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Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a diverse group of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, with the exception of African swine fever virus, that are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods to a vertebrate host. They are the important cause of many diseases due to their ability to spread in different environments and their diversity of vectors. Currently, there is no information on the geographical distribution of the diseases because the routes of transmission and the mammals (wild or domestic) that act as potential hosts are poorly documented or unknown. We conducted a systematic review from 1967 to 2021 to identify the diversity of arboviruses, the areas, and taxonomic groups that have been monitored, the prevalence of positive records, and the associated risk factors. We identified forty-three arboviruses in nine mammalian orders distributed in eleven countries. In Brazil, the order primates harbor the highest number of arbovirus records. The three most recorded arboviruses were Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. Serum is the most used sample to obtain arbovirus records. Deforestation is identified as the main risk factor for arbovirus transmission between different species and environments (an odds ratio of 1.46 with a 95% confidence interval: 1.34–1.59). The results show an increase in the sampling effort over the years in the neotropical region. Despite the importance of arboviruses for public health, little is known about the interaction of arboviruses, their hosts, and vectors, as some countries and mammalian orders have not yet been monitored. Long-term and constant monitoring allows focusing research on the analysis of the interrelationships and characteristics of each component animal, human, and their environment to understand the dynamics of the diseases and guide epidemiological surveillance and vector control programs. The biodiversity of the Neotropics should be considered to support epidemiological monitoring strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of pediatric head and neck cancer (PHNC) is increasing worldwide, especially when compared with childhood cancer in general. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the demographic profile of such patients across the globe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe demographic, topographic, and histopathological features of PHNC patients from a single Brazilian institution.Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for all cancer cases diagnosed from 1986 to 2016 affecting patients aged 19 years and younger. The demographic variables (age, gender, race), topographic aspects of primary tumors, and histopathological diagnoses were collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results: Three hundred and sixty-seven (5.11%) head and neck malignant tumors were found among 7181 pediatric cancers diagnosed in this period. Mean age at diagnosis was 9.35 years with male (65.67%) predominance. Patients between the age group of 10-14 years presented the higher prevalence of malignant tumors. In terms of race, 73.02% of the patients were white and 9.54% were black. The main affected anatomic site was the neck and lymph nodes (41.42%), followed by nasopharynx (22.89%) and thyroid gland (6.54%). The most common cancer type was lymphoma (52.86%), followed by carcinoma (22.89%), and sarcoma (19.07%). Burkitt lymphoma, nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma were the most common histopathological diagnoses (16.62%, 13.08%, 12.81%, and 12.81%, respectively).Conclusion: This study originally demonstrated that lymphomas may be more frequent than carcinomas and sarcomas in Brazilian PHNC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue infection plays a central role in our society, since it is the most prevalent vector-borne viral disease affecting humans. We statistically investigated patterns concerning the spatial spreading of dengue epidemics in Brazil, as well as their temporal evolution in all Brazilian municipalities for a period of 12 years. We showed that the distributions of cases in municipalities follow power laws persistent in time and that the infection scales linearly with the population of the municipalities. We also found that the average number of dengue cases does not have a clear dependence on the longitudinal position of municipalities. On the other hand, we found that the average distribution of cases varies with the latitudinal position of municipalities, displaying an almost constant growth from high latitudes until reaching the Tropic of Capricorn leveling to a plateau closer to the Equator. We also characterized the spatial correlation of the number of dengue cases between pairs of municipalities, where our results showed that the spatial correlation function decays with the increase of distance between municipalities, following a power-law with an exponential cut-off. This regime leads to a typical dengue traveling distance. Finally, we considered modeling this last behaviour within the framework of a Edwards-Wilkinson equation with a fractional derivative on space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue occurrence is partially influenced by the immune status of the population. Consequently, the introduction of a new Dengue virus serotype can trigger explosive epidemics in susceptible populations. The determination of clusters in this scenario can help to identify hotspots and understand the disease dispersion regardless of the