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Abstract: North China is known for its large population densities and rapid development of industry and agriculture. Air quality around Beijing improved substantially during the 2008 Summer Olympics. We measured atmospheric concentrations of various Nr compounds at three urban sites and three rural sites in North China from 2010 to 2012 and estimated N dry and wet deposition by inferential models and the rain gauge method to determine current air conditions with respect to reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds and nitrogen (N) deposition in Beijing and the surrounding area. NH3, NO2, and HNO3 and particulate NH4 + and NO3 −, and NH4 +–N and NO3 −–N in precipitation averaged 8.2, 11.5, 1.6, 8.2 and 4.6 μg N m−3, and 2.9 and 1.9 mg N L−1, respectively, with large seasonal and spatial variability. Atmospheric Nr (especially oxidized N) concentrations were highest at urban sites. Dry deposition of Nr ranged from 35.2 to 60.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, with wet deposition of Nr of 16.3 to 43.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and total deposition of 54.4–103.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The rates of Nr dry and wet deposition were 36.4 and 33.2% higher, respectively, at the urban sites than at the rural sites. These high levels reflect the occurrence of a wide range of Nr pollution in North China and suggest that further strict air pollution control measures are required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high and increasing in China. The causation of this disorder is, yet, to be fully understood. Several studies with confirmatory factor analysis have been performed to investigate the core of the disease in some races other than Chinese, and amongst the other studies, they have yielded a sound model fit. This study was to evaluate and compare two single-factor models of the underlying factor structure of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population using confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Findings showed that in a Chinese sample of 7,472 individuals, Model 1 (with waist circumference, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio, fasting plasma glucose and mean artery pressure) yielded good level of fitness (SRMR < 0.08, CFI > 0.96 and RMSEA < 0.10) in men and women of all age groups; and Model 2 (with waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose and systolic blood pressure) fitted well in men aged 18-34 and over 60 and in all women, except in men of 35-59 (RMSEA = 0.142). In comparison, Model 2 were shown to be better fit (with relative larger GFI and smaller AIC, BIC, CAIC, and EVIC) in women of all age groups and in men of 18-34 and over 60 years old; Model 1 had a better fit in men between 35 and 59. Conclusions: This study suggests that the single-factor model of metabolic syndrome with waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose and systolic blood pressure are plausible in women of all age groups and young and senior men in Beijing. The model with waist circumference, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio, fasting plasma glucose and mean artery pressure fits middle-aged men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a number of studies have addressed the environmental presence and behavior of the Dechlorane Plus (DP) flame retardant, there is still a dearth of information in terrestrial ecosystems. The present study revealed that median ∑DP (including anti- and syn-DP isomers) concentrations ranged from 10 to 810 ng/g lipid weight in muscle and liver tissues of six terrestrial raptor species collected in 2004–2006 from Beijing, China. Some concentrations rival the greatest DP burdens ever reported in global wildlife. Significant, positive correlations were observed between f anti (concentration ratio of anti-isomer to ∑DP) and ∑DP concentrations in the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) tissues. These results suggested that the DP burdens could be substantially driven by the accumulation of the anti-isomer in terrestrial birds. The tissue-specific accumulation of DP further suggested that factors (e.g., hepatic binding enzymes) other than lipid solubility could be important in determining tissue deposition of DP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Early detection of HIV infection enables timely care and treatment. However, many men who have sex with men (MSM) remain unaware of their HIV status because they do not or are unable to access HIV testing services. Oral fluid HIV rapid tests have the potential to increase HIV testing. This study is the first to evaluate willingness to use the oral fluid test among MSM in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing from July to October, 2012. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Results: Of 262 who participated in the survey, 223(85.1%) reported that they were willing to use the oral fluid HIV rapid test. Willingness to use the oral fluid test was associated with higher education (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–5.10), lack of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with male partners in the past one month (AOR: 2.38; 95% 95%CI: 1.15–4.95), having taken more than 4 HIV tests (AOR: 3.54; 95%CI:1.52–8.28), and having ever heard of the oral fluid HIV rapid test from gay friends or gay organizations (AOR: 3.24, 95%CI: 1.40–7.51). Among those who expressed willingness to use the oral fluid HIV rapid test, the median amount of money they were willing to pay was 8 dollars. Among the 39 participants who were unwilling to use the oral fluid test, 79.5% (31/39) expressed concerns about the accuracy of the oral fluid HIV rapid test results and 17.9%(7/39) reported that they were not familiar with the oral fluid test and did not know how to use such a test. Conclusions: A high proportion of MSM in Beijing appear to be willing to use the oral fluid HIV rapid test. Appropriate cost and education measures could help improve acceptance of the oral fluid test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Beijing, China from 2007 to 2009 were identified in this study. A total of 186 HFMD cases were included, and 136 cases (73%) were positive for enterovirus (EV). In 2007, 75% (27/36) were Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) positive and 19% (7/36) were Enterovirus 71 (EV71) positive cases. However, EV71 was the predominant virus in 2008, when 56% (31/55) of the cases were positive for EV71 and 22% (12/55) were positive for CA16. In 2009, EV71 and CA16, with positive rates of 36% (16/45) and 29% (13/45), respectively, were still the major pathogens of HFMD. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the dominant genotype of EV71 was C4, with co-circulation of genotype A in 2009. The prevalent cluster of the EV71 subgenotype C4 changed over time. A proposed new sublineage of EV71, C4a-2, was the predominant virus associated with the Beijing and nationwide HFMD outbreaks since 2008 and amino acid substitution, which possibly link to the central nervous system tropism of EV71, was found in genotype A viruses. Persistent surveillance of HFMD-associated pathogens is required for predicting potential emerging viruses and related disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2010 the Beijing Municipal Government promulgated a policy aimed at improving the quality of life and subjective well-being of elderly residents that included a component focused on mental health. Aim: Identify factors associated with subjective well-being in a representative sample of elderly residents of Xi Cheng District in Beijing. Methods: This cross-sectional study administered a self-completion survey to a stratified random sample of 2342 residents of Xi Cheng District who were 60 to 80 years of age. The level of well-being was assessed using a validated Chinese version of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH). Detailed socioeconomic variables were obtained using a questionnaire developed by the authors. Social support, anxiety, and depression were assessed using validated Chinese versions of the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results: Among the 2342 respondents, 1616 (69.0%) had a total MUNSH score of 32 or above, indicating a high level of happiness; 423 (18.1%) has a total SSRS score 32 or below, indicating poor social support; 201 (8.6%) had a total SDS score of 53 or above, indicating significant depression; and 126 (5.3%) had a total SAS score of 50 or above, indicating significant anxiety. In the multivariate regression analysis the self-reported level of depression was the most important factor related to well-being. Anxiety, social support, income level, the quality of family relationships, the ability to self-regulate emotions, and regular exercise were also significantly related to well-being; but gender, marital status, age and educational level were not associated with well-being. Conclusion: Among elderly urban residents in Beijing, self-reports of poor subjective well-being are closely associated with self-reports of depressive and anxiety symptoms and also associated with social factors such as social support, income level and family relationships. Prospective studies are needed to identify the causal relationships of these variables and, based on the findings, to develop targeted interventions aimed at improving the quality of life and well-being of elderly community members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strains in China were significantly associated with genotypic clustering and younger age among patients with tuberculosis. No significant association was observed between Beijing strains and drug resistance. Different sublineages of Beijing strains had distinct phenotypic characteristics.Background. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strains are widespread globally. We aimed to determine whether Beijing strains in China are more likely than other strains to spread, and whether they are more likely to become drug resistant. We also sought to determine whether different Beijing sublineages have distinct phenotypic characteristics.Methods. We conducted a population-based molecular epidemiologic study in 6 provinces in China from 2009 to 2010. We analyzed data and specimens from culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Each patient's isolate was genotyped using 16-loci variable number of tandem repeats and 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms.Results. By genotyping, 75.0% (1031/1375) of the strains of M. tuberculosis were Beijing strains. Beijing strains were more likely than non-Beijing strains to be in a genotypic cluster (odds ratio, 2.40, P < .001), and were significantly associated with younger age (Ptrend < .05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of Beijing strains and non-Beijing strains that were drug resistant, even when stratified by new vs retreatment patients. We identified 6 sublineages of Beijing strains in the study population. The modern sublineage of Beijing strains were more likely than the ancient sublineages to be clustered (odds ratio, 2.27, P < .001).Conclusions. Beijing strains of M. tuberculosis were significantly associated with genotypic clustering, reflecting recent transmission, and younger age, but were not associated with drug resistance. Future studies of Beijing family strains should avoid assuming and attributing characteristics to the entire family and should assess strains of specific sublineages and/or settings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the possibilities for scholarly research concerning mass media and the Olympic Games and other major sporting events as of October 2012. It examines the opportunities offered by studying China's administration of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China, and the 2010 Asian Games held in Guangzhou, China. It also discusses what the author identifies as the Olympic communication complex of television, radio, and social media as an area of possible research. The article also examines the balance between the East and West in sports media and its relationship to shifts in global power.

Social connections are essential for the survival of a social species like humans. People differ in the degree to which they are sensitive to perceived deficits in their social connections, but evidence suggests that they nevertheless construe the nature of their social connections similarly. This construal can be thought of as a mental representation of a multi-faceted social experience. A three-dimensional mental representation has been identified with the UCLA Loneliness Scale and consists of Intimate, Relational, and Collective Connectedness reflecting beliefs about one's individual, dyadic, and collective (group) social value, respectively. Moreover, this mental representation has been replicated with other scales and validated across age, gender, and racial/ethnic lines in U.S. samples. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which this three-dimensional representation applies to people whose social lives are experienced in a collectivistic rather than individualistic culture. To that end, we used confirmatory factor analyses to assess the fit of the three-dimensional mental structure to data collected from Chinese people living in China. Two hundred sixty-seven young adults (16-25 yrs) and 250 older adults (50-65 yrs) in Beijing completed the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and demographic and social activity questionnaires. Results revealed adequate fit of the structure to data from young and older Chinese adults. Moreover, the structure exhibited equivalent fit in young and older Chinese adults despite changes in the Chinese culture that exposed these two generations to different cultural experiences. Social activity variables that discriminated among the three dimensions in the Chinese samples corresponded well with variables that discriminated among the three dimensions in the U.S.-based samples, indicating cultural commonalities in the factors predicting dimensions of people's representations of their social connections. Equivalence of the three-dimensional structure is relevant for an understanding of cultural differences in the sources of loneliness and social connectedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reduced renal function is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality, and persistently elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is frequently observed in patients with end-stage renal disease. In the general population the relationship between renal function and cTnT levels may not be clear because of the low sensitivity of the assay. In this study, we investigated the level of cTnT using a highly sensitive assay (hs-cTnT) and evaluated the association of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with detectable hs-cTnT levels in a community-based population. Methods: The serum hs-cTnT levels were measured in 1365 community dwelling population aged ≥45 years in Beijing, China. eGFR was determined by the Chinese modifying modification of diet in renal disease (C-MDRD) equation. Results: With the highly sensitive assay, cTnT levels were detectable (≥3pg/mL) in 744 subjects (54.5%). The result showed that eGFR was associated with Log hs-cTnT (r =20.14, P<0.001). After adjustment for the high predicted Framingham Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) risk (10-year risk >20%) and other prognostic indicators, moderate to severe reduced eGFR was independently associated with detectable hs-cTnT, whereas normal to mildly reduced eGFR was not independently associated with detectable hs-cTnT. In addition, after adjustment for other risk factors, the high predicted Framingham CHD risk was associated with detectable hs-cTnT in the subjects with different quartile levels of eGFR. Conclusion: The levels of hs-cTnT are detectable in a community-based Chinese population and low eGFR is associated with detectable hs-cTnT. Moreover, eGFR and high predicted Framingham CHD risk are associated with detectable hs-cTnT in subjects with moderate-to-severe reduced renal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated the awareness and acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) and potential predicting factors. Methods: This study was conducted among MSM in Beijing, China. Study participants, randomly selected from an MSM cohort, completed a structured questionnaire, and provided their blood samples to test for HIV infection and syphilis. Univariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the factors associated with willingness to accept (WTA) PrEP. Factors independently associated with willingness to accept were identified by entering variables into stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 