Search

Early childhood development (ECD) is a crucial determinant of adulthood capabilities. This paper investigates the current ECD status among young children of 3-4 years of age in Bangladesh and its relation to various socio-demographic and familial factors using data from the latest round of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). Results from the logistic regressions confirm many existing findings for developing countries and draw new insights specific to the country. Physical and mental disabilities hinder all types of early development. Enrolment in pre-school education programmes, the presence of children's books at home and parents' engagement in certain learning-stimulating activities are crucial for development in literacy-numeracy and learning. Development in the physical domain is fundamentally associated with wealth status. Failure to attain adequate social-emotional development can be largely attributed to domestic hostility toward children and mothers' experience of functional difficulties.

Cauliflower is a popular winter crop in Bangladesh. However, cauliflower plants are vulnerable to several diseases that can reduce the cauliflowers’ productivity and degrade their quality. The manual monitoring of these diseases takes a lot of effort and time. Therefore, automatic classification of the diseased cauliflower through computer vision techniques is essential. This study has retrieved ten different statistical and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)-based features from the cauliflower image dataset by implementing a variety of image processing techniques. Afterwards, the SelectKBest method with the analysis of variance f-value (ANOVA F-value) has been used to identify the most important attributes for classification of the diseased cauliflower. Based on the ANOVA F-value, the top N (5≤N ≤9) most dominant attributes is used to train and test five machine learning (ML) models for classification of diseased cauliflower. Finally, different performance metrics have been used for evaluating the effectiveness of the employed ML models. The bagging classifier achieved the highest accuracy of 82.35%. Moreover, this model has outperformed other ML classifiers in terms of other performance metrics also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity conservation and management of aquatic resources are crucial for improving dependent people's socio-economic conditions to partly achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, poor design and mismanagement of conservation program can result in negative outcomes. This study assesses the impacts of the Hizla-Mehendiganj hilsa sanctuary (where a complete fishing ban is imposed from March–April each year), Barishal, on fish catch and livelihoods of the dependent fishing communities adjacent to the sanctuary using a mixed-method approach. Results have shown negative impacts on both fish catch and socio-economic conditions of the dependent communities after the sanctuary establishment. Around 73% of fishers have reported that overall fish and hilsa catch in the sanctuary areas have reduced during the ban affecting their financial conditions, and consequently, their opportunity to take three meals a day has reduced. Households' mean fish consumption has decreased from 3.36 to 0.74 kg/week during the ban. Likewise, access to health care, family relationships, and children's education facilities have also been negatively affected during this period. The government's compensations, i.e., 40 kg rice/household/month hardly reach many of them. The compensations are very inadequate and affected due to mismanagement, and the fishers are unsatisfied with this. They were not involved in sanctuary design and management activities. Finally, this study provides some recommendations to involve the fishers in sanctuary management and improve their socio-economic conditions as well as to partly achieve some targets of Bangladesh SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soybean is a potential oil seed crop in Bangladesh due to its heavy consumption throughout the country. The lower yield of soybean in Bangladesh compared to the world context might be due to non-judicious fertilization especially phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). Hence, the study was undertaken to find out the influence of P and S on yield and quality of soybean. Methods: An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh. The study comprised four levels of phosphorus viz. 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha-1 and four levels of sulphur 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg S ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized completed block design with three replications. Result: The highest number of branches plant-1, pods plant-1, 100-seed weight, seed yield, harvest index, protein and oil content were found in 60 kg P along with 30 kg S ha-1 while the lowest seed yield, protein and oil content were found in control. Therefore, application of 60 kg P with 30 kg S appeared as the promising practice for obtaining higher seed yield and better quality of BARI Soybean-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the biological reference points (BRPs) and stock status of the sardine fishery in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Bangladesh, to determine the sustainability of this resource. The Monte Carlo method (CMSY), the Bayesian state-space Schaefer surplus production model (BSM), and the ASPIC (a Stock Production Model Incorporating Covariates) software suite, were used to analyze catch–effort data obtained from the Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics of Bangladesh. All models derived maximum sustainable yields (MSY) ranging from 37,900 to 41,280 t, which is quite near to the catch from the latest year (38,051 t in 2020), indicating the fully exploited status of sardines. The estimated B < BMSY and F > FMSY values from the BSM and Schaefer models indicate a poor biomass and an unsafe fishing status. For Schaefer and BSM, the calculated F/FMSY values were 1.07 and 1.06, and the B/BMSY values were 0.92 and 0.75, which also indicate the overexploited status of the sardine fishery in the BoB, Bangladesh. This information will aid in developing management strategies and conservation policies for the sustainability and rebuilding of this commercially important resource in the BoB on the Bangladesh coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the advancement in our understanding of cholera and its etiological agent, Vibrio cholerae, the prevention and treatment of the disease are often hindered due to rapid changes in drug response pattern, serotype, and the major genomic islands namely, the CTX-prophage, and related genetic characteristics. In the present study, V. cholerae (n = 172) associated with endemic cholera in Dhaka during the years 2015–2021 were analyzed for major phenotypic and genetic characteristics, including drug resistance patterns. Results: Results revealed that the V. cholerae strains belonged to serogroup O1 biotype El Tor carrying El Tor -specific genes rtxC, tcpA El Tor, and hlyA El Tor, but possessed classical-biotype cholera toxin. Serotypes of V. cholerae strains differed temporally in predominance with Inaba during 2015–2017, and again in 2020–2021, while Ogawa was the predominant serotype in 2018–2019. Also, ctxB1 was predominant in V. cholerae associated with cholera during 2015–2017, while ctxB7 was predominant in 2018, and in the subsequent years, as observed until 2021. V. cholerae strains differed in their antibiotic resistance pattern with a majority (97%) being multi-drug resistant (MDR) and belonging to six sub-groups. Notably, one of these MDR strains was resistant to eleven of the eighteen antibiotics tested, with resistance to fourth-generation cephalosporin (cefepime), and aztreonam. This extreme drug resistant (XDR) strain carried resistance-related genes namely, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), blaOXA-1 and blaPER-3. Conclusion: The observed temporal switching of serotypes, as well as the ctxB genotype, and the emergence of MDR/XDR V. cholerae and their association with endemic cholera in Dhaka underscore the need for routine monitoring of the pathogen for proper patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to understand the adoption process of ricefield based fish seed production (RBFSP) that has been developed, promoted and established in Northwest Bangladesh. Design/Methodology/Approach: Quantitative investigation based on regression analysis and qualitative investigation using semi-structured interview were carried out to enhance understanding of the adoption process of RBFSP. Findings: A quantitative investigation showed two variables, the area of rice-plot stocked and access to tilapia broodfish, predicted 57% of variability of RBFSP adoption. A later qualitative investigation with different groups of people from communities where RBFSP was established showed ecological and complex socio-cultural factors to be responsible for its adoption or rejection by farming households. In an ecological context, the development of the rice-plot environment and increased fish production in rice-plots and ponds were major factors influencing adoption by farming households. In the case of farming families, the technology helped to meet the basic food needs of household members, particularly women, children and the elderly. There was an important temporal aspect of the benefits delivered by the approach, since fish consumed and income provided for households occurred during the "hungry gap"; RBFSP can be regarded as a coping mechanism for households' seasonal vulnerability. Development of networks among seed producers and fry traders reinforced the adoption process. Practical Implications: Loss in access to suitable ricefields through land tenure change was identified as the most important factor constraining sustained adoption of RBFSP by farming households. Originality/Value: The quantitative investigation showed that the two variables possessed limited explanatory power for the adoption process of RBFSP, however, the qualitative investigation identified complex factors that contributed to the adoption process of the technology. (Contains 6 tables, 2 figures, and 1 note.)

