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This study analyzed the prevalence of complete neonatal screening (CNS) of children aged under 2 years in Brazil and associated factors using data from the 2013 (n=4,442) and 2019 (n=5,643) national health surveys. We conducted a cross-sectional study to compare prevalence of CNS (eye, ear and heel prick tests) adopting 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and a 5% significance level. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression was performed to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95%CI to assess the association between socioeconomic, demographic and health variables and CNS. There was a statistically significant increase in CNS prevalence, from 49.2% (95%CI: 47.1-51.3) in 2013 to 67.4% (95%CI: 65.5-69.3) in 2019. However, large disparities persist across states and between sociodemographic groups. In both years, CNS prevalence was lowest among brown and black children, those from families in the three lowest income quintiles, children without health insurance, those from families registered in the Family Health Strategy and children living in the North, cities outside the state capital/metropolitan regions and rural areas. Despite the increase in prevalence of CNS, deep individual and contextual inequalities persist, posing challenges for health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the scenario of child undernutrition in Brazil and its determinants. Data source: Narrative review of the literature with inclusion of data from population surveys, surveillance and monitoring systems, and active search in favelas and underserved communities carried out by CREN. Data synthesis: Household surveys carried out from 1974 to 2019 indicate that undernutrition (<5 years) decreased until 2006. Underweight (W/A ≤-2 Z) and stunting (H/A ≤-2 Z) showed a decrease of 17% to 3% and 37% to 7%, respectively. After 2006, there was an increase in underweight of 53% and 76% for wasting (BMI/A ≤-2 Z), with the prevalence of stunting being stagnant at around 7%. Active search data in favelas and underserved communities show that the prevalence of stunting is 11% in those <5 years. In 2021, 30% of the population lived in poverty, 73% of which were black or brown. Stunting in black and brown children <5 years old is, respectively, 9% and 12% higher when compared to white children. Poverty decreased between 2012 and 2015 (27 to 25%), but increased again (2016=26% to 2021=30%), in parallel with food insecurity, which decreased between 2004 and 2013 (12% to 6%), but reached its worst level in the historical series (2022:15%). Conclusion: Despite advances, Brazil's social protection system was not able to reduce inequalities and the reversal of the trend towards decreasing child undernutrition could be observed from 2006 onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian descendants of former Black-slave (quilombola) communities have been predisposed to several zoonotic diseases due to social vulnerability, characterized by subsistence and close contact with livestock and companion animals. Accordingly, the present study has assessed anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies in 200 individuals and 20 dogs from four quilombola communities located in Paraná State, southern Brazil. Serum samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using in-house and commercial diagnostic protocols, with analysis of seropositive titers and antibody type. Fisher's exact test was used to compare seropositivity to C. burnetti with binary variables, with variables with three or more possible responses submitted to logistic regression. In total, 44/200 (22%; 95% CI 16.82–28.24) people tested positive, and 4.5% had titers higher than 128, indicating a recent onset of C. burnetii infection. Seropositive individuals were statistically associated with the Limitão community (p = 0.0013), urban workers as occupations (p = 0.0475), consumption of undercooked meat (p = 0.0159), and contact with animal abortion (p = 0.0276). No seropositivity association was found for age, sex, education, habit of entering forest areas, consumption of game meat, consumption of raw milk, flea and tick bites, dog contact, or history of female miscarriage. Only one of 20 dogs was seropositive with a titer of 128, probably related to an acute animal infection. Despite the prevalence here being higher than previous Brazilian reports, including with symptomatic populations, the results were within range for worldwide outbreaks and occupational risk populations. To the reader's knowledge, this is the first human survey of Q fever in southern Brazil and should be considered a warning for C. burnetii in vulnerable populations, particularly Quilombola communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We intend to discuss child sexual violence and understand how racism and sexism are linked in its perpetration. Analyzing such violence in interface with both concepts allows us to reflect on the intersectional aspects of this issue and its participation in the subjective constructions of those who perpetrate it and those who experience it. We use the resource of "livewriting" - the experience of those who write as a starting point and a gateway to sharing similar experiences, too. Research was carried out on academic sites seeking to map and understand how the topic has been worked on. We used the following descriptors: child sexual violence, black girls, racism, and sexism in their possible combinations. The Child and Adolescent Statute and Violence Atlas data, and the Epidemiological Bulletin of Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents in Brazil were analyzed. The analyses were carried out cross-sectionally, considering the objective proposed here. Beforehand and explicitly, it was not possible to find analyses that consider the entanglement between racism and sexism in the perpetration of crimes of sexual violence against children. We questioned, how are issues