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Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae), the carambola fruit fly, is a quarantine pest present in Brazil, restricted to the states of Amapá, Pará, and Roraima. Its dispersion to other regions of the country could cause serious socioeconomic damage. Fruits were collected from urban trees, residential backyards, and small orchards in rural and urban areas of the municipality of Oiapoque, Amapá, Brazil. A total of 240 samples (11,126 fruits; 288.8 kg) of 33 plant species (16 native and 17 introduced species) from 19 families were collected. Bactrocera carambolae was isolated from the fruits of 13 plant species. In addition, specimens of 8 Anastrepha species were collected in this study. Moreover, 5 parasitoid species (Hymenoptera; 3 Braconidae and 2 Figitidae species) associated with Anastrepha spp. were identified. Overall, this study adds 3 new records to the list of host plants for B. carambolae in Brazil (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; Moraceae, Passiflora quadrangularis L.; Passifloraceae, and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.; Rhamnaceae), two of them (A. heterophyllus and P. quadrangularis) new records for South America, and demonstrates new interactions between Anastrepha species and host plants in the extreme north of the state of Amapá. Notably, this is the first report of the figitid species, Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, in the state of Amapá. Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae), a mosca-da-carambola, é uma praga quarentenária presente no Brasil, restrita aos estados do Amapá, Pará e Roraima. Sua dispersão para outras regiões do país poderia causar sérios prejuízos socioeconômicos. Os frutos foram coletados em árvores urbanas, quintais residenciais e pequenos pomares nas áreas rurais e urbanas do município de Oiapoque, Amapá, Brasil. Um total de 240 amostras (11.126 frutos; 288,8 kg) de 33 espécies vegetais (16 nativas e 17 introduzidas) de 19 famílias foram coletadas. Bactrocera carambolae foi isolada dos frutos de 13 espécies vegetais. Além de B. carambolae, foram coletados neste estudo espécimes de 8 espécies de Anastrepha. Além disso, 5 espécies de parasitoides (Hymenoptera; 3 espécies de Braconidae e 2 de Figitidae) associadas a Anastrepha spp. foram identificadas. No geral, este estudo acrescenta 3 novos registros à lista de plantas hospedeiras de B. carambolae no Brasil (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; Moraceae, Passiflora quadrangularis L.; Passifloraceae e Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.; Rhamnaceae), dois deles novos registros na América do Sul (A. heterophyllus e P. quadrangularis) e demonstra novas interações entre espécies de Anastrepha e plantas hospedeiras no extremo norte do estado do Amapá. Notavelmente, este é o primeiro relato da espécie de figitídeo Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton no estado do Amapá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Enseñanza de las Ciencias is the property of Revista Electronica de Ensenanza de las Ciencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to generate knowledge about transition areas between phytophysiognomies for the understanding and conservation of these unique environments. Thus, the existence of different floristic groups was analyzed in a spatial gradient of an ecotone in the municipality of São Desidério, state of Bahia, Brazil. To this end, a transect of approximately 4.7 km, with orientation from Northeast to Southwest, was established along a spatial gradient. Twelve (12) 10x50 m sampling plots (500 m² each) were distributed throughout this transect. The following methodology was employed: First, the floristic similarity between the sampling plots was measured. These sampling plots were then grouped and the data were graphically presented in a dendrogram (Cluster analysis) and an ordering diagram (nMDS). Finally, the phytosociological parameters by ordered group were obtained. The results showed the presence of three floristic groups: Groups I, II and III, classified as wooded savannah, seasonal deciduous forest, and forested savannah, respectively. The floristic groups were formed gradually along the spatial gradient, and transition between phytophysiognomies does not occur abruptly, since the ordering by groups is more due to the difference between the abundance of species than to their presence and/or absence. The distribution pattern of the phytophysiognomies along the spatial gradient indicates association with abiotic factors, such as the pedological characteristics and the relief found along the transect, possibly creating an environmental gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are few studies on snake tracking and this number is even lower when it comes to the Atlantic Rain Forest in Brazil. There are relatively few methodologies for carrying out these studies and most researchers use radio telemetry when possible. In this work we use the fluorescent powder in snakes, glimpsing studies on displacement, occupation and area of, as well as comparing the technique in terms of positive and negative points with other methods. 