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Third Mission (TM) drives universities to a purpose beyond their traditional role, especially in local socioeconomic and innovation ecosystems. To investigate the issue, we consider an exploratory and comparative study of two different governance systems of public universities (Southeast Brazil-region 1 and Texas-US-region 2). The comparison took into account data from international universities' rankings performance to address TM and the structure of financial sources to address financial decentralization. The available evidence seems to suggest a positive association between the level of financial decentralization and the capability of the system of HE to deliver TM outputs. Universities under decentralized governance structures, which permit more autonomy to manage their resources, presented better results in most selected TM indicators. These findings reinforce the general belief that the governance arrangements that allow exploring synergies within local business ecosystems are more appropriate for ensuring organizational changes in the direction of entrepreneurial action.

This article aims to present a first approximation of the conceptual field of measures of central tendency (MCT), grounded in the theory of conceptual fields. We propose six situations according to type of variable, data presentation (raw or grouped) and amount of data. We revisit specific situations for the mean and exemplify several possibilities for introducing these measures. This is a theoretical reflection and a systematization of the knowledge produced in the area with a view to aiding it teaching in Brazilian basic education (PreK-12). We argue that from the early school years, students should collect data, use concrete and manipulable material, analyze the types of variable and context of data, transform them into different representations and based on the visual observation of data distribution, intuit the location of MCT to then calculate them.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the platforming scenario at a Brazilian university as well as the data security process for students and professors. Design/methodology/approach: This research brings an analysis through a qualitative approach of the platformization process in a Brazilian teaching institution. Findings: The results point to a lack of knowledge on the part of teachers regarding data security in the platforming scenario, as well as the lack of effectiveness of institutions in protecting student data. Originality/value: Within the Brazilian scenario, this research seeks to contribute to the discussion on platformization in view of the gaps and existing demands on this process in the country.

The higher education efficiency evaluation model using the data envelopment analysis method has interested many researchers. This paper uses bibliometric analysis on publications extracted from the Scopus database to provide a comprehensive overview of research publications on the measurement of higher education efficiency based on data envelopment analysis: its growth rate, major collaboration networks, the most important and popular research topic. A total of 169 related publications were collected and analyzed from 1988 to 2021. The analysis results show that: Publications published every year have increased sharply in the last six years; The quality of publications is relatively high as publications tend to be published in journals with high-ranking indexes; Countries with the most influence in studies on this topic are: Italy, China, Spain, the USA, and the United Kingdom; Authors with the most influence in this research direction are Agasisti T., Abbott M., Doucouliagos C., Avkiran N.K., and Johnes J.; The research cooperation among countries and among affiliations is not strong. Finally, the paper has provided recommendations for future studies based on the findings.

The purpose of this study was to examine the studies related to augmented reality applications in sports science and to discuss the results based on this. Articles selected for analysis were found through searches journals in the Web of Science database from 1975 to 2018 were examined and searched using the keywords ("physical education" or "physical activity" or "sport$") and ("augmented reality"). As a result of the search, 44 articles were reached, and 11 articles were excluded from the research because they were not related to augmented reality applications or sports science. The publication classification form consists of the titles "Years, Authors Number, Country, Journals, Age, Sample Size, Variables, Sample Method, Research Method, Data Collection Method and Data Analysis Method." There are a limited number of studies where sports and augmented reality technology are used and interacted together. With the spread of the use of augmented reality and similar technologies in the field of sports sciences, it is thought that such fields as health and education will be positively affected.

New technologies have made the world highly visual, making visual literacy an important and relevant 21st-century skill. Educators and students are often required to produce visual communication products such as infographics, but they often lack the confidence and proficiency in visual design skills to create higher-quality infographics. We conducted a case study to examine how graphic and instructional designers perform the visual design process (i.e., a series of actions performed in composing an infographic, such as creating layout and alignment) when applying visual design principles. The goal was to investigate the visual design processes and identify differences in the strategies used to develop higher versus lower quality infographics rated across 18 design criteria. We identified the design actions and computed the transitional probability between the design actions to construct a process model for composing effective infographics. Results reveal that high-rated infographics were developed using a more systematic approach, starting by creating a well-planned structure (e.g., setting margins and columns) followed by setting spatial zones to map out a visual hierarchy prior to working on fonts, colors, and graphic elements, and using a consistent application of visual rules. These target processes were encapsulated into a five-stage Infographic Visual Design Model.