of race/color considered by academic productions. In psychology, what interpretation do we have of ethnic-racial relations? What do the results reflect about psychology and even science? We hope that the data collected here and the reflections proposed can shed light on a phenomenon whose exponential growth is painfully alarming, as well as promote theoretical and practical insights to address the issues that are urgent and necessary to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comes from developments in the research “Protection and guarantee systems for human rights aimed at children and youth in Portugal, Angola, Brazil, and Mozambique.” We reflect on the lack of protection for children and adolescents in Brazil, analyzing it from the point of view of structural racism in a colonial context, in the post-Abolition period, as well as its persistence in the process of consolidating capitalism and its contemporary expressions. We mention two emblematic cases of violence against black children that occurred during the pandemic, thus demonstrating that the tragedy caused by the crisis of capital, along with the crisis of public health and other elements aggravated by the COVID19 pandemic, is the persistence and exacerbation of coloniality and racism that has plagued Brazil for over 500 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African migrants in Brazil suffer the perverse effects of xenophobia, in addition to experiencing racist behaviors. These processes also manifest themselves within the context of kindergarten centers and pre-schools, directly influencing the pedagogical approach, as well as the perceptions and conceptions surrounding being a black African person. In this context, this article aims to present the perception of early education teachers in the city of São Paulo about racialization processes in the sheltering and insertion of black African children of ages between 0 and 5. In order to achieve the aim of this research, interviews were held with early education professionals from both the direct and indirect educational systems, so as to try and comprehend how these agents perceive the sheltering/insertion of migrant black African children. The analysis was made based on theoretical frameworks regarding childhood sociology, studies on migration and race relations. This work intends to enlarge the childhood and migration research fields, as well as research on the processes of racialization of African migrant children aged less than seven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Práxis Educativa is the property of Revista Praxis Educativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Práxis Educativa is the property of Revista Praxis Educativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Brazil has made great progress in reducing child mortality over the past decades, and a parcel of this achievement has been credited to the Bolsa Família program (BFP). We examined the association between being a BFP beneficiary and child mortality (1-4 years of age), also examining how this association differs by maternal race/skin color, gestational age at birth (term versus preterm), municipality income level, and index of quality of BFP management.Methods and Findings: This is a cross-sectional analysis nested within the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort, a population-based cohort primarily built from Brazil's Unified Registry for Social Programs (Cadastro Único). We analyzed data from 6,309,366 children under 5 years of age whose families enrolled between 2006 and 2015. Through deterministic linkage with the BFP payroll datasets, and similarity linkage with the Brazilian Mortality Information System, 4,858,253 children were identified as beneficiaries (77%) and 1,451,113 (23%) were not. Our analysis consisted of a combination of kernel matching and weighted logistic regressions. After kernel matching, 5,308,989 (84.1%) children were included in the final weighted logistic analysis, with 4,107,920 (77.4%) of those being beneficiaries and 1,201,069 (22.6%) not, with a total of 14,897 linked deaths. Overall, BFP participation was associated with a reduction in child mortality (weighted odds ratio [OR] = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.79 to 0.88; p < 0.001). This association was stronger for preterm children (weighted OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.90; p < 0.001), children of Black mothers (weighted OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.97; p < 0.001), children living in municipalities in the lowest income quintile (first quintile of municipal income: weighted OR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.82; p < 0.001), and municipalities with better index of BFP management (5th quintile of the Decentralized Management Index: weighted OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.88; p < 0.001). The main limitation of our methodology is that our propensity score approach does not account for possible unmeasured confounders. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis showed that loss of nameless death records before linkage may have resulted in overestimation of the associations between BFP participation and mortality, with loss of statistical significance in municipalities with greater losses of data and change in the direction of the association in municipalities with no losses.Conclusions: In this study, we observed a significant association between BFP participation and child mortality in children aged 1-4 years and found that this association was stronger for children living in municipalities in the lowest quintile of wealth, in municipalities with better index of program management, and also in preterm children and children of Black mothers. These findings reinforce the evidence that programs like BFP, already proven effective in poverty reduction, have a great potential to improve child health and survival. Subgroup analysis revealed heterogeneous results, useful for policy