16 individuals of nine species were monitored in captures that took place bimonthly between 2016 and 2017, in an urban fragment of Atlantic rain forest in the Parque Estadual Dois Irmâos in northeastern Brazil. The tracking resulted in an area covered up to 23 m, in which terrestrial species had their tracks more easily identified, as was the case of Xenodon rabdocephalus. The humidity of the air, the heterogeneity of the forested environment seems to be the main obstacles to the loss of trails. The fluorescent powder is an affordable not invasive method that provides details of displacement, however is limited in terms of durability of the traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Croma is the property of Revista Croma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arthropods constitute a phylum that corresponds to about 75% of the planet's species, and within that order, there is the Class of insects, mainly those belonging to the Order Diptera, which correspond to more than 150 thousand species already describer in the world. The simulids, inserted in the suborder Nematocera with a wide geographical distribution, are organisms that have medical-veterinary importance, as they transmit pathogens, such as worms of the genus Mansonella and Onchocerca, which affect both humans and animals. The simulids are animals that have a remarkable environmental importance, where due to the increase in the concentration of organic matter in rivers and the contribution of domestic, agricultural and industrial waste, they allow these insects to be considered as bioindicator of environmental quality. Phylogenetically, simulids are an important group at the base of the Diptera, which correspond to mosquitões and flies, whose evolutionary aspects have bee little studied. Since Diptera's embryonic development studies are mostly restricted to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, studies on the developmental biology of simulids are important to understand fundamental evolutionary aspects of the group's evolution. In this article we will discuss the importance of studying the neglected aspects of this numerous Order of insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Crustaceans have economic and ecological importance and the role of caridean crustaceans in lentic environments is crucial to maintain the trophic structure. The species Atya scabra is occasionally associated with fisheries, especially in Northeast and Northern Brazil. Objective: To determine the population structure, reproductive period, patterns of growth and distribution of size classes among sexes in a population of the prawn A. scabra in the De Contas River, Bahia, Brazil. Methods: Individuals were sampled in a period of one year by passing sieves through marginal vegetation and using dragnets. In the laboratory, we recorded the sex of the individuals and measured them using a pachymeter with 0.001 mm precision. The dimensions measured were CL (carapace length), TL (total length) and CW (carapace width). In order to analyze data, linear models for the relationships CL x CW were constructed and the type of allometry for each sex was determined. Individuals were grouped into size classes of 5 mm intervals. A chi-square test (χ²) was used to test deviation from the 1:1 sex ratio. The proportion of ovigerous females was registered for each month to determine the breeding period. Results: A total of 517 individuals were collected, 328 were males and 186 females of which 169 were ovigerous. Males showed a polymodal distribution in size classes and were significantly larger than females, which presented a unimodal distribution in size classes. The observed growth patterns demonstrated that both sexes present negative allometry. However, sexual dimorphism was detected when comparing the growth parameters. Ovigerous females were sampled the entire year and size-frequency data demonstrated that recruitment also occurs throughout the year, which allowed us to classify their reproduction as continuous. Conclusions: Our data is essential to draw sustainable fishery management strategies. We suggest a minimum capture size of 70 mm and capture restrictions from May to August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estuaries have a great diversity of birds, however, in Brazil anthropic actions have caused the rapid degradation of these environments. In the present study, we characterized the avifauna of the Capibaribe river estuary, in the northeastern region of Brazil, the main threats and some strategies for the conservation of the species. The bird community was studied between November 2013 and October 2014. We recorded a total of 92 species, distributed in 36 families and 17 orders, being 55 non-Passeriformes and 37 Passeriformes. Regarding status, most species (81) have a resident character, eight were visitors to the northern hemisphere and three were introduced. In relation to trophic categories, a higher number of omnivorous species (37), followed by Insectivores (23) and Piscivorsous (10). The Capibaribe river estuary is of great importance for the maintenance of birds, especially for the neartic migrants and for the Bicolored Conebill, Conirostrum bicolor. Most of the birds that were frequent during the study are resilient to human actions. More than half of the species are omnivorous, which is common in impacted environments. The presence of birds in the estuary of the Capibaribe river is being threatened by various human actions, such as disposal of trash and direct aggression. We suggest the creation of efficient mechanisms of protection, education and environmental awareness, scientific research, and the transparency of its results for the population. In addition, bird watching can be a good tool to assist in the conservation of estuarine birds, since it generates income in