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The present work presents as a research problem the importance of efficiency, planning, and principles of good management aiming at capillarity and equity to generate greater access and quality of services. The objective of this article was to identify the expansion of the Family Health Strategy in Brazil between 2007 and 2020, and which variables may explain this evolution. This is a descriptive, ecological research, developed between 2007 and 2020 in Brazil; its variable of interest was the estimated population coverage of this strategy (%). An increase in the coverage of the Family Health Strategy was observed in all regions of Brazil between 2007 and 2020, especially in the Northeast region. At the state level, this coverage showed a significant positive relationship with the following variables: towns with fewer than 40,000 inhabitants and monthly income inferior to half a minimum salary. The Brazilian version of the Family Health Strategy seeks inspiration from the best and most successful health models to achieve high performance and efficiency to provide equity and access to health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Gestão Pública e Cidadania is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administracao Publica e de Empresas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To investigate the evolution of primary health care (PHC) coverage in Brazilian municipalities from 2007 to 2016 from the perspective of the inverse theory hypothesis. Method. This ecological study was performed with data from 5 564 Brazilian municipalities. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and from the Unified Health System database (DATASUS). The municipalities were classified according to their social development status using selected cluster indicators. After classification of the municipalities, PHC was analyzed by determining Family health Strategy (FHS) coverage through means and interquartile distance, with analysis of time series and correlations between variables. Results. Two groups of municipalities were detected: a group with more favorable (n = 3 293) and a group with less favorable conditions (n = 2 271). The difference between the groups for all indicators was statistically significant (P < 0.001). In general, regardless of the group, an increase in FHS coverage was detected along the study period. However, from 2009 on, mean FHS coverage became higher in the group with less favorable conditions. The increase in coverage was also faster in this group. Finally, a change in the correlation between indicators and PHC coverage in the first vs. last year of the historical series indicates that the criteria used to expand coverage in the group with less favorable conditions shifted to favor absolute poverty rather than inequality. Conclusions. PHC in Brazil fulfills its role of reducing access inequalities. Therefore, the inverse theory hypothesis does not apply to this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To address the association between work and mental health from a gender perspective by investigating the combination of domestic work and adverse aspects of professional work (night shifts and psychosocial stress) with regard to minor psychiatric disorders (MPD) and poor recovery from work. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out at three public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2006 (n = 1 122). Data collection was based on a census of all female nurses, technicians, and auxiliary nurses. A multidimensional instrument containing information about health, professional work, and the domestic work was used. The domestic work hours (longer or shorter than 10 hours per week) were combined with the work schedule (day or night shifts) and with psychosocial stress (absence or presence of effort-reward imbalance [ERI]). These combinations were tested with regard to the association with MPD and poor recovery from work. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their confidence intervals were calculated using multiple regression models. Results. The combination of long domestic work hours with night work was significantly associated with MPD (OR = 1.94) and poor recovery (OR = 2.67). Long domestic work hours combined with the presence of ERI resulted in significantly higher odds ratios (OR = 4.37 and OR = 5.53, respectively). In all analyses, greater odds ratios were observed in groups with long domestic work hours, compared to short work hours. Conclusions. These findings suggest that carrying out domestic activities over a certain number of hours can increase the detrimental consequences of professional work in regard to MPD and poor recovery. The interaction between professional and domestic work and its potential implications to mental suffering must be considered in discussions on health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Kyoto Protocol several experiences with carbon markets have taken place elsewhere to enhance the cost-effectiveness of climate policies. In these markets emission rights can then be traded among regulated sources to achieve their goals. In the absence of asymmetric transaction costs, the criteria of emission rights does not affect the efficiency of the market but, on the other hand, they generates different distribution of costs and revenues. The aim of this study was to measure the efficiency and equity effects of two different criteria for allocation of emission rights based on a simulation model of a carbon market for the Brazilian industrial sector for the period 2010-2030 with a scenario in which the aggregate target is allocated by industry in proportion to the current sectoral emissions and another where sectoral target protects sectors with higher average mitigation costs. Results showed a reduction of 78-82% in total abatement cost in relation to accomplishing the same target with no market mechanism. In distributive terms the protectionist scenario showed that the metallurgy had its sectoral target raised to reduce the average costs of the others, in particular, the refining sector where abatement costs are much higher. In sum, the simulation exercises confirm the great efficiency of market instruments and emphasizes the political importance of the setting process of emission right allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Hargreaves and Shirley (2009a, 2012), recent educational changes have often followed three stages: a First Way of teacher autonomy characterized by great professional freedom, but little system coherence; a Second Way of standards, markets, and accountability; and a Third Way of data-driven decision-making. Hargreaves and Shirley argue that each of these stages of change is limited. They present international evidence that a Fourth Way of democratically-governed educational professionalism yields greater student outcomes while preserving and enhancing local school and community cultures. But does this framework for educational change contribute to our understanding of recent educational reforms in Latin America? This article serves as a first exploration of this question, drawing on the cases of a national policy reform in Chile; a single school in Porto Alegre, Brazil; and a rural school improvement network in Colombia. The cases indicate that the region has already enacted examples of Fourth Way principles and practices, such as inspirational school leadership, educational networks, and student voice that manifest core principles and practices of the Fourth Way. These, in turn, can be instructive for advanced school and system-level change both within and beyond the boundaries of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present recent changes in the macroeconomic policy framework in Brazil and its effects on social policy, particularly with regard to poverty reduction. From 2003 onwards, a new pattern of economic growth prevails, reducing poverty and inequality on the grounds of domestic market expansion and low income groups consumption. This paper also outlines the remaining challenges for achieving social equity and inclusion, highlighting a major issue in the pending agenda: a progressive tax reform in order to leverage the financing of universal social policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innovacion Educativa is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)