152 MSM completed the survey; 11.2% had ever heard of PrEP and 67.8% were willing to accept it. Univariate analysis showed that age, years of education, consistent condom use in the past 6 months, heterosexual behavior in the past 6 months, having ever heard of PrEP and the side effects of antiretroviral drugs, and worry about antiretroviral drugs cost were significantly associated with willingness to accept PrEP. In the multivariate logistic regression model, only consistent condom use in the past 6 months (odds ratio [OR]: 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-0.70) and having ever heard of the side effects of antiretroviral drugs (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.14-0.67) were independently associated with willingness to accept PrEP. Conclusions: The awareness of PrEP in the MSM population was low. Sexual behavioral characteristics and knowledge about ART drugs may have effects on willingness to accept PrEP. Comprehensive prevention strategies should be recommended in the MSM community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (9): 929-936 Abstract Background Some cardiovascular risk factors such as age, hypertension and diabetes have been confirmed to be positively correlated with arterial stiffness. However, the relationship between serum lipids and arterial stiffness is incompletely understood. Recent studies have been far from conclusive and consistent data were not obtained. We investigated the relationship between serum lipids and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in community-dwelling individuals in Beijing, China. Methods This was a population-based, cross-sectional sample of adults ( n = 2375; 48·1% men; age range, 40-96 years) from two communities in Beijing. A questionnaire was used for the risk factors of arterial stiffness. Anthropometry, blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Values of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and uric acid were measured. Carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) and carotid-radial PWV (crPWV) were assessed non-invasively. Results Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was significantly positively related to TC ( r = 0·221; P < 0·0001), LDL-C ( r = 0·193; P < 0·0001) and inversely related to HDL-C ( r = −0·240; P < 0·0001), but not with TG ( r = 0·073; P = 0·6721). crPWV was inversely related to HDL-C ( r = −0·272; P < 0·0001), but not with TC ( r = 0·007; P = 0·4781), LDL-C ( r = 0·021; P = 0·6393) or TG ( r = 0·008; P = 0·2498). The multiple regression analysis showed that LDL-C was independently associated with cfPWV and that HDL-C was inversely associated with cfPWV and crPWV. TC and TG were not independently related to cfPWV and crPWV. Conclusions These data show the correlation between some of the parameters of serum lipids and arterial stiffness. LDL-C was independently associated with aortic stiffness, and HDL-C was independently inversely associated with aortic stiffness and peripheral stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Assignment of ecological impacts of contamination to specific classes of contaminants is a prerequisite for risk assessment and remediation. In this study, the combination of polarity-based fractionation, two-hybrid yeast bioassay, and chemical analysis were used to evaluate and identify estrogen receptor agonists (ER-agonists) in sediments from Wenyu River, Beijing, China. By bioassay, organic raw sediment extracts could induce significant estrogenicity and the bioassay-derived 17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQs) of raw extracts (EEQraws) ranged from 0.8 to 19.8 ng/g dry weight. By polarity-based fractionation, the raw extracts were separated into three fractions, i.e. non-polar, moderately polar, and polar fractions, which were subjected to bioassay and chemical analysis. The highest estrogenicity was observed in the polar fraction, which accounted for more than 78% of the total. The medium polar fraction contains PAHs and OCPs, and the estrogenic activities in this fraction contributed 3%–12% of the total in raw extract. An estrogenic activity of non-polarity fraction was negligible in compare to other two fractions. By chemical analysis and toxic equivalent calculation, major part of the estrogenicity in polar fraction could be attributed to six natural/synthetic estrogens (16%–63%), i.e. 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and β-estradiol-17-valerate, and to nonylphenols (26%–55%). The proposed approach has been successfully used for characterization of ER-agonists in this case study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Concentrations of As and selected metals were determined in surface soils of the Miyun Reservoir watershed of Beijing, China. The degree to which concentrations of As and metals exceeded the corresponding background concentration of soils was: Cr>Cu>Zn>As>Ni with no apparent anthropogenic contamination with Cd and Pb. Based on the results of a combination of multivariate statistics and geostatistical analysis, greater concentrations of Cr and Ni in soils were determined to be primarily from iron ore mining near where the Chaohe River enters the northeast portion of the reservoir. Agricultural activities were responsible for the observed elevated concentrations of Cu and Zn in soils. Relatively great concentrations of As were found in soils near the upstream regions of the Baihe River in Chicheng County where small gold mining activities have taken place. The greatest potential for adverse effects of Cr and Cu occurred along the eastern shore of Miyun Reservoir. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background. Several large prospective studies have reported that a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and all-cause mortality in high-risk populations. However, findings from community-based population studies are scarce and inconsistent. We investigated the level of eGFR and the relationship between CVD risk factors and eGFR or CKD in the population of Beijing, China.Methods. This is a community-based observational survey in residents from three communities in Beijing for a routine health status checkup. Out of 5100 individuals who were eligible for inclusion, 4925 (96.57%) had complete data and were investigated the level of eGFR and the associated factors of reduced renal function. 2085 individuals with albuminuria values were included in the analyses on the associated factors of CKD. A questionnaire was used for risk factors of CVD. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured. Serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum glucose were detected. The urine albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR) was used as an expression for albumin excretion. The oral glucose tolerance test was performed for the participants with no history of diabetes to diagnose diabetes. eGFR was evaluated by the Chinese modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Reduced renal function was defined as normal renal function: eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2; mild reduced renal function: eGFR 89–60 mL/min/1.73 m2; moderate to severe reduced renal function: eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. CKD was diagnosed as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or albuminuria was present.Results. The prevalence of mild reduced renal function (eGFR 89–60 mL/min/1.73 m2), moderate to severe reduced renal function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and CKD was 41.12% (2025/4925), 1.89% (93/4925) and 18.90% (394/2085) in the present study, respectively. The proportion of risk factors was higher in the low level of eGFR. Risk factors that exposed to reduced renal function were slightly different between male and female. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed older age [increased by 10 years; odds ratios (OR) = 1.22], male gender (OR = 1.38), diabetes (OR = 1.67), hypertension (OR = 1.84) and hypertriglyceridaemia (≥1.7 mmol/L; OR = 1.68) were independently associated with CKD.Conclusions. In the general population in Beijing, China, multiple CVD risk factors increased with a decline in eGFR and older age, hypertension, diabetes and elevated TG were independently associated with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial variability and temporal trends in concentrations of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils around Beijing Guanting Reservoir (GTR) were studied in 2003 and 2007. Concentrations of the two OCPs in soils around GTR were generally less than reference values set by the Chinese government for the protection of agricultural production and human health. Among the OCPs, β-HCH and p, p′-DDE were the two predominant compounds. This result indicates that the HCH and DDT residues in soils were primarily from historical use. Based on kriging, a spatial distribution of HCH and DDT around the GTR was observed. Spatial variability indicated how HCH and DDT had been applied and been distributed in the past. Between 2003 and 2007, concentrations of HCH and DDT decreased more rapidly in orchard soils than those in fallow soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of unrepaired cleft palate on the development of vocabulary comprehension and expression of Chinese children aged 8 to 15 months. Methods: The parents or caregivers of 40 infants with unrepaired cleft palate were recruited from the Cleft Lip and Palate Center at the Stomatology School of Peking University. Vocabulary development was assessed using a parent report protocol, the Chinese Communicative Development Inventory: Infant, for Putonghua (PCDI: Infant). The scores for vocabulary comprehension and expression of infants with clefts were compared with typically developing infants in the same age group. Results: All infants with unrepaired cleft palate performed below the typically developing infants in vocabulary comprehension, but there were no significant differences from 8 to 15 months of age. No significant differences were found from 8 to 13 months of age on the expressive vocabulary portion of the Chinese Communicative Development Inventory: Infant, for Putonghua. However, a significant difference appeared at 14 and 15 months, with infants with cleft palate performing at a significantly lower level than the typically developing infants. Conclusion: The development of vocabulary comprehension in Chinese infants younger than 14 months with unrepaired cleft palate is not significantly delayed. At 14 and 15 months, however, the development of vocabulary expression is delayed. The reasons may be found in the specific phonetic characteristics of Putonghua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as its point of departure the traditions associated with the Olympic Games, this essay discusses the sentiments and aspirations of a nation 'betwixt and between'; one that is recovering from a traumatic modern history; is promulgating the ideology of harmony as part of the formation of an intangible social structure; and is experiencing uncertainties in the government about how to fulfil its political vision of establishing a 'harmonious society'. Specifically, drawing on both anthropological theories of ritual and data collected in Beijing as part of long-term multi-sited fieldwork, the essay looks at three displays of cultural performance during the 2008 Olympics opening and closing ceremonies: 'Footprints and Five Rings', 'Harmony' and 'The Memory Tower'. Through analysing how China attempted to use the opening and closing ceremonies as public rituals for realizing its dream of reinventing itself as a nation, and how this ambition has been frustrated and promoted, the essay hopes to demystify China's coming-of-age rite of passage from an anthropological perspective, and to bring a new dimension to the development of concepts of ritual by using Beijing as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the changes attitudes towards China and the Chinese after being exposed to information connected to the Beijing Olympics and its news reports through the mass media. We focused on 'decoding' the Beijing Olympics, a different approach to that taken in most of the other studies in this part. The first survey began in mid May 2008 and was completed at the end of July 2008, covering two months of the pre-Olympic period, with target audience on university students worldwide and the second one, which covered the early August to early September period, aims to explore the changes in Japanese attitudes toward China and the Chinese just before and after the Beijing Olympic Games. Although the overall results come from two very different samples collected over different periods, they do represent a reference point for more in-depth understanding of international communication during the Beijing Olympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comparative analysis of the international broadcasts of the opening ceremony and the multiple interpretations of it in terms of the adaptation of the host broadcaster and the comments of domestic broadcasters on the Beijing Olympics. Analysis of the production and interpretation of the Olympic ceremony is of interest to communication studies and provides an insight into the role of mega-events in globalization processes and opportunities for intercultural exchange and understanding. These contents will be determined through a process of negotiation between stakeholders at local and international levels with different political, economic, social and cultural aims. Through this content analysis the Olympic ceremonies are identified as constructed communication spaces that combine universal humanistic messages, Olympic protocol and discourse, displays of nationhood, and global and local cultural contents. Reflections are made by way of conclusion to identify the challenges facing the ceremonies' organizers for Beijing 2008 and how threats to intercultural understanding could be tackled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These are supposed to be the closing remarks of the whole enquiry. However, it seems that any unilateral conclusion is not able to summarize the findings from 13 research groups worldwide, lasting nearly two years, around the international communication impact of Beijing Olympics. So an open discussion and interpretation on the Intercultural Communication in the Beijing Olympic Games would be the best choice and this article brings together the final remarks from 12 specialists we invite with different research interests and background in humanities and social sciences to offer an academic criticism on intercultural communication, the Olympic movement and the Chinese international communication strategy as the host country. The discussion is about but not limited to the relationship between media and Olympics, the communication complexity of the global mega-event, the communication strategy of China from the experience of Beijing 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the topics examined in the issue including the torch lighting ceremony for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, the international torch relay, the domestic torch relay and the impact of the Sichuan earthquake on the Olympics.

Abstract: Background: In the modified ATP III definition for metabolic syndrome (MS), the cut-off values for central obesity were set to ≥90cm for male and ≥80cm for women. Recently, a new Chinese definition for central obesity was set to ≥90cm for male and ≥85cm for women according to the corresponding BMI value of 25kg/m2. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the optimal WC cut-off points to reflect the cluster of multiple risk factors for adults in Beijing. Method: The data collected during the surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Beijing 2005 were used, with a total of 16,711 adults studied. Subjects with two or more components from the modified ATP III definition other than central obesity were considered to have multiple risk factors. Results: The optimal WC cut-off points were 87cm in men and 80cm for women. When applied the WC advised definition for MS, the age-standardized prevalence was 38.0% for male and 32.3% for women, which is significantly higher than using the original one for men (34.7% vs 32.3%, P <0.001). Conclusion: The present study indicated that optimal waist circumference cut-off points were lower than that proposed in the modified ATP III definition, especially for men. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The factors that influence the dynamics of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined. Compared with other studies on HCH and DDT in soils and established reference values, the concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils around our study area were relatively low. The relationships between HCH and DDT concentrations and land use, soil texture, and soil properties were discussed. HCH and DDT concentrations were higher in arable soils than those in uncultivated fallow soils. Although land use was the most important factor affecting HCH and DDT residues, additional factors such as soil texture and soil total organic carbon were also involved in pesticide retention in soils. The results indicated that the historical agricultural applications of HCH and DDT were the major source of their residues. Atmospheric deposition, as well as long-distance transportation and inputs from surrounding weathered agricultural soils may also serve as important sources of HCH and DDT residues in the watersheds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance analysis of the Pangu Plaza under earthquake and wind loads is described in this paper. The plaza is a 39-story steel high-rise building, 191 m high, located in Beijing close to the 2008 Olympic main stadium. It has both fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) and buckling restrained braces or unbonded brace (BRB or UBB) installed. A repeated iteration procedure in its design and analysis was adopted for optimization. Results from the seismic response analysis in the horizontal and vertical directions show that the FVDs are highly effective in reducing the response of both the main structure and the secondary system. A comparative analysis of structural seismic performance and economic impact was conducted using traditional methods, i.e., increased size of steel columns and beams and/or use of an increased number of seismic braces versus using FVD. Both the structural response and economic analysis show that using FVD to absorb seismic energy not only satisfies the Chinese seismic design code for a "rare" earthquake, but is also the most economical way to improve seismic performance both for one-time direct investment and long term maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To determine the performance of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as a screening tool for detecting newly diagnosed diabetes (NDM) and pre-diabetes. Methods A diabetes survey was conducted in Beijing among community dwellers who were willing to participate in the survey. Included in the survey were 903 individuals aged 21–79 years without previously diagnosed diabetes and in whom HbA1c and other required covariates had been measured. NDM and pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance + impaired fasting glucose) were defined according to the World Health Organization 1999 criteria based on 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to determine the performance of HbA1c. Results The prevalence of NDM and pre-diabetes was 11.1% and 22.4%, respectively. At an optimal HbA1c cut-off point of ≥ 6.0%, the test gave a sensitivity of 80.0% and a specificity of 89.8% for diagnosing NDM; at an optimal cut-off point of ≥ 5.7%, the sensitivity was 59.4% and specificity 73.9% for diagnosing pre-diabetes. Individuals with HbA1c≥ 6.0% tended to be more obese than those with HbA1c < 6.0%, but blood pressure and lipid profiles did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions HbA1c as a single screening test is adequate to detect newly diagnosed diabetes but is not able to identify pre-diabetes in this obese Chinese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-seven typical surface soils and 108 deeper soils were collected from five former industrial sites in Beijing and concentrations of total Hg (ΣHg) as well as pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations determined. The mean concentration of ΣHg in surface soils was significantly greater than background concentrations in the vicinity of Beijing. Forty-eight percent of the samples exceeded the “critical” concentration of 1.0 mg Hg/kg, dry weight in soils, which has been established by the Chinese government. At depths of 0–80 cm in the soil, profile concentrations of ΣHg also exceeded the background value. There were significant correlations between concentrations of ΣHg, TC, and TN in the industrial soils. The greater concentration of ΣHg in most soils could have been due in part to combustion of coal and leakage from industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin and occurrence of organochlorine pesticides [OCPs; hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2- bis( p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDTs)] in the surface and profile of soils from former OCPs production areas were compared with those of agricultural plots in Beijing, China in order to identify their characteristics, assess the eco-toxicological risk, and provide management suggestions. The comparison indicated heavier contamination caused by the production, storage, and waste disposal than the application of OCPs. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in topsoils varied by several orders of magnitude among different land-use groups. The concentrations (ng/g dry soil, geometric means) of HCHs (1958.2) and DDTs (3998.2) in the topsoils of former OCPs production factories were significantly higher than those in agricultural soils. The residue of DDTs and HCHs accumulated only on the surface of agricultural soil, but at depths ranging from 0 to 400 cm for the OCPs plant and warehouse. β-HCH and p,p’-DDE dominated in the agricultural soils, whereas β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p’-DDT, and p,p’-DDE were dominant in the industrial soils. The risk of examined OCPs in soils on human health was assessed in light of the Dutch and Canadian soil quality criteria, and the results indicated a high risk in the OCPs production factory area and the agricultural lands with large application. The results point to the need for urgent actions to evaluate long-term toxicity and preassessment for OCPs-related land-use management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To determine the relative frequency of odontogenic tumors (OTs) in a Chinese population, files from the department of oral pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, were systematically reviewed for all OTs during the period 1985–2006. Diagnosis of each case was confirmed according to the WHO histological classification for OTs published in 2005. The relevant clinicopathological data of these OTs were analyzed and compared with those of previous series. The present series represents approximately 3.92% of all pathologic specimens accessioned in our department over the same period of time. Of the 1309 OTs, 94.04% were benign and 5.06% were malignant. The most frequent benign tumor was keratocystic odontogenic tumor (38.73%), followed by ameloblastoma (36.52%) and odontomas (6.11%). The prevalence of the remaining tumors appears to be rare. In conclusion, odontogenic tumors are in general uncommon lesions in this Chinese population. The present study identifies some similarities between our data and the previous studies from Africa and Asia and some differences in comparison to the reports from American and European countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from stool samples of healthy food handlers in two hospital dining halls in Beijing, China were characterized by serotyping, susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Our data showed that 9.5% (29/305) of food handlers in these two dining halls were Salmonella carriers. Twenty-nine isolates were grouped into five serotypes including Agona, Derby, Enteritidis, Infantis and Senftenberg. All six Enteritidis isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. Identical PFGE patterns were identified from food handlers in the same dining hall that indicated the possible transmission of Salmonella among food handlers and to customers. Our findings underscore the importance of food hygiene education and regular health examination among food handlers in dining halls in China. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Food handlers in dining halls should be considered as a high-risk group for Salmonella carrier state in China. Food hygiene education and regular health examination among food handlers in dining halls should be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the extent to which social sexism affects Chinese women's perception and evaluation of other women's performance. A sample of 100 college women was selected in a top university in Beijing, China, and was asked to read six scholastic essays and then evaluate the quality of the essays and competence of the authors. Male and female names were randomly assigned as authors of the essays, and the respondents were blind to the arrangement. Results showed that the essays assumed to be written by male authors did not receive higher scores than those assumed to be written by female authors on quality or competence items. Sexism is not marked among these highly educated young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the correlates for syphilis and the prevalence for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C among men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) in Beijing, China. A total of 541 MSM was recruited using peer-referral, community outreach, and Internet. Questionnaire-based interviews provided information including, demographics, sexual and other risk behaviors. HIV prevalence was 4.8%, syphilis 19.8%, HCV 0.4% and HBsAg 6.5%. The median number of lifetime male sex partners was ten. In the past 3 months, 20.7% drank alcohol ≥1 times per week. In the past month, 21.3 and 14.6% had unprotected anal intercourse with regular and casual male sex partners, respectively. Syphilis infection was associated with less education, alcohol use, finding male sex partners through bathhouses/public washrooms/parks, and diagnoses of sexual transmitted diseases (STDs). Syphilis is now epidemic among Beijing’s MSM. Prevention efforts are urgent as HIV prevalence is already near 5%. Education, condom promotion, STD control, and alcohol-related intervention are needed urgently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic survey of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in soils around reservoirs that supply water to Beijing, China, has been lacking. 104 representative surface soil samples were collected around Guanting Reservoir (GTR) and Miyun Reservoir (MYR) in Beijing watershed to characterize concentrations and sources of organochlorine pesticides, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Compared with other studies of OCPs in soils and with the Chinese environmental quality standard for soil, the concentrations of OCP were relatively lower in soils around the watershed. The results indicated that past agricultural application of OCPs was the major source of OCP residues in the watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations and distributions of cadmium, copper, and lead in soils from several industrialized urban areas of Beijing, China were investigated. The mean concentration of Cd in surface soils was not significantly greater than the regional background concentration, while those of Cu and Pb were significantly greater than regional background concentrations. All soil profiles exhibited a decreasing trend in concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Pb with depth. Concentrations of Cu and Pb were greatest at a depth of 0–80 cm, and exceeded the regional concentrations. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Pb at some industrial sites would necessitate active remedial actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, “green” integrated waste management methods are being implemented in response to environmental concerns. We measured the air quality at several municipal solid waste (MSW) sites to provide information for the incorporation of logistics facilities within the current integrated waste management system. We monitored ambient air quality at eight MSW collecting stations, five transfer stations, one composting plant, and five disposal sites in Beijing during April 2006. Composite air samples were collected and analyzed for levels of odor, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), total suspended particles (TSPs), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The results of our atmospheric monitoring demonstrated that although CO and SO2 were within acceptable emission levels according to ambient standards, levels of H2S, TSP, and NO2 in the ambient air at most MSW logistics facilities far exceeded ambient limits established for China. The primary pollutants in the ambient air at Beijing MSW logistics facilities were H2S, TSPs, NO2, and odor. To improve current environmental conditions at MSW logistics facilities, the Chinese government encourages the separation of biogenic waste from MSW at the source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The yield of meat duck has increased over the past decade. Precise nutrition of ducks would contribute to improve growth performance and feed efficiency. As one of the important B-vitamins, pantothenic acid is essential for animals, and the deficiency of this vitamin could lead to growth depression, high mortality, and abnormal glucose metabolism. Similarly, pantothenic acid is also needed for ducks. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of dietary pantothenic acid levels on growth performance, carcass traits, and plasma biochemical parameters of ducks, as well as the pantothenic acid requirement of ducks based on conventional corn–soybean meal diets. The results showed that among all ducks, the birds fed the basal diet without pantothenic acid supplementation had the lowest growth performance, breast meat yield, and plasma pantothenic acid and glucose contents. In addition, all these parameters increased linearly or quadratically as the dietary pantothenic acid level increased. The pantothenic acid requirements of starter male white Pekin ducks were 13.29–15.0 mg/kg. The data potentially provides theoretical support for the utilization of pantothenic acid in duck production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dietary pantothenic acid levels on growth performance, carcass traits, and plasma biochemical parameters of starter Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days of age, as well as the pantothenic acid requirement of starter ducks. A total of 384 one-day-old male white Pekin ducklings were assigned randomly into 6 dietary treatments, each with 8 replicate pens of 8 ducks. Ducks were fed conventional basal corn–soybean diets containing 8.5, 10.5, 12.5, 14.5, 16.5, and 18.5 mg/kg pantothenic acid for 21 days. Growth depression, poor pantothenic acid status, fasting hypoglycemia, and elevated plasma uric acid (UA) content were observed in the ducks fed the pantothenic acid-deficient basal diet (p < 0.05), and these adverse effects were ameliorated by pantothenic acid supplementation. Among all ducks, the birds fed the basal diet with no supplementation of pantothenic acid had the lowest body weight, average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), breast meat yield, and plasma pantothenic acid and glucose contents (p < 0.05), and the greatest plasma UA content (p < 0.05). In addition, all these parameters showed a linear or quadratic response as dietary pantothenic acid levels increased (p < 0.05). According to broken-line regression, the pantothenic acid requirements of starter male white Pekin ducks for body weight, ADG, and plasma pantothenic acid content were 13.36, 13.29, and 15.0 mg/kg, respectively. The data potentially provides theoretical support for the utilization of pantothenic acid in duck production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive exploitation of the groundwater has resulted in obvious three-dimensional (3D) deformation features on the surface of the Beijing Plain. This paper, by combining Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies, has obtained time-series information of the 3D surface deformation in the Beijing Plain, analyzing its spatial distribution characteristics. On this basis, the relationship between different controlling factors with the 3D deformation of the surface has been analyzed as well. The following results are obtained: (1) From 2013 to 2018, the land subsidence, which generally showed the trend of slowing down, was mainly concentrated in the eastern, northern, and southern regions of Beijing Plain, with multiple subsidence centers. (2) Under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005 (ITRF2005), the horizontal direction of all GPS points in the plain is basically the same, with the dominant movement direction being NE112.5°~NE113.8°. Under the Eurasian reference frame, the horizontal movement rate of GPS points significantly decreases. The movement rate and direction of each point are not characteristic of overall trend activity. (3) The distribution and extent of the 3D surface deformation in the