local populations and creates a link between the natives, the ecosystem and the birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neotropical Biology & Conservation is the property of Pensoft Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to provide information about ecological relations and floristic composition of bryophytes community in Brazilian Cerrado rocky fields in Minas Gerais state. There are few works of bryophyte communities and their relation with this environment for Brazilian Cerrado, besides this, these environments are submitted to several intense treats. For this study nine transects of 50 m with total of 45 plots were randomly sampled in order to analyze the composition and morpho-ecological traits of bryophytes communities. The diversity measures were performed using the PAST and EstimateS software to perform the clustering of the species found between the tree different areas of rocky fields. We found 176 occurrences of 47 bryophytes species in the area of rock fields. The richest family for mosses was Leucobryaceae (Bryophyta) with seven species and Lepidoziaceae (Marchantiophyta) for liverworts with nine species. Hornworts were not found. According to PCoA (Principal Coordinates Analysis), the floristic composition of bryophytes community in rocky fields is homogeneous, without differences between studied plots. The community has predominance of terrestrial and longtime colonizer species tolerant to direct sunlight and desiccation. These characteristics are related to their life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study investigated the composition, spatio-temporal distribution, and the influence of temperature and salinity on the density of brachyurans associated with rocky substrates in an estuary of the Brazilian Amazonian coast. Specimens were collected monthly at four sites representing the two margins (profiles), zones (inner and outer estuary) and the lower and upper mediolittoral portions at each site of the Marapanim estuary. A total of 14 species were collected and multivariate analyses revealed that the species composition varied systematically between zones, margins, mediolittoral sectors and seasons, with the more saline zone, the most eroded margin, the lower mediolittoral, and the rainy season all being characterized by higher densities and a more homogeneous distribution of species. In general, high densities of brachyurans, but low species richness, and marked dominance characterized the sites. Salinity proved to play an important role in the structuring of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Lusofona de Educacao is the property of Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, CEIEF and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia, Cuidado e Saude is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Here we aimed to identify the main points of animal death by roadkill in the view of helping mitigation plans and reducing the impact over the local fauna of a protected area. Materials and methods. We surveyed the roads around a protected area of Cerrado (São Paulo, Brazil) from May 2012 to August 2013. We recorded the local of roadkills, biometric and morphologic data of the animals, and collected samples of tissue for molecular species confirmation. Results. Thirty-one roadkilled animals were registered, including threatened species: Leopardus pardalis; Cuniculus paca and Chrysocyon brachyurus. Most roadkills were represented by mammals (54.8%) and reptiles (38.7%), and the mortality rate was 1.46 animals/km/year. Three roadkill hotspots were detected, suggesting that they were important points of animal crossing, probably because of the existence of natural remnant vegetation and intersection of roads by riparian vegetation. Conclusions. This work provided strong evidence of the most critical points where mitigation strategies should be immediately implemented and highlighted the importance of detecting roadkill hotspots and the species or taxonomic groups more affected, helping to elaborate effective actions that can improve fauna conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Biociencias is the property of Revista Brasileira de Biociencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada is the property of Associacao Portuguesa dos Recursos Hidricos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article identifies the paradigms present in educational projects of the ecology degree programs of eight Brazilian universities. Topics discussed include the history and organization of the field of ecology, how paradigms function in influencing education in ecology, and the different ecological perspectives expressed by the educational projects of the university degree programs. Also discussed is the status of ecology as a scientific field.