The Brazilian government has adopted measures that aim to influence students' spatial mobility. The extent and success of such measures require detailed knowledge of the mobility determinants. Gravity models are the appropriate tool for analyzing the flows of college students from their place of origin to their destination. To analyze the determinants of student flows, we estimate a negative binomial regression model with Brazilian data. The results show the deterrence effect of distance on mobility, as the total costs of entering a university increase with the distance between the place of origin and the destination institution. Places with lower living costs and smaller university centers (campuses) are attraction factors to students, as are the possibility of having non-reimbursable financing and a larger number of study programs.

The large rates of students' failure is a very frequent problem in undergraduate courses, being even more evident in exact sciences. Pointing out the reasons of such problem is a paramount research topic, though not an easy task. An alternative is to use Educational Data Mining techniques (EDM), which enables one to convert data from educational database into useful information, in order to understand and improve teaching and learning processes. In this way, the objective of this paper is to propose mathematical models based on EDM techniques to estimate the probability of a student in a mathematics degree course at IFSP (Federal Institute of São Paulo) to fail in exact sciences disciplines, and later on, indicate which aspects contribute significantly for the Students' failure rates in these branches. We present three logistic regression models that which were applied based on socioeconomic data and student performance over 4 years. For interpretation and evaluation of such models, odds ratio, ten-fold Cross Validation method and the metrics: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used. It was noted that through Cross Validation, the models achieved accuracy values accounting for over 70%, sensitivity over 70%, specificity over 60% and AUC over 0.75. Analyzing the predictive variables of these models, we identified that factors such as advantage age, rates of failure through the course and attendance in initial semesters can increase the probability of failure in exact science disciplines in the analyzed course.

Predicting school dropout rates is an important issue for the smooth execution of an educational system. This problem is solved by classifying students into two classes using educational activities related statistical datasets. One of the classes must identify the students who have the tendency to persist. The other class must identify the students who have the tendency to dropout. This problem often encounters a phenomenon that masks out the obtained results. This study delves into this phenomenon and provides a reliable educational data mining technique that accurately predicts the dropout rates. In particular, the three data classifying techniques, namely, decision tree, neural networks and Balanced Bagging, are used. The performances of these classifies are tested with and without the use of a downsample, SMOTE and ADASYN data balancing. It is found that among other parameters geometric mean and UAR provides reliable results while predicting the dropout rates using Balanced Bagging classifying techniques.

This article aims to discuss the purpose of ethnobiology in biology teachers' training based on conceptions of biology teachers before and after their participation in a training course for science teachers that involved ethnobiology. The research was developed in 2009 and involved semi-structured interviews with nine biology teachers of public schools in the state of Bahia (Northeastern Brazil). Analyses were conducted inductively, using categories based on the teachers' answers and carefully studying literature on science teaching. Results indicate that teachers expanded their conceptions about ethnobiology after their participation in the training course. They perceived this science as the study of complex relationships between human beings and other living beings. They also perceived the importance of exploring their students' cultural knowledge to the intercultural dialog and having ethnobiology as a tool in this process. It is concluded that ethnobiology contributes to the biology teachers' training guiding his/her practices and giving the opportunity to identify students' cultural knowledge that can be used in an intercultural dialog with the biology taught in schools; hence, it is imperative to offer training courses for teachers as a starting point.

In this article, we discuss the dynamics that led to viewing of 18 five-minute videos, created as part of a business dynamics course and made freely available on Internet. Over a period of five years, the videos were watched 2,740 times in 80 countries. The goal of our research was to understand what dynamics drove the viewership. We collected quantitative data from eighteen Google Analytics reports and from professor's courses log, and made a systems analysis of it. We reached the following conclusions: 1) The professor's actions to promote the course enabled direct access on the part of the students; it also led to wider viewership as a result of being picked up by search engines that made the videos available to a wider audience; 2) Once the videos were posted on YouTube, YouTube and search engine algorithms stimulated increased viewership; 3) Internet users' actions such as sharing the videos on social networks and embedding the videos on personal websites also stimulated the the number of views.

