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We estimated the prevalence of poor self-rated mastication and associated factors among Brazilian elders. The study used data from a national survey of 5,124 Brazilian elderly in 250 cities. Data collection included dental examinations and household interviews with the elderly. The outcome was self-rated mastication. Data analyses used Poisson regression, and the prevalence of poor self-rated mastication was 49.7% (95%CI: 47.5-51.8). Adjusted analyses showed that increased prevalence was associated with: black color/race (PR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.02-1.26); low income (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.12-1.33.); high rates of tooth loss (PR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.02-2.66); untreated caries (PR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.08-1.25); never having visited a dentist (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.10-1.44); toothache (PR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.39-1.57); use of partial (PR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.76-0.99) or total prostheses (PR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.75-0.88); and need for partial (PR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.03-1.25) or total prostheses (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.16-1.39). The high prevalence emphasizes the dental care needs of this older group. Policies to deal with the problem should take the associated factors into account.