improvement and better targeting of BFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intends to expand the senses of children's teaching, in childhood transcriptions, concerning the beauty of africanity, on the importance of black people in the history of Brazil, on the senses of re-exist and re-enchant the world. The problematic field is formed due to the highlight of the discomfort of black children in drawing, thinking and narrating about themselves, the color of their skin, their hair type, and the pain felt due to the discrimination. It presents educational experiences and records developed along with a group of children between the ages of 5 and 6, from a federal autarchy institution of teaching in the year of 2019. Assembles the research-intervention methodology ruled in cartography and conversation chains as a procedure to create a problematization of the dialogues. It also accomplishes connections in the notion of curriculum in knowledge networks, of childhood transcreations and evaluation as a cartographic practice of everyday records. As a result, it arranges itself about the social and collaborative role of schools and universities, assuming the contribution of curricular and evaluation practices of procediments and records that grant visibility to the conceptual, procedural, aesthetical, ethical, political and attitudinal dimensions that cease excluding logics and structural racism, with the abolishment of differences and the reduction of existences since childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much like the children in the Clarks' study, nine-year-old Sarah finds white dolls to be prettier and more intelligent. Commentary on Archangelo and O'Loughlin's Paper "Exploring Racial Formation in Children: Thoughts from an Encounter with Black Children in Brazil" "Miss, I'm much more like the white doll, I'm exactly like her" (p. 10) says Sarah in response, I imagine, to the skepticism or disappointment she saw reflected in the research assistant's gaze when she chose the white doll. Sadly, the Black Brazilian children Archangelo and O'Loughlin present in their paper demonstrate the same troubling preference for white dolls. [Extracted from the article]

In this work, using spontaneous expression of white skin color preference by Black Brazilian children as stimulus, we seek to examine the construction and performance of racial subjectivity in Black children. Drawing on a range of psychoanalytic theories, we strive to develop a psychoanalytic understanding of racial formation that is complex and non-essentializing. The paper concludes with an examination of the possibilities of pedagogical interventions that might provide space for Black children to occupy and perform more expansive racial identities, assisted by teachers who embody receptivity, a capacity for positive mirroring, and an ability to practice mentalizing pedagogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a partial result of the research project Racial issues and denied citizenships in the city of Londrina-PR. The article aimed to investigate whether the characterization of the self-declared black population and its condition of peripheralization attributed by the State contribute to a greater school dropout in the city of Londrina. The first part of the article sought to carry out a bibliographic survey on the history of racism in Brazil and its consequences; in addition to the importance of the non-stereotyping of the black population in textbooks and also the mandatory approach to Afro- Brazilian History and Culture; African and Indigenous. The results were obtained through questionnaires applied in two public schools in Londrina-PR with students from the 3rd year of high school. The responses were analyzed using graphics and Fonseca's categorization model (2015) based on Bardin's Content Analysis (1977). Through the responses to the questionnaires, it was possible to verify the existence of institutionalized racism and how it influences the black community present in the school environment. However, with the creation of the Law 10639/03, the debate about racism begins to permeate the classrooms. Nevertheless, the discussion must remain constant in order to achieve racial equity, not allowing racism, in this sense, to contribute to school dropout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how the emergence of the term "minor" in Brazilian society, from the mid-nineteenth century, forged mainly by the practice of legal and medical discourse, outlined a path of institutionalization for poor children; first, in the post-abolition period of enslavement until the thirties of the last century and, later, until the period of democratization of Brazil, considering the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988. The analysis for the proposed periods was based on the concept of disciplinary power and biopower, both coined by Foucault. Furthermore, the emergence of the black child was discussed, based on its status as a citizen child, contained in the Federal Constitution of 1988, and in the Statute of the Child and Adolescent created in the 1990s. From this period up to the present day, the text deals with the new devices created by the Brazilian State, which have ensured unequal conditions for black children and mainly promoted the increase of homicides among them. The analysis of the last period presented was based on the concept of "necropolitics," developed by Achille Mbembe. Finally, we defend the principle that another childhood for black child will only be possible through a becomingother, a new opening of the world and, above all, a decolonization of childhood for children belonging to the black ethnic-racial group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To generate reference values for spirometry in Brazilian children 3-12 years of age and to compare those values with the values employed in the equations currently in use in Brazil. Methods: This study involved healthy children, 3-12 years of age, recruited