influence of the population herd immunity. The present study evaluated the pattern and factors associated with dengue dispersion during the first epidemic related to Dengue virus serotype 4 in Vitória, Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Data on 18,861 dengue cases reported in Vitória from September 2012 to June 2013 were included in the study. The analysis of spatial variation in temporal trend was performed to detect clusters that were compared by their respective relative risk, house index, population density, and income in an ecological study. Overall, 11 clusters were detected. The time trend increase of dengue incidence in the overall study population was 636%. The five clusters that showed a lower time trend increase than the overall population presented a higher incidence in the beginning of the epidemic and, compared to the six clusters with higher time trend increase, they presented higher relative risk for their inhabitants to acquire dengue infection (P-value = 0.02) and a lower income (P-value <0.01). House index and population density did not differ between the clusters. Early increase of dengue incidence and higher relative risk for acquiring dengue infection were favored in low-income areas. Preventive actions and improvement of infrastructure in low-income areas should be prioritized in order to diminish the magnitude of dengue dispersion after the introduction of a new serotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Oral lesions affecting infants account for approximately 10% of all samples from diagnostic services and studies investigating the distribution of these lesions in pediatrics from different geographic areas are desired to improve the diagnostic knowledge of clinicians. Therefore, the aim of this study is t o describe the distribution of oral lesions in a southeastern Brazilian population. Methods The oral pathology files of the University of Campinas was retrospectively reviewed for all cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2014 affecting patients 16-years-old and younger. Data on gender and diagnosis were retrieved from patients' oral pathology reports and included in a Microsoft Excel ® database. Results Out of 34,138 cases, 2539 affected pediatric patients (7.4%) with a higher incidence in those with 13–16 years-old. Salivary gland disease was the most common group of lesions (37.1%), followed by mucosal pathology (13.6%) and odontogenic cysts (11.3%). Mucous extravasation cyst was the most common lesion (36.3%), followed by fibrous hyperplasia (5.6%) and dental follicle (5.2%). Dental lesions were uncommon (7.9%) and malignancies rare (0.4%). Conclusions Our results were similar to previous studies and the small differences observed were more likely result of methodological variability and characteristics of the service of origin from where samples were collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical Geography has currently dedicated significant contribution to the study and spatial distribution of various diseases which afflict humans, such as chronic diseases, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases and tropical diseases and infectious diseases, in addition to studies on the quality of health services. Within this group of diseases, malignant neoplasm or cancers have been prominent in discussions regarding the health/disease process worldwide today, becoming a problem for public agencies. Cancer is a group of diseases that have in common the uncontrolled growth of cells that invade the tissues and organs, and may spread to other parts of the body, among which is breast. This article aims to discuss the contributions of the Medical Geography on spatial and study of cancers, focusing on breast cancer. The methodology consisted of bibliographical and documentary research. It was observed that breast cancer is the second most frequent type in the world and is most common among women, accounting for numerous new cases each year. It is noteworthy that the studies undertaken within the Medical Geography can contribute to public health policies in the control of cancer, mainly breast cancer, also aids in the understanding of the risk factors, be they social, economic, cultural or environmental, which influence its occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A historical analysis of the early knowledge in Geography demonstrates a remote association between geography and medicine, wich can be observed since Antiquity. These topics concern the relation between health, environment and space. The main objective is the study about the influence of Epidemiology on the constitution of Medical Geography and on theoretical formulations of brazilian parasitologist and sanitarist Samuel Pessoa, especially in his studies of Tropical Medicine, as well as the studies of epidemiologist Luiz Jacintho da Silva, leading researcher of a field known as Social Epidemiology. The accomplishment of this work was possible through specialized publications on health and space, from which a review of the main work of the mentioned authors was done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a 10-year follow-up review of the South Atlantic Project, a multiple sclerosis (MS) survey conducted from 1995-1998 in Brazil to investigate the impact of diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in patients with MS patients. An overview of the geographic and ethnic distribution of NMO is given. The result and conclusion of the study is discussed, which demonstrate the hypothesis of an ethnic association of the disease.