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The recent expansion of Brazilian investment in graduate ecology training creates a special opportunity for progress. Progress requires goals, and the goals of a joint effort should be built upon shared principles. This article contributes to the ongoing debate about graduate-level training in ecology by proposing a set of disciplines that offer a fundamental background for the professional ecologist. Mathematics, Statistics, and Evolution are presented as supporting 'pillars', whereas Natural History, Logic, and Rhetoric are viewed as binding disciplines that give consistency to a training program. To conclude, we offer general principles of implementation aimed at transforming the proposed values into an innovative and productive training reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Texto & Contexto Enfermagem is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pos-Graduacao de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mediacoes is the property of Universidade Estadual de Londrina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The process of occupation in Northeast of Brazil started in the coast and internalized itself due to the development of extractive and agricultural production affecting caatinga biome. The expansion of land use, that accompanies the growth of human population, results in fragmentation of natural habitats with the formation of forest fragments of different sizes and shapes. Termites have fundamental importance in ecosystems due to their nesting and feeding behavior by exerting a strong influence on the processes of decomposition in nutrient cycling and on physical and chemical properties of soil. This study aimed to understand, to record and to supplement the understanding of the natural history of this group in Caatinga hypoxerophytic. The collection area comprises a hectare of preserved fragment, where collections were made straight across the area through the linear transect method, measurements of height, circumference, distance from the floor and girth in all nests of the hectare were taken. We identified 10 species belonging to 07 genera of the family Termitidae. They were distributed among the sub-families: Nasutitermitinae (Constrictotermes cyphergaster, Nasutitermes sp1, Nasutitermes sp2, Labiotermes longilabius, Armitermes sp., Syntermes wheeleri and Syntermes molestus) and Termitinae (Spinitermes sp., Inquilinitermes fur and Inquilinitermes microcerus). Regarding the dominance of species in sampled nests in the area, there were three species eudominantes C. cyphergaster, Nasutitermes sp1, S. wheeleri and a subdominant: Nasutitermes sp2. Among the food groups, xilófagous, humus feeding species, grass and litter feeding species and Intermediates have been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada is the property of Associacao Portuguesa dos Recursos Hidricos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study on the analysis of spatial distribution and composition of the benthic macrofauna in the Cachoeira River estuary in Bahia, Brazil. The study made use of Least Square Difference (LSD) test and one-factor analysis variance (ANOVA) to compare the abiotic factors' variation. The result of the study shows the predominance of the polychaete Hemipodia californiensis in the middle eastuary and Capitella cf. Capitata and Hetermoastus filiformis in the inner estuary.

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A study of the grasshopper fauna was performed through samples collected in three vegetal types in the National Forest of Chapecó. Weekly collections were carried out from December 2003 to December 2004. Pitfall traps, sweep nets, entomological umbrellas and malaise traps were used. Collections were repeated in areas with eucalyptus trees, native species and pine trees. The fauna found in different areas was classified by its abundance, constancy, dominance and frequency. Eighteen species were common in the three areas. Staurorhectus longicornis longicornis, Cylindrotettix sp. and Ommexecha virens were found only in eucalyptus and pine areas. Scotussa lemniscata and Zoniopoda tarsata were found in areas with eucalyptus and native trees. Amblytropidia sp. was found only in native vegetation and pines areas. Tridactylus politus was found just in the pine area. Allotruxalis gracilis, Dichroplus elongatus, Dichroplus misionensis and Ronderosia bergi were very frequent, dominant and very abundant in the eucalyptus tree area. A. gracilis, M. adspersa and D. misionensis were very frequent, dominant and very abundant in the native tree area. Metaleptea adspersa and R. bergi were very frequent, dominant and very abundant in the pine area. A similarity in diversity of species was verified with greater abundance in the eucalyptus area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Post-mortem studies were conducted on twenty equids (16 horses and four mules) of the Paraíba Valley, during a period of twelve years (1988 to 2000) in order to establish the ecological descriptors of the different species of small strongylids (Subfamily Cyathostominae, Tribe Cyathostominea). Samples of 10% of total gastrointestinal content was examined and a total of 13,832 of Cyathostominea were obtained with a prevalence of 100%. The most prevalent and abundant species were Cylicocyclus nassatus (100%), Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicostephanus goldi (95%). The population of Cyathotominea showed an average Dispersion Index (DI) of 49.03 and an average Green index (GI) of 0.226. The parasitic community had average diversity of 1.79, calculated by Shannon-Wiener' Index, and 0.77 by Simpson's Index of Diversity. The evenness (Pielou's Index) presented an average of 0.28.The intensity of infection had a positive correlation with the parasite richness (P<0,05) and the diversity (P<0,01). Specimens of C. nassatus showed preference for the ventral colon (P<0.01), Cyathostomum coronatus for the caecum (P<0.01), C. longibursatus and C. goldi a preference for both the ventral colon and the dorsal colon (P<0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos is the property of Casa de Oswaldo Cruz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)