Background and aims: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health concern worldwide and has been recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The elevated level of uric acid (hyperuricemia) has been suggested to be associated with obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. However, there is limited information on the relationship between hyperuricemia and CKD. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD and assess its relationship with hyperuricemia in Bangladeshi adults. Methods: In this study, blood samples were collected from 545 participants (398 males and 147 females) aged ≥ 18 years. Biochemical parameters such as serum uric acid (SUA), lipid profile markers, glucose, creatinine and urea were measured by colorimetric methods. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CKD were determined based on serum creatinine levels with existed formula. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between SUA and CKD. Results: The overall prevalence of CKD was 5.9% with 6.1% in males and 5.2% in females. Hyperuricemia was prevalent in 18.7% of participants with 23.2% in males and 14.6% in females. An increasing trend of CKD prevalence was observed with increasing age in the groups. The mean eGFR level was significantly lower in male (95.1 ± 31.8 ml/min/1.73m2) than in female (109.3 ± 77.4 ml/min/1.73m2) subjects (p < 0.01). The mean level of SUA was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in participants having CKD (7.1 ± 1.9 mg/dL) than in participants without CKD (5.7 ± 1.6 mg/dL). A decreasing trend for eGFR concentration and an increasing trend for CKD prevalence was observed across the SUA quartiles (p < 0.001). In regression analysis, a significant positive association was found between hyperuricemia and CKD. Conclusion: This study showed an independent association between hyperuricemia and CKD in Bangladeshi adults. Further mechanistic studies are needed to explore the potential link between hyperuricemia and CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work intends to assess the nature of floods, trigger factors, impacts, and management in the Bhagirathi River Basin (BRB) using mainly secondary data (Survey of India toposheets, Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Sentinel 2 images, Google Earth Imageries, district gazetteers, and annual floods reports) and techniques of normalized difference water index (NDWI), river network change index (RNCI), sinuosity index (SI), and analysis of the previous documents and reports. The results portray that flood frequency in the BRB was found to be increasing during the last century (1901–2020). However, the nature of the floods spatially varies from the rarh (western part of the Bhagirathi River) to the bagri (eastern part). The floods in the rarh region are mainly controlled by dams and barrages constructed on the western tributaries of the Bhagirathi River, while the Farakka barrage and ill-drained decaying distributaries are responsible for the floods in the bagri region. Moreover, two types of the flood were observed in the study area: (1) monsoon flood induced by heavy monsoon rainfall during June–September and (2) lean period inundation caused by the controlled discharge from the Farakka Barrage Project during January–May as per the Indo-Bangladesh water-sharing treaty (1977). Though the monsoon floods wreak havoc on the agricultural and household resources almost every year, the lean period inundation only affects the agricultural lands along the banks of the Bhagirathi River, especially in the community development (CD) blocks Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, and its adjacent areas. During the last century (1900–2020), the year 2000 recorded a colossal flood when 11 CD blocks in Murshidabad and 16 CD blocks in Nadia districts became inundated. To manage the floods, a few structural measures like embankments along the banks of the Bhagirathi River and storage of water in dam reservoirs have been implemented. However, due to the loss of the live capacity of reservoirs caused by the entrapping of suspended sediments, flood management faced challenges. Thus, 'controlling flood' becomes difficult in this region, and 'living with flood' may be an alternative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) adversely impacted the fisheries sector of Bangladesh, particularly affecting the outcomes for women workers of the fish and shellfish processing plants (FSPPs). This study aimed to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on the women workers of the FSPPs by collecting data through 151 questionnaire surveys and two focus group discussions (FGDs) from September to December 2021. During COVID-19, 32.1 % of respondents’ food consumption decreased slightly, and 16.6 % reduced drastically. Children of 18.2 % of the respondents had no access, and 16.9 % had insufficient access to online class facilities. Increased livelihood costs and decreased household income posed adverse economic impacts on women. Formal paid hours and overtime job opportunities were reduced because foreign buyers cancelled orders during the pandemic. Gender-based violence and social insecurity increased. Respondents (13.2 %) reported increased mistreatment by their husbands during the pandemic. Women workers’ mental health deteriorated as their anxiety and insecurity about life increased during the pandemic. This study recommends overcoming the adverse effect of COVID-19 or COVID-like pandemics in the future. To ensure proper food consumption and reduce adverse economic impacts, the government should offer a special relief package, financial incentives and flexible low-interest loans. Related authorities should ensure that every child has the opportunity and access to participate in online classes during COVID-19 or COVID, like pandemics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at investigating the vegetation in different sites of Chattogram metropolitan area following appropriate techniques. In order to enumerate the distribution of species, several diversity indices including Shannon-Winer Index, Pielou's Evenness and Simpson's Index were employed. A total of 645 species belonging to 414 genera under 120 families were documented from the studied area for the first time. Of these, 37 species (5.73%) are pteridophytes, 607 species (94.11%) are angiosperms and single representation of gymnosperm (0.16%). Among the recorded species, 384 are medicinal species belonging to 277 genera under 93 families. Bacopa monnieri is a dominant species in the forest area with some co-dominant species like Eichhornia crassipes, Centella asiatica, etc. Moreover, this study provides potential sources to the environmental planners, herbalists, ecologists, taxonomists, ethnobotanists, pharmacists, phytochemists and local administration that would help to plan for future green infrastructure and maintain ecosystem function providing long-term benefits for the city dwellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to investigate the current status and threats of fisheries resources in the Kura River, Bangladesh. Monthly fish catch surveys were carried out from December 2015 to November 2016 in four catchment areas at Hasinarghat, Kandir-dor, Pulertol, and Barartok. In addition, questionnaire interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) were done to clarify perceptions about the Kura River fishery status. A total of 59 fish species from 22 families were documented and of which 27% were threatened. The values of diversity (H), richness (D), and evenness (J') were calculated at 3.599, 4.345, and 0.921 respectively. The highest catch volume was recorded 19800±7722.71 kg in November 2016 at the Kandirdor and the lowest 225±110.65 kg in March 2016 at the Barartok (p<0.05). The upstream blockage (man-made dam) in the Kura River was identified as the main cause of fish habitat change, decrease fish biodiversity, and production of this River. Therefore, the findings of this study exposed that the conservation of fish has become urgent. In this regard, the baseline scenario of the Kura River biodiversity and threats will help to make awareness to take necessary conservation strategy as well as the need for further in-depth study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jute (Corchorus olitorius L) is the second-largest natural fibre producing crop in the world and plays a key role in the rural economy of South Asia particularly India and Bangladesh. It has diverse use due to its long length, lusture, biodegradability, high tensile strength, heat resistance and bendability. Jute is also fast-growing high biomass crop and quantification of the carbon / moisture exchanges is need of the hour towards its sustainability. The study aims at quantitative estimation of the ecosystem level CO 2 and H 2 O exchanges at diurnal, daily, and seasonal scales from jute crop cultivated in the alluvial soil of the Gangetic delta under a tropical hot and moist sub-humid climate during the years 2021–23. An eddy covariance flux tower with suite of meteorological sensors were established at the jute growing farm to assess the high frequency ecosystem level exchanges of CO 2 , H 2 O and biometeorological parameters. Concurrent crop bio-physical parameters were also measured. The flux data were processed, quality checked, gap-filled and partitioned to construct seamless time-series of half-hourly fluxes for further analysis towards its dynamics, driving parameters, photosynthetic response and derived eco-physiological parameters. The half-hourly CO 2 fluxes exhibited significant variations across different growth stages of the jute crop, reaching peak values during the fibre development to maturity stages [mean Net Ecosystem CO 2 Exchange (NEE) ranging from −20 to −22 µmol m−2 s−1; mean Gross Primary Production (GPP) ranging from 25 to 30 µmol m−2 s−1; and mean Ecosystem Respiration (R eco) ranging from 8 to 10 µmol m−2 s−1]. Seasonal GPP values was found to be high (902–1038 gC m−2) with moderate NEE value of −150 to −223 gC m−2. Seasonal mean Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency (EWUE) was high (2.5–2.7 gC kg−1 H 2 O) compared to other C3 crop. The daily Crop Coefficient (K c) peaked at 1–1.2 during 90–110 Days After Sowing (DAS), indicative of high physiological activities. Despite relatively short crop duration but high biomass (peak Leaf Area Index, LAI ∼6 m2m−2), the jute crop proved to be a robust gross CO 2 sink. Due to the rapid growth, the jute crop allocates a significant portion of GPP as R eco (78–84 %), resulting in a relatively lower seasonal NEE. The high EWUE coupled with a net positive CO 2 exchange positioned jute as a potential climate-resilient crop. This study provides valuable insights into the ecosystem exchanges of the jute crop, which in turn contribute to the global carbon and moisture budget. [Display omitted] • Jute crop was strong gross CO 2 sink with peak influx of 25–30 μmol [CO 2 ] m−2 s−1. • Seasonal GPP and ET varied 902–1034gC m−2 and 346–380 mm respectively during 2021–23. • R eco /GPP was high 0.78–0.84, leading to lower seasonal NEE (-149 to - 223gC m−2). • Seasonal mean EWUE was high (2.5–2.7 gC kg−1 H 2 O), with maximum K c value of 1–1.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety is currently a serious concern due to the health risks associated with food intake, particularly due to heavy metal contamination. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the heavy metals concentration in water and fishes collected from Hakaluki haor, Bangladesh. Three important fish species, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, and Labeo calbasu, together with water samples, were analyzed for heavy metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd), respectively. Considering four seasons, namely the monsoon, post-monsoon, winter, and pre-monsoon, a total of 72 fish samples were collected from three fishing stations from June 2017 to May 2018. The results showed that the total mean concentration of metals in water (mg L−1) was found to be in the order of Pb (0.125 ± 0.058) > Cr (0.026 ± 0.012) > Cd (0.001 ± 0.0002) within the maximum permissible limits set by the EU and WHO, except for Pb concentrations. Similarly, the total mean concentrations of Pb in fish (µg g−1) were found in order of L. rohita (0.388 ± 0.291) > Cirrhinus cirrhosus (0.334 ± 0.236) > L. calbasu (0.251 ± 0.117) greater than the maximum permissible limits (0.3 µg g−1) set by FIQC, except for L. calbasu. However, the mean concentrations of Cr and Cd in fish were found to be below the maximum permissible limits of FAO and FIQC, respectively. The quantity of heavy metal contamination in this haor indicates that the situation is worrying for the region's biota and residents. However, to protect public health and reduce environmental risk, the appropriate authorities should oversee and monitor it with strong hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From April 2018 to October 2019, we continued active surveillance for influenza viruses in Bangladeshi live poultry markets (LPMs) and in Tanguar Haor, a wetland region of Bangladesh where domestic ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. The predominant virus subtypes circulating in the LPMs were low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of the H5N1‐R1 genotype, like those found in previous years. Viruses of the H5N1‐R2 genotype, which were previously reported as co‐circulating with H5N1‐R1 genotype viruses in LPM, were not detected. In addition to H9N2 viruses, which were primarily found in chicken and quail, H2N2, H3N8 and H11N3 LPAI viruses were detected in LPMs, exclusively in ducks. Viruses in domestic ducks and/or wild birds in Tanguar Haor were more diverse, with H1N1, H4N6, H7N1, H7N3, H7N4, H7N6, H8N4, H10N3, H10N4 and H11N3 detected. Phylogenetic analyses of these LPAI viruses suggested that some were new to Bangladesh (H2N2, H7N6, H8N4, H10N3 and H10N4), likely introduced by migratory birds of the Central Asian flyway. Our results show a complex dynamic of viral evolution and diversity in Bangladesh based on factors such as host populations and geography. The LPM environment was characterised by maintenance of viruses with demonstrated zoonotic potential and H5N1 genotype turnover. The wetland environment was characterised by greater viral gene pool diversity but a lower overall influenza virus detection rate. The genetic similarity of H11N3 viruses in both environments demonstrates that LPM and wetlands are connected despite their having distinct influenza ecologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two on‐farm juvenile performance trials were conducted at a hatchery in Bangladesh to compare a genetically improved strain of farmed Nile tilapia (GIFT) and a local strain (LS) produced by commercial operators. A 21‐day early nursing trial was conducted in five replicate hapas followed by a 27‐day advanced nursing trial in six replicate hapas. The mean feed conversion ratios (FCR), mean specific growth rates (SGR), mean individual final weights, mean production yields and mean survival rates were calculated for both strains. During the early nursing trial, GIFT fry survival rate and overall yield were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than LS values, which in contrast demonstrated better FCR and SGR. Improved performance was demonstrated in terms of FCR, SGR and yield for GIFT during the advanced nursing trial and mean final individual weights were 78% greater for GIFT than LS fish (2.26 g and 1.27 g respectively). Economic analysis indicated GIFT fish produced a net return 84% greater than that of LS fish at the end of the early nursing period, and by the end of the advanced nursing period, this difference had grown further such that GIFT generated a gross return over double that of LS. The results from a survey of tilapia grow‐out farmers suggested producers from poor, medium and better‐off backgrounds agreed GIFT performed better than traditional strains and is beneficial for aquaculture growth in Bangladesh. However, the results also indicate there may be a greater propensity for better‐off farmers to appreciate the potential benefits of improved strains over poorer farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the sustainability impacts of adopting an ecosystem approach in underutilized homestead ponds (ecoponds) operated by women in Bangladesh. Households with ecoponds have significantly higher fish productivity, fish diversity, and income generation potential compared to households with similar underutilized ponds. Furthermore, certain dimensions of women's empowerment are improved at the individual and household level (e.g., control of income and productive assets), without, however, addressing wider structural inequalities. Food security impacts are rather inconclusive, as despite the higher consumption of more diverse fish species among ecopond households, there is no significant effect on overall dietary diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Cholera Hospital-Based Intervention for 7 Days (CHoBI7) mobile health (mHealth) program was a cluster-randomized controlled trial of diarrhea patient households conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods Patients were block-randomized to 3 arms: standard message on oral rehydration solution use; health facility delivery of CHoBI7 plus mHealth (no home visits); and health facility delivery of CHoBI7 plus 2 home visits and mHealth. The primary outcome was reported diarrhea in the past 2 weeks collected monthly for 12 months. The secondary outcomes were stunting, underweight, and wasting at a 12-month follow-up. Analysis was intention-to-treat. Results Between 4 December 2016 and 26 April 2018, 2626 participants in 769 households were randomly allocated to 3 arms: 849 participants to the standard message arm, 886 to mHealth with no home visits arm, and 891 to the mHealth with 2 home visits. Children <5 years had significantly lower 12-month diarrhea prevalence in both the mHealth with 2 home visits arm (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.73 [95% confidence interval {CI},.61–.87]) and the mHealth with no home visits arm (PR: 0.82 [95% CI,.69–.97]). Children <2 years were significantly less likely to be stunted in both the mHealth with 2 home visits arm (33% vs 45%; odds ratio [OR]: 0.55 [95% CI,.31–.97]) and the mHealth with no home visits arm (32% vs 45%; OR: 0.54 [95% CI,.31–.96]) compared with children in the standard message arm. Conclusions The CHoBI7 mHealth program lowered pediatric diarrhea and stunting among diarrhea patient households. Clinical Trials Registration NCT04008134. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum uric acid (SUA) level has been suggested to be associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, little is known about the relationship between SUA and liver enzymes activity in the general population. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between SUA and serum liver enzymes in an adult population in Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 410 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy adults aged > 18 years. SUA, liver enzymes, lipid profile and other biochemical markers were measured in the collected samples by using standard methods. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between SUA and elevated levels of liver enzymes among the participants. Overall, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 30.1% with 32.2% in male and 18.6% in female participants. About 33% of the participants had at least one or more elevated levels of liver enzymes. The mean level of SUA was significantly higher in males (389.3 ± 96.9 µmol/L) than in the female (290.4 ± 89.8 µmol/L) subjects (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the mean levels of serum ALT and GGT between the male (34.5 ± 16.0 U/L and 26.7 ± 19.5 U/L, respectively) and female (25.0 ± 13.0 U/L and 19.5 ± 13.2 U/L, respectively) participants (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). An increasing trend was observed in the mean levels of serum ALT and GGT across the SUA quartile groups (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). SUA showed a positive and significant correlation with serum ALT (p < 0.001) and GGT (p < 0.01). In further statistical analysis after adjustment for potential confounders, SUA showed an independent and significant association with serum ALT and GGT in all regression models. In conclusion, SUA was strongly associated with serum levels of ALT and GGT after adjustment for potential confounders. More prospective studies are needed to clarify the complex relationship between SUA and liver enzymes in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron radiography (NR) has been applied successfully to investigate different types of building materials, rock samples, sculptures, statues or monuments for since long. The utilization of neutron imaging for non-invasive investigations of cultural heritage objects is demonstrated on the example of ancient bricks found in Mahasthangarh and Sonargaon, two key archaeological sites in Bangladesh. The visualization of the internal structure of different brick samples, by means of Neutron Radiography (NR), has been experimented using the BTRR research reactor in Bangladesh - the only neutron imaging facility available in Bangladesh for R & D purposes. Manufacturing building materials have become a very good option for business in developing countries like Bangladesh. Among the non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, neutron radiography is the most common procedure to identify light and organic materials, homogeneity, any inclusion or voids or cracks etc. inside the structure. The radiographic images in a dry condition for individual samples have been investigated. The image analysis was performed using ImageJ software and texture features were extracted using gray level co-occurrence matrix implemented by MATLAB for acquiring qualitative and quantitative information from this inspection technique at a high level of accuracy. The results obtained by neutron imaging provide the statement that the brick sample from Mahasthangarh is more homogeneous inside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was grown in Bangladesh with four different feeding treatments as part of a project that aims to produce fish in a cost-effective way for low-income consumers in developing countries. Fillet and head tissue was analysed because both tissues were destined for human consumption. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of transesterified fatty acid methyl ester extracts indicated the presence of ~ 50 fatty acids. Major fatty acids in fillet and head tissue were palmitic acid and oleic acid. Both linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids with three or more double bonds were presented in quantities > 10% of total fatty acids in fillet, but lower in head tissue. Erucic acid levels were below the newly proposed tolerable daily intake in the European Union, based on the consumption of 200 g fillet per day. Moreover, further analysis produced evidence for the presence of the dicarboxylic fatty acid azelaic acid (nonanedioic acid, Di9:0) in head tissue. To verify this uncommon finding, countercurrent chromatography was used to isolate Di9:0 and other dicarboxylic acids from a technical standard followed by its quantification. Di9:0 contributed to 0.4–1.3% of the fatty acid profile in head tissue, but was not detected in fillet. Fish fed with increasing quantities of flaxseed indicated that linoleic acid was the likely precursor of Di9:0 in the head tissue samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is among the most important finfish in aquaculture, particularly in Asia. Numerous genetically improved strains of Nile tilapia have been developed and disseminated through formal and informal channels to hatcheries, many of which operate at a relatively small scale in developing countries. The primary objective of this study was to assess the extent to which molecular genetic tools can identify different and interrelated strains of Nile tilapia in Bangladesh and the Philippines, two globally significant producers. A tool was developed using a low-density panel of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genotyping-by-sequencing and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). When applied to 2,057 samples from 205 hatcheries in Bangladesh and the Philippines, for hatcheries where the hatchery-identified strain was one of the sampled core populations used to develop the tool, hatchery-identified and DAPC-assigned hatchery-level strains were in agreement in 74.1% of cases in Bangladesh and 80.6% of cases in the Philippines. The dominant hatchery-identified and DAPC-assigned strains were GIFT, in Bangladesh, and GET-ExCEL—a composite strain partially derived from GIFT—in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CMSY method was used to calculate Biological Reference Points (BRPs) of Harpadon nehereus using seventeen years (2001-2017) of catch data from the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Bangladesh. CMSY requires only catch and resilience data with quantitative stock status information. Also, a Bayesian statespace implementation of the Schaefer production Model (BSM) was used. The lowest Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) was provided by BSM (60600 t) that was smaller than last year's catch (82767 t in 2017). The fishing mortality (F) was estimated to be 0.22 and 0.23 for CMSY and BSM, respectively. The intrinsic population growth rate (r) was lower according to BSM (0.37) than the CMSY (0.57). Calculated B/BMSY was 1.13 and F/FMSY was 1.21 from the BSM model for the last data year. Estimated BRPs directed the overfishing status that may lead the H. nehereus fishery to be unsustainable. Therefore, proper management strategies are required to ensure the sustainability of H. nehereus in the BOB, Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study on transformative adaptation to climate change is scarce despite its tremendous importance. This study assesses the transformative adaptation of fishery-based livelihoods of the Jamuna River in Bangladesh (a trans-boundary river called the Brahmaputra in India). Using interviews, focus group discussions and matrices data from two Jamuna River dependent fishing communities (Kalitola Ghat and Debdanga), this study found 80-91% fishers in both communities have been exposed to floods, storms and riverbank erosion affecting their livelihood capitals, activities, strategies and outcomes. This study identifies five transformative adaptations: migration, building concrete house, livelihood diversification, changes in fishing gear and techniques and tree plantation. In Kalitola Ghat, 57.3% and in Debdanga, 78% of fishers have migrated to safer