Beijing Plain are controlled by the basement structure. Part of the subsided area corresponds to a Quaternary depression formed at the junction of active faults disrupting the area. Similarly, the distribution of horizontal deformation in the E-W and N-S directions of the plain is controlled by the regional basement structure comprising major faults bounding horizontal deformation. (4) Groundwater exploitation is the main cause of the 3D surface deformation in the Beijing Plain. The groundwater funnels of the second and third confined aquifer are in suitable agreement with the land subsidence. The horizontal movement in the Beijing Plain is either directed toward the center of the groundwater or the land subsidence funnel, and the deformation is directed from areas with higher to areas with lower groundwater levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the controversy over the format of questions from the 1932 Tsinghua University Entrance Examination. Details are provided about changes made to the couplet questions and essay portion of the examination. According to the article, protests from university applicants and the general public influenced the University's undergraduate admissions policies during 1932. The public scrutiny of the University's Entrance Examination is described and information about contemporary newspaper articles and letters regarding the examination is included.

Concentrations of arsenic (As) were determined in soils of 5 industrial sites in an urban area of Beijing, China. Fifty seven typical surface soils were sampled to determine total concentrations of metals, pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). One hundred and eight deep soils were submitted to a four-step, sequential extraction to assess the relative mobility and bioavailability of As in the soil profiles. Total concentrations of As in surface soils ranged from 5.7 to 2.3×101 mgkg−1, dw with greater concentrations inside the perimeter of the chemical plant which had greater concentrations than did other plants. 75.4% of surface soil samples in the industrial area contained concentrations of As that were greater than was considered to be the background concentration of 7.8mgkg−1, dw for the region. The mean concentration (9.9mgkg−1, dw) in the industrial soils was greater than that soils from other type of land use. Concentrations of As were significantly and negatively correlated with soil pH and DOC in industrial soils. Although mean concentration of total As in the soils from all sites were less at greater depths, the entire range from 0 to 180cm (especially 0–80cm) contained concentrations of As that were greater than background. Sequential extractions of soil indicated that only some surface soils had relatively great amount of extractable fraction of As. Most soils had relatively great amount of residual As. This result suggests that most arsenic in Beijing industrial soils should be immobile and of limited bioavailability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper explores the environmental implications of food consumption, from the viewpoint of carbon consumption in Beijing urban households, considering the effects of increasing carbon flux on the environment and alterations in food systems in terms of the carbon cycle. The average food carbon consumption was calculated and analysed in terms of household socioeconomic variables. Several patterns of food carbon consumption with definite socioeconomic characteristics were identified. An average of 279.3 kg food carbon was consumed by households per annum, and was dominated by grain carbon (34.3%). The number of household members, average household age, proportion of male members, education and occupation influence total food carbon consumption of a household. Income influenced consumption of certain foods, thus causing differences in the structure of food carbon consumption. High food carbon consumption patterns tend to emerge in large-size, medium-age, high-male, high-income, medium-education families. Among these, households with a higher age and higher education level have a higher vegetarian carbon dietary pattern, while other households have a higher meat carbon dietary pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Earth is an important field of information technology and a research frontier of geosciences in the 21st century. So far, the Grid computing technique is one of the best solutions for Digital Earth infrastructure. Digital Earth can only be realised through the interaction of people, heterogeneous computing resources, information systems, and instruments, all of which are geographically and organisationally dispersed. Earth observation (EO) includes information acquisition, processing and applications. Information acquisition provides a vast amount of spatial data for building the fabric resource infrastructure. Information processing means that spatial information processing middleware is used with large amounts of secure Grid computing resources for real-time processing of all kinds of spatial data. We are currently working on the development of core-middleware for EO data processing and applications for the Digital Earth Prototype System, which is available in the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications (IRSA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) The further results will be available soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survival of Monilinia fructicola on the surface of mummified fruit and in peduncles and shoots of stone fruit trees infected by M. fructicola in the previous season was studied from 2003 to 2006 in orchards in the agricultural region of Beijing. Viable conidia of M. fructicola were consistently detected on fruit mummies from mid-March to the end of April. During flowering (in mid-April), studies in five peach orchards showed that 33–87% of mummified fruit bore viable conidia. The germination rate of conidia on diseased fruit was about 64% in autumn. It decreased to 24% in mid-winter when the fruit was completely mummified, and in the following year to 2–4% in early spring. Viable M. fructicola was consistently detected in peach and nectarine shoots collected in winter and spring. In general, viable M. fructicola in peduncles was detected from mummified fruit of 11–27% branches and from asymptomatic plant tissues of 3–20% branches. Sporulation of M. fructicola was observed on peduncles in seven of eight surveys, and the percentage of branches containing viable M. fructicola in peduncles in contact with mummified fruits ranged from 18% to 40%. This study demonstrates that the tree-borne mummified fruit and the peduncles could be the parts of trees where M. fructicola can survive the winter in orchards in suburban Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Neuroscience research in China has undergone rapid expansion since 1980. The Neuroscience Research Institute of Peking University, one of the most active neuroscience research groups in China, was founded in 1987. Currently, the institute is overseeing four research areas, i.e., (1) pain and analgesia, (2) drug abuse and acupuncture treatment for drug addiction, (3) the mechanism of neurological degenerative disorders, and (4) the role of neuroglia in central nervous system injury. The institute is simultaneously investigating both theoretical and clinical studies. Acupuncture remains the core of research, while pain and drug abuse form the two disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-six representative samples of topsoil were collected around Guanting Reservoir, which is an important water source for Beijing. Concentrations of the insecticides HCH, DDT, and their metabolites were quantified by use of gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are still present in surface soils in the Guanting area. DDT accounts for about 93% of the total OCP content. Concentrations of α/γ, β/γ, and DDT/DDE are the result not only of historical use, but also of more recent depositions. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), revealed associations between concentrations of OCPs and major soil characteristics. Geographical information system (GIS) technology was used to develop maps of the distributions of OCP concentrations. The areas of greatest contamination were primarily in the central part of the study area and were correlated with greater population density, heavier traffic, and more industrial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change is likely to alter the phenological patterns of plants due to the controlling effects of climate on plant ontogeny, especially in an urbanized environment. We studied relationships between various phenophases (i.e., seasonal biological events) and interannual variations of air temperature in three woody plant species ( Prunus davidiana, Hibiscus syriacus, and Cercis chinensis) in the Beijing Metropolis, China, based on phenological data for the period 1962–2004 and meteorological data for the period 1951–2004. Analysis of phenology and climate data indicated significant changes in spring and autumn phenophases and temperatures. Changes in phenophases were observed for all the three species, consistent with patterns of rising air temperatures in the Beijing Metropolis. The changing phenology in the three plant species was reflected mainly as advances of the spring phenophases and delays in the autumn phenophases, but with strong variations among species and phenophases in response to different temperature indices. Most phenophases (both spring and autumn phenophases) had significant relationships with temperatures of the preceding months. There existed large inter- and intra-specific variations, however, in the responses of phenology to climate change. It is clear that the urban heat island effect from 1978 onwards is a dominant cause of the observed phenological changes. Differences in phenological responses to climate change may cause uncertain ecological consequences, with implications for ecosystem stability and function in urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface soil samples were collected from 52 sites around Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China, and contents of ‘total’ metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Ni and Cr) were determined. The results indicate that the degree of heavy metal pollution in the soils declines in the order of Cd>Cr>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Pb. Based on the results of a combination of multivariate statistics and geostatiscal analyses, it was concluded that land application of phosphate fertilizer, wastewater and sludge were the primary sources of Cd and Zn in soils. Whereas As, Cu, Cr and Ni in some soils were due to natural rock weathering. The sources of Pb in soils only partially originated from land application of phosphate fertilizer, but mainly from vehicle exhaust. The greatest concentrations of all metals, except for Pb, were found in Huailai County and the towns of Yanghedaqiao and Guanting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Research on mercury concentration in the dust and topsoil of Beijing City reveals the following conclusions: mercury concentration in Beijing topsoil and dust is middle compared to other mercury concentration studies and varies greatly in different sampling spots. Mercury concentration in the topsoil is between 0.019mg·kg−1 and 0.966mg·kg−1, it is about 2.11 times and 12.08 times of mercury concentration background in Beijing soil respectively. Mercury concentration in Beijing dust has a range of 0.053 to 1.378mg·kg−1; the maximum mercury concentration in the Beijing dust in 2003 is about 2.2 times of that in 1992. These results show that mercury pollution in Beijing topsoil and dust are serious, and mercury tends to enrich in the dust compared to the adjacent topsoil. Mercury in topsoil and dust of Beijing City has obvious regional differentiation characteristics, which is highest in the center of Beijing City and lower away from the center to the suburbs. In detail, mercury concentration in the topsoil samples and dust samples are highest in Dongsi area and lowest in the blank spot. Mercury in Beijing''s topsoil belonging to point pollution is mainly from local area; mercury in the dust belongs to non-point source pollution because the source of mercury in the dust is very complex. Natural factors and anthropological factors have certain effect on mercury concentration in the topsoil and dust, and anthropological factors have more effect. The results are very important to protect and enhance our environmental quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The atmospheric CH[sub 4] in Beijing is still increasing, even though its increasing rate has significantly decreased from 1.76%/a during 1985--1989 to 0.50%/la during 1990--1997. The seasonal variation of CH[sub 4] concentration showed a double-peak pattern, one peak appearing in winter and the other in summer. It is evident that the annually seasonal variations of atmospheric CH[sub 4] in Beijing are different. From 1986 to 1997, the atmospheric CH[sub 4] increased by 185 pphv, 37% and 21% of which were due to the increase in winter and in summer, respectively. After 1993, the annually seasonal increasing rate of CH[sub 4] concentration in summer (due to emission from biogenic sources) is negative while the increasing rate in winter (due to emission from non-biogenic sources) is positive about 25 ppbv/a. As a result, the increase of CH[sub 4] emission from non-biogenic sources in winter is the major reason that caused the annually seasonal increasing rate from 1993 to 1997. The biogenic sources in Beijing are shrinking while the non-biogenic ones (such as fossil fuel combustion) are enlarging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Artificial photoperiod reduction did not affect bud set in the Pinus tabuliformis. • Early summer planting leads to high field growth but high winter mortality. • High winter mortality occurred in seedlings with low carbohydrate and N concentration. • Low carbohydrate and N levels can be the result of a storage-field growth tradeoff. Planting during summer is considered as a suitable option for forest plantations in regions with a temperate monsoon climate. However, seedlings planted early in the summer are not dormant and experience active growth, which makes them vulnerable to planting stress. The artificial reduction of the photoperiod in the nursery is used to harden seedlings of boreal and alpine tree species for summer planting. Little, however, is known about the effect of artificial reduction of photoperiod with respect to summer planting in temperate monsoon climate tree species. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of length and timing of photoperiod reduction on seedling morphology and physiology attributes in the nursery and on the field performance of Pinus tabuliformis. We applied four photoperiod treatments (6 h, 8 h, 10 h, control) in the nursery on four dates in the summer (June 23, July 3, July 13, and July 23). The nursery and field site were located near Beijing, Northern China. We measured seedling morphology and non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen concentrations in the nursery and in the field. Additionally, we measured field mortality and plant growth for three years. The reduction of the photoperiod did not have any effect on bud set, but it reduced seedling growth and non-structural carbohydrate concentration, while increasing plant N concentration. A delay in the application of photoperiod treatments increased plant size and the proportion of seedlings that developed buds, and it decreased plant non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen concentration. High field mortality was typically observed in the winter, and the early application of photoperiod treatments increased winter mortality but enhanced field growth. Mortality during the first winter was negatively related to plant non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen concentrations at the beginning of the cold season. In contrast, photoperiod had no effect on outplanting mortality and a minor effect on field growth. Field growth in subsequent growing seasons was directly related to the size of the plant at the beginning of the first cold season. However, field growth during the growing season immediately after planting was negatively related to seedling size, and positively related to non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen concentrations at planting. This study demonstrates that summer planting of container seedlings is feasible for P. tabuliformis , and there is no need to reduce the photoperiod in the nursery before outplanting. Optimizing the planting date during the summer appears to be critical for good mid-term growth and low winter mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]