A research gap exists with regard to the analysis of school children and adolescents' awareness on environmental issues. Current investigation analyzes data of 240 children and adolescents, aged between 8 and 14 years, within different school contexts in the mid-southern region of Brazil, on their knowledge level and moral judgment on solid wastes, river water and tree life. Whereas the exploratory research with different groups of different ages verifies the manner behavior emerges and changes, the transversal design gives an evolution aspect of data through the examination of a great number of agents. Results showed that children and adolescents have similar knowledge on the environment within different school contexts, except differences at environmental knowledge level. The latter revealed a mild broadening trend in proportion to the 8-14 years age bracket. Environmental moral judgment varied a lot, regardless of the agents' age, and failed to be related to the knowledge that children and adolescents had on the environmental themes. Schools featuring well-defined pedagogical proposals were positively salient among the others. Environmental knowledge and moral judgment on environmental issues are not determining but implied chiefly as from the age of eleven, since both are the result of the agents' social interactivity within the environment and basically require affectivity and cooperation.

In 2020, Year 12 students at John Curtin College of the Arts, were required to model COVID-19 data from five different countries in order to find correlations between daily infections and unemployment rates, in order to make future predictions. Work received from students demonstrated how the task successfully provided unique learning opportunities, which are otherwise not experienced in a classroom environment under the pressures of a curriculum that is highly exam-focused and based on mechanistic algorithms. The paper also discusses some challenges faced and how they were overcome.

For those receiving funding from the UK HEFCE-funded Open Educational Resource Programme (2009-2012), the sustainability of project outputs was one of a number of essential goals. Our approach for the hosting and distribution of health and life science open educational resources (OER) was based on the utilisation of the WordPress.org blogging platform and search engine optimisation (SEO) techniques to curate content and widen discovery. This paper outlines the approaches taken and tools used at the time, and reflects upon the effectiveness of web strategies several years post-funding. The paper concludes that using WordPress.org as a platform for sharing and curating OER, and the adoption of a pragmatic approach to SEO, offers cheap and simple ways for small-scale open education projects to be effective and sustainable.

The use of computers as teaching and learning tools plays a particularly important role in modern society. Within this scenario, Brazil launched its own version of the "One Laptop per Child" (OLPC) program, and this initiative, termed PROUCA, has already distributed hundreds of low-cost laptops for educational purposes in many Brazilian schools. However in spite of the numerous studies conducted in the country since PROUCA was launched, Brazil shows a lack of proficiency in basic information crucial for managing and improving any OLPC initiative (e.g., number of effectively used laptops, use time and distribution per subject, use location and school performance of users, and others). Therefore, the focus of this article is to introduce MEMORE, a computational environment for longitudinal on-line data collection, integration and an analysis of how PROUCA laptops are used by schools. Technical details about MEMORE's architecture, database and functional models are supplied and the results from real data collected from Brazilian public schools are presented and analyzed. They elucidate how MEMORE can be a valuable management tool in OLPC contexts.

This article discusses issues concerning the spread of data-driven educational technologies in Brazil. Here, as elsewhere, educational technology continues to be promoted optimistically as the bearer of a panacea for historically-rooted social problems. Whilst some of these technologies have indeed contributed to important widening-participation programmes in the last two decades, widespread advocacy of technological 'solutionism', reflected in gradually stronger policy demands for efficiencies to be improved through 'innovation', has supported a relentless marketisation of the country's educational systems. As transnational corporations position themselves to take control of key areas of these systems, threatening to restructure the whole sector, data-driven educational technologies provide the latest example in a series of 'new' ideas offered in an ever-expanding market. Based on the notion of 'conceptual metaphors', which encapsulate specific ways of perceiving, thinking and relating with the world, this article examines key metaphors underpinning discourses surrounding data-driven educational technologies in Brazil. In particular, the article analyses ways in which these specific metaphors may be promoting perspectives that ignore difference and obscure broader questions concerning education, thus contributing to the reproduction of previously existing problems and supporting new forms of colonisation.

This study discusses aspects of the association between Mathematical Modeling (MM) and Big Data in the scope of mathematical education. We present an example of an activity to discuss two ontological factors that involve MM. The first is linked to the modeling stages. The second involves the idea of pedagogical objectives. The main findings indicate that Big Data may contribute new ways of working with MM in the classroom, helping develop pedagogical objectives associated with the ability to deal with and interpret digital media.

