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Based on a study of the spatial distribution of coffee shops in the main urban area of Beijing, the main influencing factors were selected based on the multi-source space data. Subsequently, three regression models were compared, and the best site selection model was found. A comparison was performed between the prediction model functioning with a buffer and without one, and the accuracy of the location model was verified by comparing the actual change trend and the predicted trend in two years. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) coffee shops in the main urban area of Beijing are clustered in an area within 12 km of the main urban center, and also around the core commercial agglomeration area; (2) the random forest (RF) model is the best model in this study, and the accuracy values before and after buffer analysis were 0.915 and 0.929, respectively; and (3) after verifying the accuracy of the model through two years of data, we recommend the establishment of a main road buffer zone for site selection, and the success rate of site selection was found to reach 72.97%. This study provides crucial insight for coffee shop prediction model selection and potential store location selection, which is significant to improving the layout of leisure spaces and promoting economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Earth's sporadic‐E (Es) layer vertical motion is investigated by using an image processing technique for automatic scaling ionograms from Mohe (122.37°E, 53.50°N, dip angle 71°), Beijing (116.25°E, 40.25°N, dip angle 59°), Wuhan (114.61°E, 30.53°N, dip angle 46°) and Fuke (109.13°E, 19.52°N, dip angle 27°). Es traces descend with different periodicities, indicating tidal modulation to Es layers. Comparing winds from a combination of the Ionospheric Connection Explorer/Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging and meteor radar measurements with Es layers, we find that Es traces at high altitudes (above 110 km) rapidly move down in accordance with the descent of the wind shear nulls, which indicates the important role of the tides in the formation and descent of the Es layer at high altitude. The lower‐lying Es layers, however, do not descend with the wind shear null, but stay at the bottom of the E region (∼100 km) for a long time, which cannot be explained by tidal wind shear theory. In addition, the time duration of the Es layers staying at low latitudes increases with the decreasing latitude. Simulation results demonstrate that the low altitude tailing Es layer is dominated by the dramatically enhanced collision frequency at the lower height of the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere region. Plain Language Summary: Sporadic‐E (Es) layers are stochastic ionospheric plasma irregularities at ionospheric E region, which can significantly affect the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere, hence are of particular interest for modern electronic systems such as HF/VHF communication systems, skywave over‐the‐horizon radars, and shortwave electronic reconnaissance/localization systems. The intensity and occurrence of Es layers exhibits complex variations in space and time, depending on the nature of atmospheric, solar and geomagnetic activities. Because of the highly complex behavior of the Es layer, the prediction of its occurrence has been one of the most difficult issues in space weather forecast. In this study, the image processing technique is used to investigate the vertical motion of the Es layer at different latitudes. Observational results demonstrate that the Es formation and movement at high altitudes are controlled by tides with different periods. However, at low altitudes, Es layers descend at a slow speed and stay at low altitudes for a long time. Observation and simulation results show that the formation of Es layers at higher altitude (above 110 km) is ascribed to the traditional wind shear theory, while the lower‐lying Es traces lasting for a long time is controlled by the dramatically enhanced collision frequency. Key Points: Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging/Ionospheric Connection Explorer and meteor radar measurements are combined to study the relationship between sporadic‐E (Es) layer and wind shearThe time duration of the Es layer staying at lower altitudes increases with decreasing latitudeSimulation driven by winds from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension model reproduces the tailing Es layer at the bottom of the E region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]