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Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine the inter-rater and intrarater reliability, agreement, and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the neck muscle strength test using a handheld dynamometer in healthy women and women with headaches. Methods Neck muscle strength in maximal voluntary contraction was measured using the Lafayette Manual Muscle Testing attached to a nonelastic belt in 25 women with migraines and in 25 healthy women. Three repetitions of flexion, extension, and lateral flexion were performed. The tests were performed by 2 examiners on the same day, with a 10-minute interval, and by 1 examiner, with a 1-week interval. The reliability was verified by the intraclass correlation coefficient, the agreement determined by standard error measurement, and the MDC calculated. Results The protocol exhibited moderate to excellent intrarater and inter-rater reliabilities in both groups (intraclass correlation coefficient range , 0.53-0.90). The standard error measurement ranged from 0.43 to 1.81 and the MDC from 1.49 up to 4.61. Conclusion Quantification of neck muscle strength using the handheld dynamometer with an attached nonelastic belt exhibited moderate to excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability in women with and without migraines. Moreover, the standard error measurement and MDC were proven to be useful in the interpretation of data and in guiding clinical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cultural and social factors play an important role in the development and persistence of Low Back Pain (LBP). Nevertheless, there are few studies investigating differences in LBP features between countries. Objective: To determine differences in pain perception between individuals with LBP living in Brazil and Spain. Method: Thirty Spanish individuals and 30 age- and sex-comparable Brazilian individuals with LBP were recruited from the Public Health Services of both countries. The Numerical Pain Rating Scale and the pain rating index (PRI), the number of words chosen (NWC), and the present pain index (PPI) extracted from the McGill Pain Questionnaire were used to assess pain. The Oswestry Disability Index, the Short Form-36, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were also applied. Differences between countries and the correlation between demographic and clinical variables in each country were assessed with parametric and the nonparametric tests. Results: A significant Country by Gender interaction was found for the PRI total score (P=0.038), but not for intensity of pain, disability, PPI, or NWC, in which Spanish women exhibited greater pain ratio than Spanish men (P=0.014), and no gender differences were identified in Brazilians. The Spanish group showed a consistent pattern of correlations for clinical data. Within Brazilian patients, fewer correlations were found and all of the coefficients were lower than those in the Spanish group. Conclusion: The pain perception in patients with LBP is different depending on the country. Within Spanish patients, LBP is considered a more global entity affecting multidimensional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]