacy: (i) comparison testing was defined as pharmacy-based tests taken within 4 h of conventional laboratory testing or (ii) additional testing, which was a pharmacy-based test with no direct comparison laboratory test taken. Pharmacists, GPs and patients completed anonymous satisfaction surveys after the completion of the pharmacy-based testing. Pharmacists from 16 rural pharmacies were trained to use the CoaguChek S monitor. During the trial period, 518 INR tests were performed in the pharmacies on 137 different patients. A total of 120 tests were evaluated against results from laboratory testing. The pharmacy-based INR values were significantly correlated with the laboratory INR values (mean of 2·32 ± 0·77 and 2·32 ± 0·59 respectively; r = 0·88, P < 0·0001). A total of 398 additional pharmacy-based tests were conducted in the pharmacy and 8·5% of the additional tests resulted in a subsequent dosage change. The monitoring was well received by pharmacists, GPs and patients. The results of the trial were very positive. The CoaguChek S monitor in pharmacy-based testing performed accurately compared with conventional laboratory testing. Further research needs to be conducted on the impact of community pharmacy-conducted INR monitoring on patient care and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warfarm is a recognised high-risk drug for adverse events. Patients front rural and remote regions are at increased risk of these events because of problems of access to health care providers and services, and there is sonic reluctance to prescribe warfarin to patients in rural areas because of the difficulties in monitoring anticoagulated patients. The availability of portable international normalised ratio (INR) monitors is particularly attractive in rural or remote settings because of the lack of access to pathology services. Pharmacists and other health professionals in rural areas are ideally placed to assist general practitioners in the management of their anticoagulated patients through the use of portable INR monitors. The present article describes three cases of successful outcomes of pharmacist-assisted anticoagulation monitoring in the rural setting. Innovative service delivery models like these are needed to meet the needs of the increasing number of rural Australians requiring warfarm therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High testing rates and rapid contact tracing have been key interventions to control COVID-19 in Victoria, Australia. A mobile laboratory (LabVan), for rapid SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, was deployed at sites deemed critical by the Victorian State Department of Health as part of the response. We describe the process of design, implementation, and performance benchmarked against a central reference laboratory., Methods: A BSL2 compliant laboratory, complete with a class II biological safety cabinet, was built within a Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Panel Van. Swabs were collected by on-site collection teams, registered using mobile internet-enabled tablets and tested using the Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 assay. Results were reported remotely via HL7 messaging to Public Health Units. Patients with negative results were automatically notified by mobile telephone text messaging (SMS)., Findings: A pilot trial of the LabVan identified a median turnaround time (TAT) from collection to reporting of 1:19 h:mm (IQR 0:18, Range 1:03-18:32) compared to 9:40 h:mm (IQR 8:46, Range 6:51-19:30) for standard processing within the central laboratory. During deployment in nine rural and urban COVID-19 outbreaks the median TAT was 2:18 h:mm (IQR 1:18, Range 0:50-16:52) compared to 19:08 h:mm (IQR 5:49, Range 1:36-58:52) for samples submitted to the central laboratory. No quality control issues were identified in the LabVan., Interpretation: The LabVan is an ISO15189 compliant testing facility fully operationalized for mobile point-of-care testing that significantly reduces TAT for result reporting, facilitating rapid public health actions., Funding: This work was supported by the Department of Health, Victoria State Government, Australia., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests AM and SY are employees of Department of Health, Victoria State Government and were involved with funding acquisition, project administration, resources for sample collection, manuscript drafting and revisions. They declare there is no conflict of interest. All remaining authors declare there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Timely diagnosis and early initiation of life-saving antiretroviral therapy are critical factors in preventing mortality among HIV-infected infants. However, resource-limited settings experience numerous challenges associated with centralised laboratory-based testing, including low rates of testing, complex sample referral pathways and unacceptably long turnaround times for results. Point-of-care (POC) HIV testing for HIV-exposed infants can enable same-day communication of results and early treatment initiation for HIV-infected infants. However, complex operational issues and service integration can limit utility and must be well understood prior to implementation. We explored and documented the challenges and enabling factors in implementing the POC Xpert® HIV-1 Qual test (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) for early infant diagnosis (EID) as part of routine services in four public hospitals in Myanmar., Methods: This sub-study was part of a randomised controlled stepped-wedge trial (Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number 12616000734460) designed to investigate the impact of POC testing for EID in Myanmar and Papua New Guinea. Infants recruited during the intervention phase underwent POC testing at the participating hospitals as part of routine care. Semi-structured interviews with 23 caregivers, 12 healthcare providers and 10 key informants were used to explore experiences of POC-EID testing. The research team and hospital staff documented and discussed implementation challenges throughout the study., Results: Overall, caregivers and healthcare workers were satisfied with the short turnaround time of the POC test. Occasional delays in POC testing were mostly attributable to late receipt of samples by laboratory technicians and communication constraints among healthcare staff. Hospital staff valued technical assistance from the research group and the National Health Laboratory. Despite staff shortages and infrastructure challenges such as unreliable electricity supply and cramped space, healthcare workers and caregivers found the implementation of the POC test to be feasible at pilot sites., Conclusions: As plans for national scale-up evolve, there needs to be a continual focus on staff training, communication pathways and infrastructure. Other models of care, such as allowing non-laboratory-trained personnel to perform POC testing, and cost effectiveness should also be evaluated., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Point-of-care international normalised ratio (INR) has been suggested as a way to screen for venom-induced consumption coagulopathy following snakebite, but has not been validated for this. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic reliability of point-of-care INR for venom-induced consumption coagulopathy., Methods: This was a prospective study of snakebite patients recruited between January 2011 and May 2012 where a point-of-care INR was done and compared to an INR done on a laboratory coagulation analyser, as part of a quality assurance exercise. Data was obtained for each patient, including demographics, information on the snake bite, the point-of-care INR results and any laboratory derived coagulation studies. Snake identification was confirmed by expert identification or venom specific enzyme immunoassay., Results: There were 15 patients with a median age of 29 years (2 to 68 y) and 13 were male. Four of the 7 patients with venom-induced consumption coagulopathy had an abnormal point-of-care INR (3 false negatives) and 1 of the 7 non-envenomed patients had an abnormal point-of-care INR (1 false positive). The patient with a falsely elevated point-of-care INR was given antivenom prior to formal coagulation studies. The point-of-care INR was also negative in the patient with an anticoagulant coagulopathy., Conclusions: The study shows that point-of-care INR testing devices should not be used in suspected snakebite cases in Australia to diagnose venom-induced consumption coagulopathy., (© 2013.)