from 14 centers (primary data) and spirometry results from children with the same characteristics in six databases (secondary data). Reference equations by quantile regressions were generated after log transformation of the spirometric and anthropometric data. Skin color was classifed as self-reported by the participants. To determine the suitability of the results obtained, they were compared with those predicted by the equations currently in use in Brazil. Results: We included 1,990 individuals from a total of 21 primary and secondary data sources. Of those, 1,059 (53%) were female. Equations for FEV1, FVC, the FEV1/FVC ratio, FEF between 25% and 75% of the FVC (FEF25-75%) and the FEF25-75%/FVC ratio were generated for white-, black-, and brown- skinned children. The logarithms for height and age, together with skin color, were the best predictors of FEV1 and FVC. The reference values obtained were signifcantly higher than those employed in the equations currently in use in Brazil, for predicted values, as well as for the lower limit of normality, particularly in children with self-reported black or brown skin. Conclusions: New spirometric equations were generated for Brazilian children 3-12 years of age, in the three skin-color categories defned. The equations currently in use in Brazil seem to underestimate the lung function of Brazilian children 3-12 years of age and should be replaced by the equations proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a reflection on the impacts of racism on the daily lives of black children, whose childhood is marked by the misery and violence of the capitalist state. By advancing the debate and presenting the intersection between social class, gender roles, and the ethnicracial question in the process of reproducing asymmetric social relations in Brazil, it is possible to identify how the expressions of patriarchy and conservatism connect with racism to also justify the social inequality that reaches childhood and reduces the possibilities of transformation of the reality of this generational group. Finally, there is the problematization regarding the marginal place of the debate on ethnic-racial relations and the privileges of whiteness in the field of social work, as well as on how this disagrees with the professional ethical-political project oriented by the uncompromising defense of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines three cases of infanticide committed by slave women in the Americas – Margaret Garner (1856) of Ohio, Ignácia (1868) of Paraná, Brazil, and Justina (1878) of Rio de Janeiro. The article argues that each woman sought to dislodge their own as well as their children's place in what I term slavery's 'genealogy of horror', making the act of killing their children into an expression of black female agency, love, and insurgence against slavery. The cases of Justina and Ignácia's, I argue, provide a counternarrative to the myth of Brazil's genteel and harmonious slavery, propagated throughout the nineteenth century, by exposing the violence and desperation in which slave women and their progeny lived. In the second half of the article, I examine how cases of infanticide were depicted and used in the nineteenth-century abolitionist poetry of Brazilian poet Castro Alves and noted African American writer Frances Harper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to understand how coexistence and also interracial interactions interfere in the formation of the identities of children and young people who live in quilombos (forms of active resistance by slaves), but who study at the School Elias Jorge Cheim, which is located in the city of Cavalcante. The aim was to understand how they happen and what are the ethical-racial issues relevant to the social construction of blackness in the public school that was researched. The methodology included conducting interviews with students enrolled and with regular attendance at a school in the urban area of the city of Cavalcante, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. A literature review was also carried out, through a qualitative approach, searching in scientific journals, books and articles published in Portuguese, available online in virtual libraries such as SciELO and LILACS. Magazines were accessed in repositories, among others. A documentary study of didactic and educational materials produced between 1997 and 2017 was also made, to present analytical and reflective results on processes that involve the construction of positive black identities of black children and adolescents who study in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Brazil's passage of the Law of Social Quotas on August 29, 2012 which requires all Brazilian public universities to reserve half of their enrollment spots for students from public schools. It states that one of the goals of the Brazilian law is to increase the number of black children who are attending universities in the country. The Brazil Supreme Court reportedly handed down a unanimous decision in April 2012 upholding racial quotas in admission at the University of Brasilia. The U.S. Supreme Court's views towards affirmative action at universities are examined.

Abstract: This paper analyzes whether differences in nutritional outcomes between white and black children are related to disparities in socioeconomic status and how improvements in nutritional indicators for each racial group over time are associated with changes in household income, parent''s education and other socioeconomic attributes. According to the results, the gap in anthropometric measures would be substantially reduced if black and white children had similar characteristics. Evidence also shows that better economic and social attributes explain only a small part of the large improvement in nutritional measures verified between 2002–2003 and 2008–2009 for both racial groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Cadernos PAGU is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)