This article examines student engagement in an inquiry-based learning activity, planned to provide students with elements in the social, epistemic, and conceptual dimensions related to the scientific practice in immunology. The activity was applied to 39 groups of students enrolled in immunology or biochemistry courses in a public university in Brazil. Students performed data-collection through the execution of an "in vitro" assay. We analyzed how students represent data and use them to support their claims in their written constructs. To clarify which are the productive epistemologies in students' reports, we developed a framework for epistemic practice analysis. Our findings point to a pattern of several epistemic practice categories in their written text, mostly related to the particular contingences of data analysis, rather than to theoretical concepts. In addition, we observed that students performed literary inscriptions to represent their data; however, they tended not to cite all data obtained in their written texts. These results suggest that immunology education strategies should provide students with approaches that explore the role Epistemology of data representation in the scientific text rhetoric.

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP), a therapy based on radical behaviorism, establishes the priority of the therapeutic interaction as a mechanism of change in psychotherapy. Since the first book on FAP appeared in 1991, it has been the focus of many papers and has been incorporated by the community of behavior therapists. This paper is a review of 80 international publications on FAP from 1990 to 2010, including publications from Brazil, the United States, Spain, Switzerland and Colombia. The goal was to analyze how FAP has been treated and developed across these 20 years, and also to propose some directions for further studies. The analysis suggests a diverse range of FAP publications, points to the necessity of more empirical studies with tighter control of variables and objective measurement of data to better understand FAP's process and effectiveness, and highlights the importance of increased communication between international research groups to increase the potential benefits of singular and collective research efforts on FAP. (Contains 2 tables and 7 figures.)

The present article is aimed at analyzing the effects of learning analytics on students' self-regulated learning in a flipped classroom. An experiment was conducted with 96 engineering students, enrolled in a subject offered in the Flipped Classroom model. The students were divided into two groups: an experimental group (N = 51) and a control group (N = 45). After each learning unit, while the control group did not have access to any learning analytics resources, students from the experimental group received a bulletin with feedback to support Self-Regulated Learning. The levels of student self-regulation were measured through questionnaires at the beginning and the end of the course. The analysis of the collected data revealed that the bulletin promoted significant effects in self-regulated learning in the experimental group, stimulating the self-reflection and colleague's support search for clarifying doubts. These results demonstrate that learning analytics can be used to promote self-regulated learning in flipped classrooms, helping students identify strategies that can increase their academic performance.

This study clinically validated the nursing diagnosis of "sedentary lifestyle" (SL) among 564 Brazilian adolescents. Measures of diagnostic accuracy were calculated for defining characteristics, and Mantel--Haenszel analysis was used to identify related factors. The measures of diagnostic accuracy showed that the following defining characteristics were statistically significant: "average daily physical activity less than recommended for gender and age," "preference for activity low in physical activity," "nonengagement in leisure time physical activities," and "diminished respiratory capacity." An SL showed statistically significant associations with the following related factors: insufficient motivation for physical activity; insufficient interest in physical activity; insufficient resources for physical activity; insufficient social support for physical activity; attitudes, beliefs, and health habits that hinder physical activity; and insufficient confidence for practicing physical exercises. The study highlighted the four defining characteristics and six related factors for making decisions related to SL among adolescents.

In this paper I report on the sociological and educational particulars of "The Biodiscovery Space" exhibition of the Life Museum of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using Basil Bernstein's framework of pedagogic discourse and recontextualization. Data for analysis was obtained from interviews with the exhibition developers, field observations of museum visitors and analysis of exhibition documents. Using the ideas of power, classification and framework, among others, I analyzed the recontextualization process of the production of expositive discourse. Thus, working with Bernstein's idea of classification, I explain the relationship between the discourses of the science of biology, history of science, museology, education, and communication in order to produce an expositive discourse. I also make explicit how agents of the Official Recontextualization Field of the Museum and the Pedagogic Recontextualization Field "....of the Museum determine partly the final expositive discourse of an exhibition". Using the idea of a pedagogic discourse framework, I discuss how the constraints imposed by objects and texts in exhibitions help to create a specific manner of visitor interaction with these elements, "even if they have some autonomy". Considerations about the audience and the intended process of acquisition are presented, when I discuss the control strategies of the exhibition. I propose that the Biodiscovery Space exhibit has a visible pedagogy. Finally, using the collected data I discuss the power tensions created in the production of expositive discourse showing how distributive, recontextualization and evaluation rules work in the context of exhibitions. The study of the dynamics in forming the expositive discourse using Bernstein's framework reveals the individuals and institutions, the selection criteria, the negotiations and the power relations involved. It has the potential to assist both educators and researchers in the museum education field, as well as designers to understand the teaching and learning processes that occur during a visit and to establish relevant criteria to evaluate quality to best produce exhibitions in science museums.