places to minimise the adverse impacts of climatic hazards. To withstand the impacts of storms and floods, in Kalitola Ghat, 5% and in Debdanga, 6% of fishers have built concrete houses. More fishers of Kalitola Ghat (56%) have diversified their livelihoods than Debdanga counterparts (5%). Around 78% and 100% of fishers in Kalitola Ghat and Debdanga have changed their traditional fishing gear and techniques to overcome the impacts of climatic hazards. Traditionally, the fishing communities have coped with or adapted to the impacts of climate change which are not sufficient to maintain their sustainable livelihoods. The findings of this study allow identification of the measures that could help address the impacts of current and future climate change for the fishing communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Increased level of serum uric acid (SUA) is often considered a risk factor for ischemic stroke. This study was conducted to examine the association of SUA level with ischemic stroke and assessed gender-based differences, if any. Methods: In this case-control study, neuroimaging-confirmed ischemic stroke patients were recruited as cases within three days of an incident from neurology in-patient department, and as controls, patients without stroke history were recruited from neurology out-patient department. Blood was collected from the respondents of both groups to assess SUA level, lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance test. Binary logistic regression was done for estimating the risks of ischemic stroke. Results: A total of 338 participants were recruited, where 169 were cases and 169 were controls. Around 60 percent respondents of both case and control groups were male. Mean SUA levels for cases and controls were 6.03 (SD 1.84) mg/dl and 4.04 (SD 1.46) mg/dl, respectively. After adjustment for age, tobacco consumption status, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease and dyslipidemia, elevated SUA level was found to be significantly associated with ischemic stroke only in females (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.01–2.19; p<0.05). Overall, each unit increase in SUA level exhibits 25 percent increment in odds of having ischemic stroke (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.02–1.5372; p<0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that elevated SUA level is significantly associated with the acute phase of an ischemic stroke and gender-specific analysis demonstrates this association only in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Medicine & International Health is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: One of the most significant public health concerns in today's world is the persistent upsurge of infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. As a result, clinicians are being forced to intervene with either less effective backup drugs or ones with substantial side-effects. Colistin is a last resort antimicrobial agent for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Escherichia coli (n = 65) isolated from street food (n = 20), hand rinse (n = 15), surface water (n = 10), and healthy human stool (n = 20) were tested for colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and response to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes were detected by employing polymerase chain reaction. DNA fingerprinting of the strains were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: Screening of E. coli allowed us to confirm colistin resistance marker gene mcr-1 in 13 strains (street food, n = 4; hand rinse, n = 2; surface water, n = 4; and stool, n = 3); and two of these E. coli strains carrying mcr-1 harbored blaTEM gene encoding extended spectrum beta lactamase. Antibiotic assay results revealed all 13 E. coli strains carrying mcr-1 to be multi-drug resistant (MDR), including to colistin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for colistin ranged from 2 to 6 μg/ml. DNA sequencing confirmed homogeneity of the nucleotide sequence for mcr-1, but the E. coli strains were heterogenous, as confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggesting horizontal transmission of colistin resistance in Bangladesh. Conclusion: Widespread dissemination of E. coli strains carrying mcr-1 encoding resistance to colistin in the present study is alarming as this is the last resort drug for the treatment of infections caused by MDR gram-negative bacteria resistant to almost all drugs used commonly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries assemblages with notes on the ecological conditions in coastal waters of the northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, were investigated based on beach seine fishing net data form a one-year cycle (2015-2016) data collected by beach seine net. A total of 75 species comprising of 61 finfishes, 7 shrimps, 2 cephalopods, 2 lobsters and 3 crab species were identified. Among them, 58 species were commonly distributed in all four seasons, while 16 species were found dominant to the total communities. The species number, richness, evenness, and species diversity peaked in the monsoon and fell in the winter. Multivariate analysis of CAP and dbRDA revealed that there were clear temporal and spatial variations in fisheries assemblages in the Kohelia channel. RELATE analysis showed a significant correlation between fisheries communities with environmental variables. Furthermore, best matching analysis (BEST/BIOENV) confirmed that these temporal and spatial variations were driven by changing salinity, transparency and nutrients either alone or combined with soil nutrients. Thus, these findings suggest that fisheries community structure is shaped by the ecological condition in this marine channel system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was undertaken to investigate the ovarian cycle of freshwater pearl mussel, Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck, 1819) collected monthly from a rearing pond in Bangladesh. Gonadal maturation was determined from 2 to 3 mm thick slices of dorso-ventral section cut from the middle of the mussels for histology. The overall male-female sex ratio, 1:1.08 did not deviate significantly from the 1:1 ratio as expected (2-test). Lamellidens marginalis females exhibited a prolonged spawning period from February to November when water temperature remains above 22 °C. Oogenesis occurred round the year although the majority of the females were in early and late-developing stages during January and February. Four distinct peaks in maturity indices (MIs) of L. marginalis females were noted during October, February, June and August when most of the females were ripe and ready for spawning. Condition indices (CIs) ranged from 0.42 ± 0.23 (September 2016) to 0.85 ± 0.25 (October 2015) by mean (± SD) exhibiting five peaks over 12-month study period. Further study should be designed to investigate the timing and brooding pattern of this freshwater unionid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surplus-production models were used for estimating the sustainable exploitation of Labeo calbasu fish stock in Kaptai reservoir, Bangladesh. The annual catch and effort data of 14 years (2001- 2014) were analyzed to estimate the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) using software packages CEDA and ASPIC. The average production was found 156 mt while the topmost and undermost catch was 263 mt (in 2009) and 108 mt (in 2003) respectively MSY and CV of Fox model for normal, log normal and gamma assumption were 87 mt (0.339), 65 mt (0.464) and 67 mt (0.551) respectively whereas values from Schaefer model were 139 mt (0.055), 130 mt (0.055) and 137 mt (0.064) and 139 mt (0.059), 130 mt (0.056) and 137 mt (0.064) in Pella-Tomlinson models. As regards, ASPIC estimated MSY and CV values for Fox and Logistic models were 127 mt (0.054) and 133 mt (0.057) respectively. Higher R2 values (above 0.879) in ASPIC in contrast with CEDA (0.71-0.818) represent its better fitting to data. To be conservative, we choose the MSY of 80-100 mt which indicates overexploited condition of L. calbasu in Kaptai reservoir and actions should be taken for sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ompok pabda, locally known as "modhu pabda" is a commercially important catfish for aquaculture, capture fisheries and conservation in Bangladesh. Present study was conducted with three different doses of S-GnRHa hormone (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight) for female and the half of each dose for male to determine its effectiveness on fertilization, hatching and survival rates of hatchling of O. pabda. Hormone S-GnRHa of 0.5 mg/kg body weight for female and 0.25 mg/kg body weight for male was found effective to maximize the fertilization (91.00%), hatching (90.80%) and hatchling survival (76.60%) rates, and significantly differed(P < 0.05) from the other doses. The findings of the present study will be useful for successful induced breeding and conservation of endangered O. pabda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A virological survey for avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) was conducted in two selected live bird markets (LBMs), namely Kaptan Bazar and Karwan Bazar in Dhaka city, Bangladesh from August 2011 to July 2012. A