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This study aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and its constituents (black carbon (BC), ammonium (NH 4 + ), nitrate (NO 3 )) and incident female breast cancer in Beijing, China. Data from a prospective cohort comprising 85,504 women enrolled in the National Urban Cancer Screening Program in Beijing (2013-2019) and the Tracking Air Pollution in China dataset are used. Monthly exposures were aggregated to calculate 5-year average concentrations to indicate long-term exposure. Cox models and mixture exposure models (weighted quantile sum, quantile-based g-computation, and explanatory machine learning model) were employed to analyze the associations. Findings indicated increased levels of PM - ), organic matter (OM), inorganic sulfate (SO 4 2- )) and incident female breast cancer in Beijing, China. Data from a prospective cohort comprising 85,504 women enrolled in the National Urban Cancer Screening Program in Beijing (2013-2019) and the Tracking Air Pollution in China dataset are used. Monthly exposures were aggregated to calculate 5-year average concentrations to indicate long-term exposure. Cox models and mixture exposure models (weighted quantile sum, quantile-based g-computation, and explanatory machine learning model) were employed to analyze the associations. Findings indicated increased levels of PM 2.5 and its constituents were associated with higher breast cancer risk, with hazard ratios per 1-μg/m 3 increase of 1.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.03), 1.39 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.65), 1.28 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.46), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.24), 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.08), and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.23) for PM 2.5 , BC, NH 4 + , NO 3 - , OM, and SO 4 2- , respectively. Exposure-response curves demonstrated a monotonic risk increase without an evident threshold. Mixture exposure models highlighted BC and SO 4 2- as key factors, underscoring the importance of reducing emissions of these pollutants., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The incidence of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is rising rapidly worldwide. However, there are few reports on these heterogeneous diseases in China. Our study aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of NENs in Beijing., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using population-based cancer surveillance data in Beijing, China. All data were extracted from the Beijing Cancer Registry with incidence dates from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2018; the follow-up period was through 31 December 2021. Segi's world standard population was used to estimate the age-standardized rate. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method., Results: From 1998 to 2018, the incidence of NENs in Beijing initially showed a significant increasing trend, from 1.07/100,000 to 3.53/100,000; this began to plateau after 2013. The age-specific incidence rate increased with age and peaked in the age group 70-74 years. The incidence in men was significantly higher than that in women (4.41/100,000 vs. 1.69/100,000). The most common sites of NENs were the lung (2.38/100,000) and rectum (0.14/100,000). Most NENs were diagnosed at a late stage. We found that NENs originating from the lung had worse overall survival than extrapulmonary NENs, and male patients had worse survival than female patients., Conclusions: This study retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of NENs in Beijing from 1998 to 2018. Our findings provide a reference regarding the epidemiological statistics of NENs in Beijing to contribute to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these specific tumors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: We aimed to assess the performance of the risk assessment questionnaire and fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in a population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program to provide timely evidence for tailored screening strategies in China., Methods: This analysis was conducted using data from Beijing Cancer Screening Prospective Cohort Study (BCSPCS). A risk assessment questionnaire and FIT were selected as the primary screening methods, and participants with any positive results were referred to undergo a diagnostic colonoscopy., Results: From 2015 to 2020, 148,636 Beijing residents aged 40-69 years were invited from designated communities, with 147,807 finishing the risk assessment questionnaire and 115,606 (78.2%) completing the FIT. Among the 42,969 (29.1%) high-risk CRC participants, 23,824 (55.4%) underwent colonoscopy. One year after enrollment, all subjects were linked to the Beijing Cancer Registry (BCR) database and 241 cases of CRC were confirmed. The CRC incidence rate was 58.2/100,000 for the low-risk arm and 418.9/100,000 for the high-risk arm. For participants who underwent colonoscopy, 91 CRC cases were detected, with a detection rate of 91.9% and 63.7% of them were early-stage cases. Furthermore, the sensitivities of utilizing the risk assessment questionnaire alone, FIT alone, combined risk assessment questionnaire and FIT were 75.7%, 50.1%, and 95.1%, and the specificities were 75.3%, 87.3%, and 70.7%, respectively., Conclusion: The Beijing CRC screening program can effectively detect early-onset CRC; however, the compliance with colonoscopy still needs to be improved., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) has been linked to increases in the incidence of lung cancer. However, more evidence is needed to conclude its effects on lung cancer survival., Objectives: The study aimed to explore the relationship between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and lung cancer survival and evaluated the benefits of clean air actions in Beijing., Methods: A whole-population cohort study was conducted on lung cancer patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2017. An atmospheric chemical transport model was used to estimate exposure under a counterfactual scenario without the policy and then quantified the effect of the policy. Cox regression models were used with the seasonality-adjusted PM 2.5 as the main effect., Results: A 10 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 was estimated to be with a 6.5 % (95 % CI: 4.8 %, 8.2 %) increase in the mortality rates. The association was heterogeneous and modified by individual-level characteristics. The clean air actions were estimated to have prevented 3548 (95 % CI: 3280, 3825) premature deaths and to have prolonged survival time by 4.29 months (95 % CI: 0.01, 25.11)., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PM 2.5 exposure lowers the survival rate for lung cancer. The clean air actions implemented in Beijing can protect lung cancer patients by increasing their survival time., Synopsis: Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 can lower lung patients' survival rates whereas the clean air actions in Beijing have prolonged these patients' survival time by reducing PM 2.5 level., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to establish a representative exposure response function between PM 2.5 and lung cancer to evaluate the impact on lung cancer burden and the benefits gained in association with the environmental policy change in Beijing, China., Methods: Based on population-based cancer registration data during 2001-2016, using a spatiotemporal Poisson regression model, long-term concentrations of PM 2.5 were linked to sex-age adjusted incidence rates of total lung cancer and its pathological subtypes. We calculated the health and monetary benefits associated with air quality improvement using the cost of illness method., Results: In the constructed regression model, a 10 μg/m 3 increment of PM 2.5 was associated with increases of 6.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 4.3%, 7.7%), 14.8% (10.3%, 19.4%), and 6.5% (3.3%, 9.8%) in the incidence of total lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, respectively. The estimated associations indicate that long-term exposure to PM 2.5 contributed 1947 to 3059 incident cases of lung cancer per year among the residents in Beijing during the study period. Clean air actions saved 4978 (95% CI: 2711, 7417) lung cancer cases, which brought a savings of 218 (118, 324) million RMB (~31 [17, 46] million US dollars) in direct inpatient medical expenditures. If air quality had met national standards of long-term PM 2.5 (35 μg/m 3 ) in 2014-2016, 10,003 (95% CI: 9325, 10,650) lung cancer cases could have been prevented and direct inpatient medical expenditures of 438 (409, 466) million RMB (~63 [58, 67] million US dollars) could have been saved., Conclusions: This study enriches epidemiological study, confirming the association between exposure to PM 2.5 and lung cancer or its subtypes, and provides novel evidence for the notable reduction in lung cancer burden and medical expenditure savings that were achieved through air quality improvements in Beijing from 2014 to 2016., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)