This study examines physical education (PE) curriculum development in an elementary school. Our goal was to understand the daily construction of a curriculum. We sought to analyse the theoretical and methodological framework and documents that a PE teacher uses each day while putting a curriculum into practice (lived curriculum). The data collection instruments included participant observation, interviews and document analysis. The analytical process revealed the influence of internal and external factors that affect both the authorship and the autonomy of a teacher working on the daily construction of a lived PE curriculum and that create tensions, struggles and conflicts.

Most studies find a positive correlation between family cultural capital and educational achievement. As compelling as the evidence on the advantages of family cultural capital for educational achievement is, most studies have focused on countries characterized by having a large middle class and high levels of income, not addressing societies with high levels of social inequality. Importantly, few studies have examined whether schools interact with families in determining the relationship between cultural capital and educational achievement. The goal of this article is to examine how cultural capital is associated with achievement in Brazil, one of the most unequal countries in the world. Using data from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), results from multilevel models show that the science and reading achievement gaps associated with cultural capital are magnified in Brazilian schools, an important finding given that the country is an already highly stratified society.

This study tested societal effects on caregiver/teacher ratings of behavioral/emotional problems for 10,521 preschoolers from 15 societies. Many societies had problem scale scores within a relatively narrow range, despite differences in language, culture, and other characteristics. The small age and gender effects were quite similar across societies. The rank orders of mean item ratings were similar across diverse societies. For 7,380 children from 13 societies, ratings were also obtained from a parent. In all 13 societies, mean Total Problems scores derived from parent ratings were significantly higher than mean Total Problems scores derived from caregiver/teacher ratings, although the size of the difference varied somewhat across societies. Mean cross-informant agreement for problem scale scores varied across societies. Societies were very similar with respect to which problem items, on average, received high versus low ratings from parents and caregivers/teachers. Within every society, cross-informant agreement for item ratings varied widely across children. In most respects, results were quite similar across 15 very diverse societies. (Contains 5 tables and 1 figure.)

This paper's main objective is to show relations between interest in media, perceived social support and adolescents' personal well-being. For this purpose, 1,589 Brazilian adolescents answered a questionnaire containing Cummins' Personal Well-Being, Vaux's Social Support Appraisals and Casas' interest in media scales. The media in study are: The Internet, computer games, video games, computer, cell phone and television. For the data analysis this research used Structural Equation Modeling, a statistical methodology based on the confirmation of hypotheses previously established by theoretical frameworks on data. A final model of relations between media, support and well-being was obtained with a fit considered satisfactory by the literature. Implications of media on adolescents' well-being based on this model are considered.

The term "data snooping" refers to the practice of choosing which statistical analyses to apply to a set of data after having first looked at those data. Data snooping contradicts a fundamental precept of applied statistics, that the scheme of analysis is to be planned in advance. In this column, the authors shall elucidate the statistical consequences of data snooping in the context of hypothesis testing. They shall show why statisticians should be wary of this practice and, yet, why it is almost impossible to avoid. Answers to their previous five questions and five new questions related to data snooping are also presented.

This paper analyses industry-university interaction and its characteristics in the Brazilian pharmaceutical system of innovation, taking account of the relevance of company strategies, the approach of the universities and the actions of government. By analysing primary and secondary data the authors show that, for as long as corporate investment in R&D remains rare, and government efforts to stimulate these investments are inadequate, it will be difficult to increase levels of innovative activity in industry; and especially so in the pharmaceutical sector. The paper highlights the relevance of internal R&D structures for the generation of innovation and for interaction with the academic sector; the need to improve the physical infrastructure and modernize the internal organization of research institutions; the importance of appropriate and planned government action and the establishment of an environment conducive to innovation; and the key role played by government funding and support for players in the pharmaceutical system of innovation. (Contains 14 notes and 4 tables.)