total of 513 dead chickens were collected. An immune-chromatographic rapid antigen test for Type A influenza virus and both conventional and real time RT-PCR were used for the detection and characterization of AI and ND viruses. All carcasses were first screened by the rapid antigen test kit and 93 were positive for Type A influenza virus. RT-PCR on a representative number of rapid antigen test positive samples (n = 24) confirmed the presence of Type A influenza virus and mostly H5 influenza virus (22 out of 24 tested samples). Influenza rapid test negative samples (n = 420) were subjected to routine necropsy. Heat stress, suffocation and physical injury were the most common cause of mortality (163 cases), followed by ND, suspected to be the cause of 85 deaths. On molecular investigation of these 85 samples, the presence of ND virus was confirmed in 59 and AI virus in 6; 15 were negative for both ND and AI viruses and 5 were unsuitable for investigation. Among the 59 ND confirmed cases 18 also contained AI virus. In summary, out of 513 carcasses 117 (22.81%) contained AI virus and 59 (11.50%) contained ND virus. Eighteen (3.51%) carcasses contained both AI and ND viruses. The findings suggest that both AI and ND should be considered as major threats to the poultry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A real-time reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was used for the detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of poultry. A panel of seven known isolates of NDV in the form of allantoic fluid, obtained from a laboratory repository, was used for the development of the test. RNA was extracted from the allantoic fluid with a magnetic processor based automated RNA extraction system. The identity of the reference virus was first reconfirmed by a conventional RT-PCR specific for the Fusion (F) protein gene. Using these RNA, the rRT-PCR protocol was optimized with regard to the reaction mix and thermal profile using published primers and probes specific for M gene. The sensitivity of standardized rRT-PCR was compared to that of the conventional RT-PCR using serial 10-fold dilutions of the RNA of a selected sample. The thermal profile was modified from the published one; the annealing and extension steps were combined to a single step performed at 60°C. The adopted rRT-PCR successfully amplified M gene from all the seven reference samples with a CT value ranging from 15.28 to 32.68. The rRT-PCR for M gene was 100-fold more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR for F gene. This is the first report of the use of rRT-PCR for the detection of NDV in Bangladesh. This test will be useful for virological surveillance, particularly for screening NDV in respiratory infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many other South and Southeast Asian countries, different national and international organizations are actively promoting integrated rice–fish farming system (IRFFS) as a potential technique to alleviate poverty, food and nutrition insecurity in different parts of Bangladesh, since 1990s. However, little rigorous empirical research exists on the determinants of adoption and welfare impact of such technologies, particularly in marginalized people's settings. This article addresses this research gap, using the case of indigenous small-scale IRFFS farm households cross-sectional survey data from northern and northwestern regions of Bangladesh. It employs double hurdle model for determining the factors affecting IRFFS adoption and intensity of adoption in the first stage and propensity score-matching (PSM) method to analyze the causal impact of IRFFS adoption on welfare of marginalized indigenous farm households in Bangladesh in the second stage. The findings of the first stage study indicate that among the key determinants of adoption are gender of the household head, access to irrigation, education and conflict with villagers. The results also show that farm size and access to credit play a significant role in the extent of adoption, implying land and credit constraints; hence, it can be difficult for land and credit constraint farmers to extend the adoption of the technology. In the second stage the study shows that IRFFS has a robust positive and significant impact on farm household welfare measured by household annual income, farm income, and quantity and frequency of fish consumption. Overall, the article provides evidence that promoting IRFFS technology is important to improve welfare of rural people especially for marginalized poor indigenous small-scale rural farm households in Bangladesh. But necessary interventions are needed to overcome the inhibiting factors for more widespread adoption of this promising technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Garo Hills represents one of earliest human habitation in Bangladesh preserving its ancient cultures due to the geographic location. It is situated in the most northern part of Durgapur sub-district having border with Meghalaya of India. Durgapur is rich in ethnic diversity with Garo and Hajong as the major ethnic groups along with Bangalee settlers from the mainstream population. Thus the ethnomedicinal practice in Garo Hills is considered rich as it encompasses three different groups. Present survey was undertaken to compile the medicinal plant usage among the various communities of the Garo Hills. Methods: The ethnomedicinal data was collected through open and focussed group discussions, and personal interviews using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 185 people were interviewed, including the three community people and their traditional health practitioners (THPs). The usage of the plants were further analysed and are presented as use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL). Results: A total of 71 plants from 46 families and 64 genera were documented during our survey. Gastrointestinal disorders represented the major ailment category with the use of 36 plant species followed by dermatological problems (25 species). The ICF ranged from 0.90 to 0.99, with an average value of 0.96. Leaves (41) were the principle source of medication followed by fruits (27). Trees (33) were the major plant type used in the ethnobotanical practice. A total of 25 plants showed high FL (70.91 to 100 %) with 12 plants showing maximum FL (100 %). A number of the plants appear to have unique ethnomedicinal uses. Conclusion: Present investigation revealed a rich traditional practice in the studied region, which provides primary health care to the local community. This compilation of the ethnobotanical knowledge can help researchers to identify the uses of various medicinal plants that have a long history of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Adivasi Fisheries Project, aimed at diversifying livelihood options for resource-poor Adivasi (ethnic) communities in the North and Northwest of Bangladesh, was implemented during 2007–9. Aquaculture and related technologies were introduced to a total of 3594 resource-poor Adivasi households. Baseline and end-line surveys were applied to assess the changes in their livelihoods following intervention. Household incomes of project participants rose significantly (p≤0.01), which was attributed to the increased share of aquaculture and related enterprises from 15% in 2007 to nearly 30% in 2009 in terms of annual household incomes. By contrast, the contribution of aquaculture to household incomes remained virtually unchanged (p>0.05) among non-project participants. The monthly frequency of fish, meat and egg consumption increased between 2007 and 2009 (p≤0.01), confirming improved food and nutrition security among project participants. Although non-project participants also slightly increased their fish consumption, it remained significantly lower (p≤0.01) than that of the project participants. The results from the present study contradict the prevailing view that aquaculture is inappropriate for landless, socially marginalized and extremely poor communities by demonstrating its relevance to improving livelihoods, provided that a diversified approach is followed and interventions are tailored to needs and capabilities of target households. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hatia is a coastal area of Bangladesh and exposed to multiple natural disaster. To identify the determinants of Disaster Loss Recovery Plan (DLRP) for the small scale business, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Data were explored by utilizing 53 random samples from the study area and analyzed by using computer based software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). This paper determines the factors those are related to DLRP. Findings show that age of business, disaster experience, Single or branch and Grocery/Hotel/Medicine/ Mobile call center/Rickshaw repairing are all related to DLRP in the study area. Own or lease and Wholesale/retail are not significantly related with DLRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluated fisheries reference points and stock status to assess the sustainability of the croaker fishery (Sciaenidae) from the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Bangladesh. Sixteen years (2001–2016) of catch-effort data were analyzed using two surplus production models (Schaefer and Fox), the Monte Carlo method (CMSY) and the Bayesian state-space Schaefer surplus production model (BSM) method. This research applies a Stock–Production Model Incorporating Covariates (ASPIC) software package to run the Schaefer and Fox model. The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) produced by all models ranged from 33,900 to 35,900 metric tons (mt), which is very close to last year's catch (33,768 mt in 2016). The estimated B > BMSY and F < FMSY indicated the safe biomass and fishing status. The calculated F/FMSY was 0.89, 0.87, and 0.81, and B/BMSY was 1.05, 1.07, and 1.14 for Fox, Schaefer, and BSM, respectively, indicating the fully exploited status of croaker stock in the BoB, Bangladesh. The representation of the Kobe phase plot suggested that the exploitation of croaker stock started from the yellow (unsustainable) quadrant in 2001 and gradually moved to the green (sustainable) quadrant in 2016 because of the reduction in fishing efforts and safe fishing pressure after 2012. Thus, this research suggests that the current fishing pressure needs to be maintained so that the yearly catch does not exceed the MSY limit of croaker. Additionally, specific management measures should implement to guarantee croaker and other fisheries from the BoB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hatia is a coastal area of Bangladesh and exposed to multiple natural disaster. To identify the determinants of Disaster Loss Recovery Plan (DLRP) for the small scale business, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Data were explored by utilizing 53 random samples from the study area and analyzed by using computer based software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). This paper determines the factors those are related to DLRP. Findings show that age of business, disaster experience, Single or branch and Grocery/Hotel/Medicine/ Mobile call center/Rickshaw repairing are all related to DLRP in the study area. Own or lease and Wholesale/retail are not significantly related with DLRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Seed production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in nylon mesh net cages (hapas) was tested through a participatory on-farm trial with households in NW Bangladesh. A total of 43 households with small ponds (0.04–0.08ha) located close to the homesteads were sampled from poor to medium social groups in three communities: Tarala Banara (TB), Dewnaghata (DW) and Dola Para (DP). Broodfish of GIFT strain Nile tilapia (12 female and 6 male; 60g size) were stocked in a single spawning hapa (3×2×1m). Swim-up fry were collected from breeding hapas at 15day intervals and stocked alternately in two nursing hapas (1.5×1×1m). With the exception of 15 households at DP in which flooding caused loss of fish, most of the households in TB and DW produced tilapia fry from hapas for 4–5months in addition to the usual production of foodfish/fingerlings in their ponds. Mean swim-up fry production in TB and DW was 5185±3764 and 3415±1536fryhousehold−1, leading to nursed fry production of 2708±1967 and 1380±734fryhousehold−1 respectively. Nursed fry were sold (70%) or re-stocked (30%) for foodfish production in the participants'' own ponds. Only households with perennial ponds that were able to hold and rear tilapia broodfish (25% of total households at TB and DW) successfully produced seed in Year 2, but such households started earlier in the season (March) and achieved significantly higher productivity than the previous year. Hapa productivity was impacted by local soil type, presence of shade, depth of mud and level of drainage inputs; more fry were produced in ponds based on sandy and sandy-loam soils with less overhanging vegetation and shade, lower levels of turbidity and benthic mud, and no drainage connections with tube wells or surface run-off. Poorer households were more successful overall and tended to prioritise sale of fry over retention for foodfish culture Households engaged in ancillary fry trading and/or nursery businesses also tended to be relatively successful. Between 8 and 20 customers were supplied by each hapa operator, indicating the broader impacts of local seed production on grow-out for foodfish production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Avian influenza surveillance in Bangladesh has been passive, relying on poultry farmers to report suspected outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. Here, the results of an active surveillance effort focusing on the live-bird markets are presented. Prevalence of influenza infection in the birds of the live bird markets is 23.0%, which is similar to that in poultry markets in other countries. Nearly all of the isolates (94%) were of the non-pathogenic H9N2 subtype, but viruses of the H1N2, H1N3, H3N6, H4N2, H5N1, and H10N7 subtypes were also observed. The highly pathogenic H5N1-subtype virus was observed at extremely low prevalence in the surveillance samples (0.08%), and we suggest that the current risk of infection for humans in the retail poultry markets in Bangladesh is negligible. However, the high prevalence of the H9 subtype and its potential for interaction with the highly pathogenic H5N1-subtype, i.e., reassortment and attenuation of host morbidity, highlight the importance of active surveillance of the poultry markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to understand the adoption process of ricefield based fish seed production (RBFSP) that has been developed, promoted and established in Northwest Bangladesh. Design/Methodology/Approach: Quantitative investigation based on regression analysis and qualitative investigation using semi-structured interview were carried out to enhance understanding of the adoption process of RBFSP. Findings: A quantitative investigation showed two variables, the area of rice-plot stocked and access to tilapia broodfish, predicted 57% of variability of RBFSP adoption. A later qualitative investigation with different groups of people from communities where RBFSP was established showed ecological and complex socio-cultural factors to be responsible for its adoption or rejection by farming households. In an ecological context, the development of the rice-plot environment and increased fish production in rice-plots and ponds were major factors influencing adoption by farming households. In the case of farming families, the technology helped to meet the basic food needs of household members, particularly women, children and the elderly. There was an important temporal aspect of the benefits delivered by the approach, since fish consumed and income provided for households occurred during the 'hungry gap'; RBFSP can be regarded as a coping mechanism for households' seasonal vulnerability. Development of networks among seed producers and fry traders reinforced the adoption process. Practical Implications: Loss in access to suitable ricefields through land tenure change was identified as the most important factor constraining sustained adoption of RBFSP by farming households. Originality/Value: The quantitative investigation showed that the two variables possessed limited explanatory power for the adoption process of RBFSP, however, the qualitative investigation identified complex factors that contributed to the adoption process of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to find out the determinants of household healthcare expenditure. The analysis uses a multi-equation recursive estimation procedure to study the determinants of healthcare expenditure. First, it uses a binary logit model to estimate the probability of being ill, which is then used as an independent variable in the second stage logit model for provider choice. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates are obtained instead of Tobit estimates for the parameters of healthcare expenditure model in the third stage. This study brings out several interesting findings. First, the level of income has a significant effect on peoples' choice of healthcare provider and on the amount of healthcare expenditure. Second, people with smoking habits and less access to safe drinking water and sanitary toilets are more vulnerable to diseases. Some of the factors ordinarily believed to affect the incidence of diseases like, education level of an individual, education level of the household head, and being male member of the family have a less pronounced effect on reporting illness and healthcare expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that a birthweight limit of 2.5 kg should not be regarded as valid for all populations as the cut-off point of low-weight births because of demographic, genetic and environmental differences. Countries often choose alternative cut-off values for low birthweight for clinical purposes. Bangladesh also needs to choose a convenient cut-off value for low birthweight. A total of 770 live singleton full-term normal newborns were included in this study by stratified sampling; birthweight was measured using the Detecto-type baby weight machine. Newborns were followed up to the end of their first week of life. For data collection a pretested structured questionnaire and an Apgar Score estimating checklist were used. Chi-square test was applied to assess the association of different birthweight strata and neonatal health