Highlights: [•] Areas with high incidences of VL can be readily identified by spatial data analysis. [•] Spatial data analysis facilitates the prioritization of areas for disease control. [•] An action plan for the control of VL in priority areas is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo is the property of Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Data on trichodinid ciliophorans in Brazil are scarce and generally do not use the modern silver-impregnation technique, which is essential to the taxonomy of the group. The present study reports not only on the first occurrence of Trichodina heterodentata in Brazil but also on the first record of this trichodinid infesting tadpoles of the species Rhinella pombali. This study also constitutes a second report on T. heterodentata from tadpoles. In September 2007, tadpoles were collected from a stream in a small farm in the agricultural area of the city of Juiz de Fora, southeastern Brazil. The ciliophorans found on the tadpoles'' bodies and tails were submitted to techniques such as silver impregnation and scanning electron microscopy. Our biometric data of T. heterodentata population infesting Rhinella pombali were compared to five other South-African populations of T. heterodentata infesting tadpoles of Xenopus laevis laevis. Results were discussed in terms of low host specificity as well as the wide geographical distribution of this trichodinid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos is the property of Casa de Oswaldo Cruz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Two new genera and four new species of Palaeontinidae (Cicadomorpha), Baeocossus finchae gen. et sp. nov., Colossocossus loveridgei gen. et sp. nov., C. rugosa gen. et sp. nov. and Parawonnacottella penneyi sp. nov. are described from the Nova Olinda Member of the Upper Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) Crato Formation of Ceará, northeast Brazil. The diagnosis of the genus Parawonacottella Ueda is revised. The new taxa form a natural group with other Early Cretaceous forms including Cratocossus magnus Martins-Neto, also from the Crato Formation, and the “Ilerdocossus-complex” from the Berriasian–Valanginian of Montsec, Spain (Ilerdocossus Gomez-Pallerola= Wonnacottella Whalley and Jarzembowski) and the ?Hauterivian–Barremian of Liaoning and Hebei, China (Ilerdocossus = Liaocossus Ren, Yin and Duo, syn. nov.). Preliminary analysis of geographical distribution and relationships suggests that this group originated in Central or East Asia in the Middle Jurassic before spreading into Western Europe and South America. The distribution of the “Ilerdocossus-complex” supports a Late Jurassic exodus from Asia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To identify the diseases that lead older persons to hospitalizations in the public health system in the state of Rio de Janeiro and, through a study of spatial distribution among hospitalization rates of the municipal districts, discuss the social contexts involved in the hospitalization of the elderly., Methods: An ecological cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Brazilian hospital information system from the period 2009 to 2015 was performed. The hospitalization rates of people 60 years and older, residing in 92 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, were calculated. The municipal districts were grouped according to the similarity of such rates using K-means nonhierarchical clustering analysis., Results: Diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems, endocrine disorders, illnesses of the genitourinary system or the digestive tract, and certain infectious and parasitic diseases were the most discriminatory diseases for cluster composition. The first cluster, the municipal districts with the lowest hospitalization rates, which were more urbanized and had greater access to social and health services, was named Access and Inclusion. The second group, which had the highest hospitalization rates, was named Isolation and Vulnerability., Conclusions: The primary care-sensitive conditions are the main causes of hospitalization of the elderly in the state, with greater intensity in the municipalities that are geographically rugged and remote. These outcomes reinforce the importance of valuing geographical knowledge, the guidelines of the unified health system concerning equity and regionalization, and the determinants and social determinations involved in the process of health and disease., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: In 2006, Brazilian government received the international certificate of interruption of the vectorial transmission of Chagas'' disease. However, outbreaks reported in Brazilian Amazon rainforest bear a regular occurrence and represents a relevant regional epidemiological gauge. The wild life cycle of the Chagas'' disease transmission (i.e., triatomine-marsupial cycle) is present outside the previously reported endemic belt, ubiquitously, as infective triatomines can be demonstrated in Palm trees widespread all over the Amazon rainforest. As humans invade the rainforest, one is incidentally caught up and further becomes'' an active part of American trypanosomiasis wild life cycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To analyze, for all the pediatric consultations in 2008 in the emergency ward of the Pediatric Hospital of the University of Campinas, the clinical and demographic profile of the consultations in which there was a possible psychiatric diagnosis. Methods: Review of all forms of consultations for children enrolled in the unit during 2008, selecting those with the possibility of a psychiatric diagnosis. Results: Of 21,811 consultations in 2008, 95(0.43%) included psychiatric complaints - 60(63.2%) girls and 35(36.8%) boys, aged 1-13 years(9±0.4). 70(73.7%) were white, 18(18.9%) mixed and 7(7.4%) black. A psychiatric evaluation was called for in 39(41.0%) cases. In 35(36.8%) sexual abuse was suspected. Other forms of violence were reported in 8(8.4%) cases. There were 6(6.31%) suicide attempts, 10(10.5%) cases of extreme agitation, 14(14.7%) consultations for extreme anxiety/dissociative symptoms, 5(5.3%) for depressive symptoms and 4(4.2%) for a psychotic condition. Twenty(21.1%) children were already using psychotropic drugs at the time of evaluation and in 29(30.5%) evaluations there were subsequent psychiatric interventions, with drug prescriptions in 11(37.9%). Nine(9.5%) children had clinical/pediatric conditions. Conclusions: Children may need psychiatric care in emergency situations for various conditions. Despite the small percentage among the total number of pediatric emergency consultations, psychiatric evaluation, when necessary, can be useful and have an impact on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The plight of these children can be intense, demanding prompt and effective action. A psychiatrist can provide assistance that may help the pediatrician in the management of severe pathological conditions that affect the mental lives of children. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]