This paper reports the results of a study on the use of a learner response system (LRS) by a group of students of English as a foreign language (L2). Via a methodology that included the analysis of survey questionnaires and open-ended oral interviews, the study examined learners' perceptions of the use of an LRS by a group of 30 Brazilians learning English in a communicative classroom environment. Overall, the results are consistent with the consensus that students perceive the response system as a positive addition to their classes, as its use increases participation and the general enjoyment of classes, contributes to learning, fosters interactions, and allows learners to self-assess and compare their performance with that of their peers. Because research on LRS in L2 settings is still in its infancy, this paper contributes data and analysis that highlight the pedagogical benefits of the implementation of a response system in L2 pedagogy. (Contains 4 notes, 3 figures, and 4 tables.)

Background: Statistics are critical in holding governments accountable for the well-being of citizens with disability. International initiatives are underway to improve the quality of disability statistics, but meaningful ID data is exceptionally rare. Method: The status of ID data was evaluated in a review of 12 national statistical systems. Recurring data collection by national ministries was identified and the availability of measures of poverty, exclusion, and disadvantage was assessed. Results: A total of 131 recurring systems coordinated by 50 different ministries were identified. The majority included general disability but less than 25% of the systems screened ID. Of these, few provided policy-relevant data. Conclusions: The scope of ID data was dismal at best, though a significant statistical infrastructure exists for the integration of ID data. Advocacy will be necessary. There is no optimal form of data monitoring, and decisions regarding priorities in purpose, targeted audiences, and the goals for surveillance must be resolved. (Contains 1 figure, 2 tables, and 1 note.)

The Schoolwide Enrichment Model (SEM) has been one of the most widely used models in the education of the gifted in Brazil. It has inspired the political and pedagogical project of the Centers of Activities of High Abilities/Giftedness recently implemented in 27 Brazilian states by the Ministry of Education. In this article, our experience in implementing the SEM in Brazil will be described with respect to: (a) steps followed for identifying gifted students based on the model, (b) Type I, Type II, and Type III enrichment activities that have been carried out, and (c) information concerning professional staff development. Research data regarding the SEM implementation will also be provided.

Roemer's [Roemer, J. (1998). "Equality of opportunity". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.] seminal work on equality of opportunity has contributed to the emergence of a theory of justice that is modern, conceptually clear and easy to mobilize in policy design. Inspired by Roemer's theory, this paper is fundamentally a policy-modeling exercise coupled to a micro data analysis. In a pure allocation setting, we first analyze the reallocations of educational expenditure required to equalize opportunities (taken to be test scores close to the end of compulsory education). Using Brazilian data, we find that implementing an equal-opportunity policy across pupils of different socio-economic background, by using per-pupil spending as the instrument requires multiplying by 6.8 on average the current level of spending on the lowest achieving pupils. This result is driven by the extremely low elasticity of scores to per-pupil spending. We then show that the simultaneous redistribution of monetary and non-monetary inputs, like peer group quality and school effectiveness, considerably reduces--by around 23%--the magnitude of financial redistribution needed.

This research examined the ways politically active secondary teachers, involved either in formal politics or in social movements, practiced citizenship education in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and Toronto, Canada. The author's aim was to explore the complex ways and multiple spaces in which these teachers' roles as both citizens and citizenship educators intersected within the local contexts. His premise is that the local political and educational contexts are critical in shaping citizenship education practices. His approach is situated within a tradition of comparative education that emphasizes the role of culture in shaping schooling, which has typically focused on the historical origins of educational systems. He focused on the local political context in order to draw out the way that competing political beliefs drive approaches to citizenship education, which, in contrast to other subject areas, involves engagement with civic and political issues. Specifically, his research questions dealt with the extent and nature of the influence of teachers' political ideologies and participation on citizenship education practices and the ways that local political and educational contexts mediated this process. (Contains 2 tables and 21 footnotes.)

Reports on a study of the beliefs held by students, parents, and teachers regarding desirable schooling and teaching in grades one to eight in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Examines the combined use of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies; rationales and procedures of naturalistic and rationalistic inquiry; and implications for research in teacher education. (DMM)