outcomes. Multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the independent effects of different levels of birthweight on early neonatal health. The neonates having birthweight ≤2 kg had a significantly higher risk of early neonatal mortality and morbidity than the higher level birthweight group. Birth asphyxia was the commonest cause of early neonatal mortality and morbidity. Borderline birthweight (>2 to <2.5 kg) neonates experienced the same mortality and morbidity rates as the normal birthweight neonates during their early neonatal life. Birthweight ≤2 kg may be one of the criteria for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit whereas more than 2 kg may not require admission unless otherwise necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir for influenza A viruses (IAVs). In this study, an A(H9N9) influenza A virus (A/duck/Bangladesh/44493/2020) was identified via routine surveillance in free-range domestic ducks in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin showed that the H9N9 virus belonged to the Y439-like lineage. The HA gene had the highest nucleotide identity to A/Bean Goose (Anser fabalis)/South Korea/KNU 2019-16/2019 (H9N2). The other seven gene segments clustered within the Eurasian lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock assessment is necessary to understand the status of fishery stocks. However, for the data-poor fishery, it is very challenging to assess the stock status. The length-based Bayesian biomass (LBB) technique is one of the most powerful methods to assess the data-poor fisheries resources that need simple length frequency (LF) data. Addressing the present gap, this study aimed to assess the stock status of three sardines (Sardinella fimbriata, Dussumieria acuta, and D. elopsoides) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Bangladesh using the LBB method. The estimated relative biomass for S. fimbriata was B/B0 < BMSY/B0, indicating the overfished biomass, while the assessed B/B0 > BMSY/B0 for D. acuta and D. elopsoides indicates healthy biomass. Additionally, for S. fimbriata, the length at first landing was smaller than the optimum length at first landing (Lc < Lc_opt), indicating an overfishing status, but a safe fishing status was assessed for D. acuta and D. elopsoides (Lc > Lc_opt). Therefore, increasing the mesh size of fishing gears may help to ensure the long-term viability of sardine populations in the BoB, Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood control, drainage and irrigation (FCDI) schemes are widespread in Bangladesh. They are built to control water levels to improve agricultural production based on high yielding varieties (HYV) of rice that cannot tolerate rapid inundation or that require irrigation, and to provide protection from extreme flood events. The benefits to the agricultural sector can be significant. At some sites in Bangladesh, farmers report up to 80% more agricultural production inside the schemes than outside. However, fish production and species richness is typically lowered by these structures. Fish yields inside a typical flood control compartment can be 50% lower than outside, with up to 25 species of fish absent or less abundant. Lower rates of recruitment of migratory whitefish species, whose lateral migrations are obstructed by the embankments, were found to be largely responsible for these differences. With a risk of more extreme flooding during the monsoon season but hotter and more arid dry season conditions predicted as a consequence of climate change, more FCDI schemes may need to be constructed to provide flood protection and to meet increasing irrigation needs. Based on fisheries monitoring and mark-recapture studies undertaken at 3 sluice gates, nine recommendations for operating sluice gates to mitigate the impacts of FCDI schemes on fish production and biodiversity are described. These recommendations aim to improve the access of migratory whitefish to modified floodplains and to improve or sustain the production of resident (non-migratory) blackfish whilst minimising agricultural sector losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like most sectors, the aquaculture and fisheries sector especially in developing countries like Bangladesh is believed to have been severely affected by this unique coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. To overcome the adverse impacts of COVID-19, the aquaculture and fisheries economy needs urgent recovery plans which this study focusses on using a mixed-method including online questionnaire surveys, face-to-face and telephonic interviews and focus group discussions during June – November 2020. This study reveals some positive impacts on ecosystem and fish stock (e.g., increase in fish stock) due to less disturbance of fishing activities, but that are not able to bring societal benefits as all the fisheries sub-sectors are affected differently by the pandemic. There are disrupted transportation systems and increased transportation costs (around 20 – 60% higher than normal), more input and maintenance costs and less demand for/and decreased market price of fish. There are also shortages of labourers and reduced patrolling to implement fishery regulations. Cancellation of orders by foreign buyers has seriously affected the shrimp and crab sub-sectors. The fisheries-dependent people's capital assets and activities have been mostly negatively affected resulting in a worsened livelihood. This study has suggested a set of immediate and long-term changes to policy and action plans to recover this sector and sub-sectors from the pandemic considering economic, social and environmental sustainability. The findings of this study may have important implications not only for Bangladesh but also for other fisheries dependent developing countries with similar impacts by the virus like in South Asia. • COVID-19 resulted significant negative impacts on aquaculture and fisheries. • Fisheries-dependent people's livelihood assets and activities are negatively affected. • Positive impacts on ecosystem and wild fish stock. • Recovery process includes immediate and long-term action plans. • Recovery needs to consider economic, social and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a significant pathogen of poultry; however, variants also affect other species, including pigeons. While NDV is endemic in Bangladesh, and poultry isolates have been recently characterized, information about viruses infecting pigeons is limited. Worldwide, pigeon-derived isolates are commonly of low to moderate virulence for chickens. Here, we studied a pigeon-derived NDV isolated in Bangladesh in 2010. To molecularly characterize the isolate, we sequenced its complete fusion gene and performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. We further studied the biological properties of the virus by estimating mean death time (MDT) and by experimentally infecting 5-week-old naïve Sonali chickens. The studied virus clustered in sub-genotype XXI.1.2 with NDV from pigeons from Pakistan isolated during 2014–2018. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed a polybasic fusion protein cleavage site motif, typical for virulent NDV. The performed in vivo pathogenicity testing showed a MDT of 40.8 h, and along with previously established intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.51, these indicated a velogenic pathotype for chickens, which is not typical for pigeon-derived viruses. The experimental infection of chickens resulted in marked neurological signs and high mortality starting at 7 days post infection (dpi). Mild congestion in the thymus and necrosis in the spleen were observed at an advanced stage of infection. Microscopically, lymphoid depletion in the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were found at 5 dpi, which progressed to severe in the following days. Mild to moderate proliferation of glial cells was noticed in the brain starting at 2 dpi, which gradually progressed with time, leading to focal nodular aggregation. This study reports the velogenic nature for domestic chickens of a pigeon-derived NDV isolate of sub-genotype XXI.1.2. Our findings show that not all pigeon-derived viruses are of low virulence for chickens and highlight the importance of biologically evaluating the pathogenicity of NDV isolated from pigeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comparative description and analysis of medium-term effects of two development approaches geared towards poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. One approach, which was studied in a programme of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, emphasizes a combination of group formation, awareness building, saving and selective confrontation with the rural elite. The other approach emphasizes provision of credit to the rural poor; it was studied in an area where the Grameen Bank has been implementing its programme since an early stage. The study on which the article is based included a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methods. It is a significant contribution to the development of a study design and methodology for evaluative research focusing on gauging the effects of interventions in settings characterized by a lack of baseline data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]