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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients have a considerably increased risk for noncommunicable diseases, which poses a serious burden on public health. The effects of different elements on MetS have received increasing attention in the field of noncommunicable diseases over the past decade. These elements can exert adverse or favourable effects on human health by synergistic or antagonistic actions. Nevertheless, few studies have explored the relationship between multiple-element exposure and MetS., Method: A total of 2095 MetS patients and 2039 controls free of major cardiovascular disease at baseline and follow-up visits were frequency matched for age (±5 years) and sex. The internal exposure levels of 15 elements in serum were investigated. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of MetS for element concentrations categorized according to quartiles in the controls., Result: Magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), barium (Ba) and mercury (Hg) were significantly associated with MetS in the multi-element exposure model. The ORs for the extreme quartiles of Mg, Se, Ba, and Hg were 0.29 (95% CI: 0.23-0.37, P-trend < 0.001), 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42-0.65, P-trend < 0.001), 1.86 (95% CI: 1.51-2.28, P-trend < 0.001), and 2.61 (95% CI: 2.11-3.22, P-trend < 0.001), respectively. Ba may be antagonistic to Mg and Se in the human body., Conclusions: Our study suggested that MetS was negatively associated with Mg and Se and positively associated with Ba and Hg. There were significant dose-response relationships between Mg, Se, Ba and Hg and the prevalence of MetS, suggesting that multiple elements may be involved in MetS., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Bike-sharing as a common public transportation has been booming in China in recent years. Previous studies showed that the surfaces of public transport can act as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) bacteria, but AR bacterial contamination of shared bikes has not been investigated. Otherwise, the AR-Enterobacteriaceae is considered as a global health threat for humans. Herein, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of AR Enterobacteriaceae on shared bikes and examine correlations between AR Enterobacteriaceae from shared bikes and public buildings around Metro stations in Beijing. We collected 2117 samples from shared bikes at 240 Metro stations in Beijing. A total of 444 non-duplicate Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 418 samples at 166 stations. The isolates exhibited low rates of resistance (0.5%-6.3%) to all antimicrobial agents except sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (31.5%). Three ceftazidime-resistant E. coli isolates were positive for bla CTX-M-199 and two of them were positive for carbapenemase-producing gene bla NDM-5 . Multivariable logistic regression model revealed that variable "secondary/tertiary non-profit hospital nearby" was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with isolation of AR Enterobacteriaceae from the shared bikes around the Metro stations. Low AR rates of Enterobacteriaceae observed in this study suggested the risk of dissemination of AR-Enterobacteriaceae via shared bikes is limited. However, we identified hospitals as a risk factor for the dissemination of AR Enterobacteriaceae among shared bike users. More attention should be paid to both comprehensive hygiene managements in the surrounding environment of hospitals and the increasing of public awareness on the personal hygienic habits., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)