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In areas where urban land subsidence is frequent and significant, there are problems with heavy workload, high cost, long observation period, and difficult technical maintenance of the regional elevation reference frame in leveling measurement. In this paper, we propose a method of using continuous operation reference stations (CORSs) as nodes to perform dynamic maintenance of regional elevation reference frames. Using continuous years of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observation data and surface mass load data (land hydrology, atmospheric pressure, and sea level elevation), we calculate the normal height variation of CORSs, dynamically correct the normal height of CORSs, and verify the accuracy of the calculated CORS normal height variation results using multiperiod leveling observation data. The results showed that the average difference between the normal height variation determined using CORSs data and surface mass load data and the normal height variation of the station obtained by two-stage leveling measurement is 4.37 mm, and the calculated average accuracy of the normal height variation of CORSs is about 5.42 mm. CORSs demonstrating long-term stable continuous observation can be selected as nodes of the elevation control network to achieve the dynamic maintenance of the regional elevation reference framework using CORS data. The research results can provide exploratory experience for future elevation benchmark maintenance work in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated the awareness and acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) and potential predicting factors. Methods: This study was conducted among MSM in Beijing, China. Study participants, randomly selected from an MSM cohort, completed a structured questionnaire, and provided their blood samples to test for HIV infection and syphilis. Univariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the factors associated with willingness to accept (WTA) PrEP. Factors independently associated with willingness to accept were identified by entering variables into stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 152 MSM completed the survey; 11.2% had ever heard of PrEP and 67.8% were willing to accept it. Univariate analysis showed that age, years of education, consistent condom use in the past 6 months, heterosexual behavior in the past 6 months, having ever heard of PrEP and the side effects of antiretroviral drugs, and worry about antiretroviral drugs cost were significantly associated with willingness to accept PrEP. In the multivariate logistic regression model, only consistent condom use in the past 6 months (odds ratio [OR]: 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-0.70) and having ever heard of the side effects of antiretroviral drugs (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.14-0.67) were independently associated with willingness to accept PrEP. Conclusions: The awareness of PrEP in the MSM population was low. Sexual behavioral characteristics and knowledge about ART drugs may have effects on willingness to accept PrEP. Comprehensive prevention strategies should be recommended in the MSM community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the six imperial Chinese altars in Beijing, China dedicated to being used solely by emperors from the fifteenth century until 1911. It focuses especially on the twentieth-century transformation of imperial religious spaces into secular public parks. It provides an overview of China's imperial religious beliefs as influenced by philosopher Confucius, describes seasonal religious rites and ceremonies such as the solstice celebrations featuring sacrifices to Heaven, Earth, the Sun, and the Moon, and details the religious significance of architecture including altars and temples.

Background: Anal HPV infection, which contributes to the development of anal warts and anal cancer, is well known to be common among men who have sex with men (MSM), especially among those HIV positives. However, HIV and anal HPV coinfection among MSM has not been addressed in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing and Tianjin, China. Study participants were recruited using multiple methods with the collaboration of local volunteer organizations. Blood and anal swabs were collected for HIV-1 serological test and HPV genotyping. Results: A total of 602 MSM were recruited and laboratory data were available for 578 of them (96.0%). HIV and anal HPV prevalence were 8.5% and 62.1%, respectively. And 48 MSM (8.3%) were found to be co-infected. The HPV genotypes identified most frequently were HPV06 (19.6%), HPV16 (13.0%), HPV52 (8.5%) and HPV11 (7.6%). Different modes of HPV genotypes distribution were observed with respect to HIV status. A strong dose-response relationship was found between HIV seropositivity and multiplicity of HPV genotypes (p,0.001), which is consistent with the observation that anal HPV infection was an independent predictor for HIV infection. Conclusions: A high prevalence of HIV and anal HPV co-infection was observed in the MSM community in Beijing and Tianjin, China. Anal HPV infection was found to be independently associated with increased HIV seropositivity, which suggests the application of HPV vaccine might be a potential strategy to reduce the acquisition of HIV infection though controlling the prevalence of HPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the history of the Yuanmingyuan, the Garden of Perfect Brightness in Beijing, China. The name was given to a private garden by Emperor Kangxi to his son, Yongzheng in 1709. The garden was expanded when he ascended the throne. In turn, Emperor Qianlong, Yongzeng's son, constructed Chinese style structures and three European-style palaces. An album of paintings taken from the complex in the 1740s is the primary surviving evidence of the magnificence of the place. In the mid-19th century, the place was destroyed by Anglo-French armies. The reconstruction began in 1873 through an imperial order but stopped due to lack of funds. The place was beyond repair when the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911. Issues about the place's renewal are discussed.