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In the field of seismic risk assessment, the estimation of human casualties is an important task for medical and relief agencies to develop preparedness and emergency management actions. The process of calculating casualties involves several factors along with the associated uncertainties. Despite its complexity and the limited quality and availability of data, many studies have been devoted to this topic in recent decades, but additional effort is required to better analyze these studies by also comparing the results they provide. In the present paper, an extensive literature overview of the main models proposed to estimate casualties is reported. Further, the main factors involved in the available Casualty Estimation Models are also analyzed by analyzing loss scenarios related to two strong Italian earthquakes (1980 Irpinia–Basilicata and 2009 L'Aquila). Comparing estimated vs. collected data, it is found that, in addition to the damage level, both the building material and the occupancy rate at the time of the event significantly impact the estimation of human casualties. As for the occupancy rate, based on the data on the daily life of citizens collected by the Italian Institute of Statistics, the occupancy rate functions for Italian residential building stock are derived and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In reinforced concrete (RC) structures, the compressive strength of concrete can play a crucial role in seismic performance and is usually difficult to estimate. Major seismic codes prescribe that concrete strength must be determined essentially from in situ and laboratory tests. Mean values obtained from such tests are the reference design values when assessing existing structures under seismic actions. The variability of concrete strength can also play an important role, generally requiring that various homogeneous domains are identified in a single structure, in each of which a specific mean value should be assumed as representative. This study analyzes the inter- and intra-variability of the concrete strength of existing buildings using a very large database made up of approximately 1600 core tests extracted from RC buildings located in the Basilicata region (Southern Italy). The analysis highlighted that concrete strength variability was dependent on the structures' dimensions as well as on the number of storeys. Moreover, the concrete strength of cores extracted from columns was found to be, on average, lower than that from beams, thus justifying the usual practice to extract cores mainly from columns, which results in a conservative approach as well as a more feasible one. Finally, some case studies were analyzed, specifically focusing on the effects of the within-storey variability. Conservative strength values, to be used especially in the case of vertical members subjected to high axial loads, are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]